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X-ray tube The X-Ray Tube Development Dr. Roentgen used a Crookes-Hittorf tube to make the first x-ray image. There was no shielding so x-rays were emitted in all ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

  • Dr. Roentgen used a Crookes-Hittorf tube to make the first x-ray image.
  • There was no shielding so x-rays were emitted in all directions.
  • This is the variety of tube designs available in 1948.
  • The Coolidge tube , the first to use a heated filament to obtain electrons was still available.
  • Two major hazards plagued early radiography.
  • Excessive radiation exposure
  • Electric Shock
  • Moderns tubes are designed to overcome these problems
  • The modern tube is based on the Coolidge tube
  • This is a modern rotating anode x-ray tube.
  • It is encased completely in a metal protective housing.
  • The housing provide electrical and radiation safety
  • There are two principle parts
  • The rotating anode
  • The cathode
  • Any tube that has two electrodes is called a diode.
  • Inside the tube is a high vacuum
  • The tube is housed in a lead lined metal protective housing.
  • The x-ray photons are generated isotropically or in all directions.
  • The housing is designed to limit the beam to window.
  • The housing is designed to minimize the radiation outside the port
  • The tube can not have more than 100 mR at 1 m (26 µ C/kg) / Hour when operated at its maximum output.
  • The housing also provide mechanical support and protection from damage.
  • On some tubes, the housing also contains oil that provides more insulation and a thermal cushion.
  • Never hold the tube during an exposure.
  • Never use the cables or terminals as handles.
  • The housing incorporates specially designed high voltage receptacles to protect against electrical shock.
  • Some housing have a fan for cooling.
  • The glass envelope is made of Pyrex to withstand the tremendous heat produced during x-ray.
  • The window is a 5 cm square with a thin section of glass where the useful beam is emitted.
  • The cathode is the negative side of the tube and contains two primary parts
  • The filaments
  • The focusing cup
  • Most tube have two filaments which provide a large focal area and a small focal area
  • Two foci provide the choice of quick exposures or high resolution.
  • The filaments are made of thoriated tungsten.
  • Tungsten is used in x-ray tube filaments because of its
  • High melting point of 3410C.
  • Comparaivelly Low work function (emits electrons at lower temperatures )
  • High tensile strength
  • Flexibility to be turned to a thin spiral
  • Electrons are produced by thermionic emission when a 4 A or higher current is applied.
  • This is made of nickel and it houses the filaments
  • The focusing cup has a negative charge so that it can condense the electron beam to a small area of the anode.
  • The current that flows through the Filament is called the filament current
  • This is resulted from applying a low voltage across the filament
  • When the x-ray machine is turned on, a low current flows through the the filament to warm it and prepare it for the big thermal jolt necessary for x-ray production.
  • When the machine is stand by, the filament is not hot enough for thermionic emission.
  • So, it is boosted to a higher value just before the exposure
  • Once the current is high enough for thermionic emission electrons are emitted from the filament
  • This is the current that flows across the x-ray tube (flowing electrons from filament to anode)
  • This is resulted when the high potential difference (kV) is applied across the tube if emitted electrons are available at the filament
  • The x-ray tube current is adjusted by controlling the filament current.
  • A small rise in filament current will result in a large rise in tube current.
  • The relationship between tube and filament current is dependent upon the tube voltage.
  • When emitted by the filament, the electrons form a cloud near the filament momentarily before being accelerated to the anode. This is called a space charge.
  • It prevents further emission of electrons and hence limit the tube current for a particular anode voltage (kV).
  • Because of that the tube current (mA) increases when the anode voltage (kV) is increased
  • This is against the basic requirement in radiography which requires independent varaition of kV and mA
  • At very high mA and very low kVp, the thermionic emission can be space charge limited.
  • The highest tube current for a given filament current is called the saturation current
  • After saturation the tube current is independent of the kV
  • Above 1000 mA space charge limited exposure can be a major problem.
  • The anode is the positive side of the tube.
  • X-ray tubes are classified by the type of anode
  • Stationary ( top)
  • Rotating (bottom)
  • Stationary anodes are used in dental x-ray and some portable x-ray machine where high tube current and power are not required.
  • Tube output is low
  • Long exposure times over 100ms
  • Larger focal spots low resolution
  • Heat is confined to a small area
  • The Rotating Anodes are used for all the other applications where high tube out put and high tube rationgs are required
  • 125 150 kVp
  • Short exposure times upto less than 1ms
  • Smaller focal spots with high ratings high resolution
  • The rotating anode allows the electron beam to interact with a much larger apparent target area.
  • The heat is not confined to a small area.
  • The anode serves three major functions
  • Receives the electrons emitted from the cathode.
  • It is a electrical conductor.
  • Mechanical support for the target.
  • The Anode must also be a good thermal conductor.
  • When the electron beam strikes the anode more than 99 of the kinetic energy is converted to heat.
  • Tungsten-rhenium is used as the target for the electron beam.
  • Tungsten is used for three reasons
  • High atomic number
  • Heat conductivity
  • High melting point..
  • Rhenium is used to increase the surface properties to minimise the pitting and cracking of the target
  • When the exposure button is depressed, current is applied to the tube that produces a magnetic field that starts the rotation of the anode.
  • The rotor is the rotating part of an electromagnetic induction motor.
  • It spins at 3000/3400 rpm.
  • High speed anodes spin at 9,000/10,000 rpm.
  • When the anode is spinning at the correct speed, the exposure can be made.
  • After the exposure is completed, it slows by reversing the motor.
  • This is necessary to avoid excessive wear and tear of the bearings
  • Even with the anode rotating, some melting occurs.
  • The heat must be rapidly dissipated from the target.
  • Molybdenum and copper are used to rapidly transfer the heat from the target.
  • The anode dissipates heat by radiating towards the glass envelop
  • The anode stem is made from molybdenum
  • It is made appropriately thin as to minimize the heat conduction towards the rotor
  • The x-ray tube uses all three forms of cooling.

