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X-ray tube - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
X-ray tube The X-Ray Tube Development Dr. Roentgen used a Crookes-Hittorf tube to make the first x-ray image. There was no shielding so x-rays were emitted in all ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation
- Dr. Roentgen used a Crookes-Hittorf tube to make the first x-ray image.
- There was no shielding so x-rays were emitted in all directions.
- This is the variety of tube designs available in 1948.
- The Coolidge tube , the first to use a heated filament to obtain electrons was still available.
- Two major hazards plagued early radiography.
- Excessive radiation exposure
- Electric Shock
- Moderns tubes are designed to overcome these problems
- The modern tube is based on the Coolidge tube
- This is a modern rotating anode x-ray tube.
- It is encased completely in a metal protective housing.
- The housing provide electrical and radiation safety
- There are two principle parts
- The rotating anode
- The cathode
- Any tube that has two electrodes is called a diode.
- Inside the tube is a high vacuum
- The tube is housed in a lead lined metal protective housing.
- The x-ray photons are generated isotropically or in all directions.
- The housing is designed to limit the beam to window.
- The housing is designed to minimize the radiation outside the port
- The tube can not have more than 100 mR at 1 m (26 µ C/kg) / Hour when operated at its maximum output.
- The housing also provide mechanical support and protection from damage.
- On some tubes, the housing also contains oil that provides more insulation and a thermal cushion.
- Never hold the tube during an exposure.
- Never use the cables or terminals as handles.
- The housing incorporates specially designed high voltage receptacles to protect against electrical shock.
- Some housing have a fan for cooling.
- The glass envelope is made of Pyrex to withstand the tremendous heat produced during x-ray.
- The window is a 5 cm square with a thin section of glass where the useful beam is emitted.
- The cathode is the negative side of the tube and contains two primary parts
- The filaments
- The focusing cup
- Most tube have two filaments which provide a large focal area and a small focal area
- Two foci provide the choice of quick exposures or high resolution.
- The filaments are made of thoriated tungsten.
- Tungsten is used in x-ray tube filaments because of its
- High melting point of 3410C.
- Comparaivelly Low work function (emits electrons at lower temperatures )
- High tensile strength
- Flexibility to be turned to a thin spiral
- Electrons are produced by thermionic emission when a 4 A or higher current is applied.
- This is made of nickel and it houses the filaments
- The focusing cup has a negative charge so that it can condense the electron beam to a small area of the anode.
- The current that flows through the Filament is called the filament current
- This is resulted from applying a low voltage across the filament
- When the x-ray machine is turned on, a low current flows through the the filament to warm it and prepare it for the big thermal jolt necessary for x-ray production.
- When the machine is stand by, the filament is not hot enough for thermionic emission.
- So, it is boosted to a higher value just before the exposure
- Once the current is high enough for thermionic emission electrons are emitted from the filament
- This is the current that flows across the x-ray tube (flowing electrons from filament to anode)
- This is resulted when the high potential difference (kV) is applied across the tube if emitted electrons are available at the filament
- The x-ray tube current is adjusted by controlling the filament current.
- A small rise in filament current will result in a large rise in tube current.
- The relationship between tube and filament current is dependent upon the tube voltage.
- When emitted by the filament, the electrons form a cloud near the filament momentarily before being accelerated to the anode. This is called a space charge.
- It prevents further emission of electrons and hence limit the tube current for a particular anode voltage (kV).
- Because of that the tube current (mA) increases when the anode voltage (kV) is increased
- This is against the basic requirement in radiography which requires independent varaition of kV and mA
- At very high mA and very low kVp, the thermionic emission can be space charge limited.
- The highest tube current for a given filament current is called the saturation current
- After saturation the tube current is independent of the kV
- Above 1000 mA space charge limited exposure can be a major problem.
- The anode is the positive side of the tube.
- X-ray tubes are classified by the type of anode
- Stationary ( top)
- Rotating (bottom)
- Stationary anodes are used in dental x-ray and some portable x-ray machine where high tube current and power are not required.
- Tube output is low
- Long exposure times over 100ms
- Larger focal spots low resolution
- Heat is confined to a small area
- The Rotating Anodes are used for all the other applications where high tube out put and high tube rationgs are required
- 125 150 kVp
- Short exposure times upto less than 1ms
- Smaller focal spots with high ratings high resolution
- The rotating anode allows the electron beam to interact with a much larger apparent target area.
- The heat is not confined to a small area.
- The anode serves three major functions
- Receives the electrons emitted from the cathode.
- It is a electrical conductor.
- Mechanical support for the target.
- The Anode must also be a good thermal conductor.
- When the electron beam strikes the anode more than 99 of the kinetic energy is converted to heat.
- Tungsten-rhenium is used as the target for the electron beam.
- Tungsten is used for three reasons
- High atomic number
- Heat conductivity
- High melting point..
- Rhenium is used to increase the surface properties to minimise the pitting and cracking of the target
- When the exposure button is depressed, current is applied to the tube that produces a magnetic field that starts the rotation of the anode.
- The rotor is the rotating part of an electromagnetic induction motor.
- It spins at 3000/3400 rpm.
- High speed anodes spin at 9,000/10,000 rpm.
- When the anode is spinning at the correct speed, the exposure can be made.
- After the exposure is completed, it slows by reversing the motor.
- This is necessary to avoid excessive wear and tear of the bearings
- Even with the anode rotating, some melting occurs.
- The heat must be rapidly dissipated from the target.
- Molybdenum and copper are used to rapidly transfer the heat from the target.
- The anode dissipates heat by radiating towards the glass envelop
- The anode stem is made from molybdenum
- It is made appropriately thin as to minimize the heat conduction towards the rotor
- The x-ray tube uses all three forms of cooling.
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X-ray tube.
Published by Maximillian Shelton Modified over 7 years ago
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Presentation on theme: "X-ray tube."— Presentation transcript:
Producing an X-ray Exposure
Chapter 9 The X-ray Machine
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Line focus principle Heal effect Ratings Tube failure
X-ray Production.
X-RAY TUBE.
The Generation of X-ray:
The X-Ray Tube Bushong Ch 7.
Chapter’s 2, 3. & 4 By Garland Fisher
X-ray tube and detection of X-rays Lecture 5. Reminder: The rough schematics of an X-ray tube filament cathod target anode photon flux e-e- electron kinetic.
Dental X-ray Machine 118 Radiology.
ACVR Artifacts Artifacts of Diagnostic Radiology
RADIATION PROTECTION IN DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
354 Chapt. 6 X-ray Tube TWO Primary components – cathode and anode Tube must be supported: Ceiling/floor mounted/C-arm, etc. – SID’s – Detents (center.
ENTC 4390 PRODUCTION OF X RAYS.
Resident Physics Lectures
X-radiation. X-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X- rays have a.
Radiation Physics II.
Medical Imaging X-Rays I.
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Mar 13, 2019
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X-RAY TUBE. THE TUBE CONSISTS OF CATHODE AND ANODE ENCLOSED WITHIN THE GLASS ENVELOPE (PYREX GLASS) OR METAL ENVELOPE ENCASED IN A PROTECTIVE HOUSING (LEAD+ METAL SHIELDING). TUBE OPERATION.
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- anode angles
- cathode assembly
- cathode assembly designed
- current shorten tube life
Presentation Transcript
THE TUBE CONSISTS OF CATHODE AND ANODE ENCLOSED WITHIN THE GLASS ENVELOPE (PYREX GLASS) OR METAL ENVELOPE ENCASED IN A PROTECTIVE HOUSING (LEAD+ METAL SHIELDING)
TUBE OPERATION
THE CATHODE IS A COMPLEX DEVICE AND CAN BE REFFERED TO AS THE CATHODE ASSEMBLY. THIS ASSEMBLY CONSISTS OF THE FILAMENTS, FOCUSING CUP, AND ASSOCIATED WIRING.
THE WIRE IS ABOUT 0.1 - 0.2mm THICK AND 7-15 mm LONG
THE FILAMENT IS A SMALL COIL OF THIN THORIATED TUNGSTEN WIRE.1%-2% OF THORIUM INCREASES EFFICIENCY OF THERMIONIC EMISSION.
TUNGSTEN IS A MATERIAL OF CHOICE BECAUSE OF ITS HIGH MELTING POINT 3410 C. RHENIUM ( 3170C) AND MOLYBDENUM (2,620 C) CAN ALSO BE USED.
TUNGSTEN Z # 74 MELTING POINT- 3,410 DEG. CELSIUS
THORIUM Z # 90
DUAL FILAMENT
SCHEMATIC OF DUAL FILAMENT
MOST DIAGNOSTIC TUBES HAVE DUAL FILAMENT WHICH MEANS:LARGE AND SMALL FOCAL SPOT
A TUNGSTEN FILAMENT WILL NOT EXHIBIT SIGNIFICANT THERMIONIC EMISSION BELOW 2,200 C
NOT ALL OF THE ELECTRONS THERMIONICALLY EMITTED FROM THE FILAMENT ARE ATTRACTED TO ANODE. SMALL % WILL EVAPORATE AND CAUSE THE TUBE ARCING. AS A RESULT OF THIS, THE TUBE BREAKS DOWN.
ANOTHER MAJOR CAUSE OF TUBE FAILURE IS THE BRAKING OF THE FILAMENT ITSELF. FILAMENTS BECOME INCREASINGLY THIN AS VAPORIZATION TAKES PLACE. WHEN ABOUT 10% OF THE DIAMETER HAS VAPORIZED, FILAMENT BECOMES SUBJECT TO BREAKING.
AN AVERAGE DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY TUBE LIFE IS ONLY ABOUT 6-9 HOURS (10,000-20,000 EXPOSURE) AT NORMAL FILAMENT HEATING LEVEL. ROUTINELY DELAYED EXPOSURES WHILE THE FILAMENT IS ENDURING MAX. CURRENT SHORTEN TUBE LIFE BY 50-60% ( DOWN TO 5,000-6,000 EXPOSURES)
THE FOCUSING CUP IS THE SHALLOW DEPRESSION IN THE CATHODE ASSEMBLY DESIGNED TO HOUSE THE FILAMENT
MOST X-RAY TUBES HAVE THE FOCUSING CUP AT THE SAME NEGATIVE POTENTIAL AS THE FILAMENT
IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO USE HIGHER NEGATIVE POTENTIAL ON THE CUP TO EVEN FURTHER DECREASE THE SIZE OF ELECTRON BEAM. THIS TYPE OF FOCUSING CUP IS CALLED BIASED
AS MORE AND MORE ELECTRONS BUILD UP IN THE AREA OF THE FILAMENT, THEIR NEGATIVE CHARGES BEGINTO OPPOSE THE EMISSION OF ADDITIONAL ELECTRONS. THIS PHENOMENON IS CALLED THE SPACE CHARGE EFFECT AND LIMITS X-RAY TUBES TO MAXIMUM mA ranges of 1,000-1,200 mA
FOCUSING CUP
THE ANODE IS THE +++++SIDE OF THE X-RAY TUBE
FUNCTIONS OF ANODE: • TARGET FOR PROJECTILE ELECTRONS • CONDUCTOR OF HIGH VOLTAGE FROM THE CATHODE BACK TO X-RAY GENERATOR. • PRIMARY THERMAL CONDUCTOR
THE ENTIRE ANODE IS COMPLEX DEVICE AND IS REFFERED TO AS ANODE ASSEMBLY. IT CONSISTS OF:1. ANODE 2. STATOR 3. ROTOR
ANODE ASSEMBLY
ANODE +++++ TUNGSTEN TARGET
ANODE ANGLES: 5 – 15°
ANODE ANGLES:
LINE FOCUS PRINCIPLE
TUNGSTEN IS THE MATERIAL OF CHOICE FOR THE TARGET OF GENERAL USE X-RAY TUBES. REASONS ARE: • HIGH ATOMIC NUMBER ( Z#) 74. HIGH Z# INCREASED EFFICIENCY OF X-RAY PRODUCTION. • HIGH MELTING POINT 3410 C • HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
SPECIALTY X-RAY TUBES FOR MAMMO. HAVE MOLYBDENUM & RHODIUM TARGETS BECAUSE OF THEIR LOW K-SHELL CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY ENERGY
DURING NORMAL USE FOCAL TRACK REACHES TEMP. BETWEEN 1,000-2000 C
BECAUSE OF TUNGSTEN HIGH MELTING POINT, IT CAN WITHSTAND NORMAL OPERATING TEMPS.RHENIUM PROVIDES MECHANICAL STRENGTH & THERMAL ELASTICITY IN ROTATING ANODES
INDUCTION MOTOR ROTATES THE ANODE
INDUCTION MOTOR ROTOR STATOR
ROTATION SPEED OF ANODES • REGULAR TUBES 3,000-4,000 RPM • HIGH EFFICIENCY 10,000-12,000 RPM
EFFECT OF THE FAILURE OF THE INDUCTION MOTOR
WHEN FIRST ACTIVATING AN X-RAY UNIT USE AN ANODE WARM UP PROCEDURE
FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE WARM-UP PROCEDURE CAN CAUSE THE WHOLE ANODE TO CRACK.
MANY NEWER ANODES ARE STRESS RELIEVED • THEY DISSIPATE HEAT MORE EFFICIENTLY • THEY DO NOT REQUIRE ELABORATE WARM-UP PROCEDURE
PITTING OF THE ANODE FROM EXTENDED USE
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Download now. The X-Ray Tube. Cathode. Induction motor Responsible. Using the anode. Protective housing. Tube rating charts. Tube rating charts. X ray tube - Download as a PDF or view online for free.
3. INTRODUCTION : . X-RAY TUBE:-a device which is meant for the production of x-rays. An X-ray tube is a vacuum tube. Contains a pair of electrodes i.e. a Cathode and an Anode. Cathode is a filament that releases electrons when high voltage is applied. Anode is made up of tungsten, which attracts the electrons. When the electrons released from ...
Presentation Transcript. The X-Ray Tube Bushong Ch 7. X-RAY TUBE • MADE OF THIN PYREX GLASS OR METAL ENCLOSURE TO WITHSTAND HIGH HEAT LOAD AND MINIMIZE X-RAY ABSORPTON • IS GAS EVAUCUATED • so electrons won't collide with the air molecules in the tube. THE X-RAYTUBE • The X-Ray tube is the single most important component of the ...
The X-ray tube filament • To emit electrons, the filament must be brought to white heat temperature (1315+ °C). • As the temperature increases, a point is reached where, despite further increases in temperature, only a small increase in emission results.
Arial MS Pゴシック Calibri Constantia Wingdings 2 Times New Roman Symbol Flow 1_Flow 2_Flow 3_Flow Resident Physics Lectures (1st Year) X-Ray Tube Components X-Ray Tube Heat and X-Ray Tubes Tube Housing Tube Housing Filled with Oil Inside the Glass Insert X-Ray Tube Principle X-Ray Tube Principle Electron Role Requirements to Produce X-Rays ...
1 01 X-ray Tube. 2 X-rays. 3 X-rays are generated from the interaction of accelerated e-'s & a target metal (tungsten). Patient is placed between X-ray tube and silver halide film. X-rays passed through the body are absorbed in direct proportion to tissue density. 4 X-rays penetrating the body strike the silver halide film and turn it dark ...
The X-Ray Tube Glass Envelope. The glass envelope is made of Pyrex to withstand. the tremendous heat produced during x-ray. The window is a 5 cm square with a thin section. of glass where the useful beam is emitted. 13. The Cathode. The cathode is the negative side of the tube and. contains two primary parts.
Presentation Transcript. X-ray tube. THE TUBE CONSISTS OF CATHODE AND ANODE ENCLOSED WITHIN THE GLASS ENVELOPE (PYREX GLASS) OR METAL ENVELOPE ENCASED IN A PROTECTIVE HOUSING (LEAD+ METAL SHIELDING) TUBE OPERATION. THE CATHODE IS A COMPLEX DEVICE AND CAN BE REFFERED TO AS THE CATHODE ASSEMBLY. THIS ASSEMBLY CONSISTS OF THE FILAMENTS, FOCUSING ...
X-Ray Tube, Their Types, Common Faults and Their Advancement - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Radio Diagnosis and Imaging
5.4.2Generating the Tube Voltage. The tube voltage is supplied Symmetrically to the tube, i.e. a net potential difference of 150 kV is achieved by feeding -75 kV to the cathode and +75 kV to the anode. This is electrically accomplished by Grounding the centre tap of the secondary coil of the high voltage transformer.
Presentation on theme: "X-ray tube."— Presentation transcript: ... 20 AN AVERAGE DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY TUBE LIFE IS ONLY ABOUT 6-9 HOURS (10,000-20,000 EXPOSURE) AT NORMAL FILAMENT HEATING LEVEL. ROUTINELY DELAYED EXPOSURES WHILE THE FILAMENT IS ENDURING MAX. ... Download ppt "X-ray tube." Similar presentations . Producing an X-ray Exposure ...
X ray tube. Jun 7, 2016 • Download as PPT, PDF •. 26 likes • 17,357 views. AI-enhanced description. Bipin Joseph. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen used a Crookes-Hittorf tube to produce the first x-rays in 1895. Early x-ray tubes had no shielding and emitted radiation in all directions, posing major hazards. Modern tubes are designed with ...
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X-ray tube. Jul 28, 2012. 580 likes | 1.56k Views. X-ray tube. Dr. Roentgen used a Crookes-Hittorf tube to make the first x-ray image. There was no shielding so x-rays were emitted in all directions. The X-Ray Tube Development. This is the variety of tube designs available in 1948. Download Presentation. short exposure times.
Download now. 1. The X-Ray TubeThe X-Ray Tube. 2. X-ray tube is a component of x-rayX-ray tube is a component of x-ray imaging system, it is contained in aimaging system, it is contained in a protective housing and therefore isprotective housing and therefore is inaccessibleinaccessible.. 3. The eternal structure ofThe eternal structure of xray ...
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Presentation Transcript. Monochromator Ge (440) or Ge (220) or Hybrid Sample = 5'' or 12'' or 19'' X-ray Tube Detector 2 2o Substrate Receiving Slit = 0.5o Substrate Substrate X-ray Tube (point focus) Sample 0.3o Receiving Slit Detector Crossed Slit Collimator X-ray Tube (line focus) Sample Flat Graphite Monochromator X-ray Mirror ...
Presentation Transcript. Chapter 8 The X-ray Imaging System • The Console is the part of the machine that the operator controls the operation of the x-ray machine. • All machine console are a little different but there are always similarities. The console is where we control x-ray tube current and voltage. The Console Controls • The ...
15. High voltage circuit • X-ray tube with cathode and anode • Step-up transformer to supply high voltage and low current to x-ray tube • Autotransformer for stepwise adjustment in voltage • Voltage selector switch for selecting the turn of a coil in autotransformer • Rheostat to introduce desired resistance in the circuit and vary the voltage in continuous manner • Voltmeter for ...
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Presentation Transcript. X-RAY TUBE. THE TUBE CONSISTS OF CATHODE AND ANODE ENCLOSED WITHIN THE GLASS ENVELOPE (PYREX GLASS) OR METAL ENVELOPE ENCASED IN A PROTECTIVE HOUSING (LEAD+ METAL SHIELDING) TUBE OPERATION. THE CATHODE IS A COMPLEX DEVICE AND CAN BE REFFERED TO AS THE CATHODE ASSEMBLY.