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X-ray tube.

Published by Maximillian Shelton Modified over 7 years ago

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X-Ray Style Disease

X-ray style disease presentation, free google slides theme, powerpoint template, and canva presentation template.

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x ray tube

Mar 13, 2019

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X-RAY TUBE. THE TUBE CONSISTS OF CATHODE AND ANODE ENCLOSED WITHIN THE GLASS ENVELOPE (PYREX GLASS) OR METAL ENVELOPE ENCASED IN A PROTECTIVE HOUSING (LEAD+ METAL SHIELDING). TUBE OPERATION.

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Presentation Transcript

THE TUBE CONSISTS OF CATHODE AND ANODE ENCLOSED WITHIN THE GLASS ENVELOPE (PYREX GLASS) OR METAL ENVELOPE ENCASED IN A PROTECTIVE HOUSING (LEAD+ METAL SHIELDING)

TUBE OPERATION

THE CATHODE IS A COMPLEX DEVICE AND CAN BE REFFERED TO AS THE CATHODE ASSEMBLY. THIS ASSEMBLY CONSISTS OF THE FILAMENTS, FOCUSING CUP, AND ASSOCIATED WIRING.

THE WIRE IS ABOUT 0.1 - 0.2mm THICK AND 7-15 mm LONG

THE FILAMENT IS A SMALL COIL OF THIN THORIATED TUNGSTEN WIRE.1%-2% OF THORIUM INCREASES EFFICIENCY OF THERMIONIC EMISSION.

TUNGSTEN IS A MATERIAL OF CHOICE BECAUSE OF ITS HIGH MELTING POINT 3410 C. RHENIUM ( 3170C) AND MOLYBDENUM (2,620 C) CAN ALSO BE USED.

TUNGSTEN Z # 74 MELTING POINT- 3,410 DEG. CELSIUS

THORIUM Z # 90

DUAL FILAMENT

SCHEMATIC OF DUAL FILAMENT

MOST DIAGNOSTIC TUBES HAVE DUAL FILAMENT WHICH MEANS:LARGE AND SMALL FOCAL SPOT

A TUNGSTEN FILAMENT WILL NOT EXHIBIT SIGNIFICANT THERMIONIC EMISSION BELOW 2,200 C

NOT ALL OF THE ELECTRONS THERMIONICALLY EMITTED FROM THE FILAMENT ARE ATTRACTED TO ANODE. SMALL % WILL EVAPORATE AND CAUSE THE TUBE ARCING. AS A RESULT OF THIS, THE TUBE BREAKS DOWN.

ANOTHER MAJOR CAUSE OF TUBE FAILURE IS THE BRAKING OF THE FILAMENT ITSELF. FILAMENTS BECOME INCREASINGLY THIN AS VAPORIZATION TAKES PLACE. WHEN ABOUT 10% OF THE DIAMETER HAS VAPORIZED, FILAMENT BECOMES SUBJECT TO BREAKING.

AN AVERAGE DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY TUBE LIFE IS ONLY ABOUT 6-9 HOURS (10,000-20,000 EXPOSURE) AT NORMAL FILAMENT HEATING LEVEL. ROUTINELY DELAYED EXPOSURES WHILE THE FILAMENT IS ENDURING MAX. CURRENT SHORTEN TUBE LIFE BY 50-60% ( DOWN TO 5,000-6,000 EXPOSURES)

THE FOCUSING CUP IS THE SHALLOW DEPRESSION IN THE CATHODE ASSEMBLY DESIGNED TO HOUSE THE FILAMENT

MOST X-RAY TUBES HAVE THE FOCUSING CUP AT THE SAME NEGATIVE POTENTIAL AS THE FILAMENT

IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO USE HIGHER NEGATIVE POTENTIAL ON THE CUP TO EVEN FURTHER DECREASE THE SIZE OF ELECTRON BEAM. THIS TYPE OF FOCUSING CUP IS CALLED BIASED

AS MORE AND MORE ELECTRONS BUILD UP IN THE AREA OF THE FILAMENT, THEIR NEGATIVE CHARGES BEGINTO OPPOSE THE EMISSION OF ADDITIONAL ELECTRONS. THIS PHENOMENON IS CALLED THE SPACE CHARGE EFFECT AND LIMITS X-RAY TUBES TO MAXIMUM mA ranges of 1,000-1,200 mA

FOCUSING CUP

THE ANODE IS THE +++++SIDE OF THE X-RAY TUBE

FUNCTIONS OF ANODE: • TARGET FOR PROJECTILE ELECTRONS • CONDUCTOR OF HIGH VOLTAGE FROM THE CATHODE BACK TO X-RAY GENERATOR. • PRIMARY THERMAL CONDUCTOR

THE ENTIRE ANODE IS COMPLEX DEVICE AND IS REFFERED TO AS ANODE ASSEMBLY. IT CONSISTS OF:1. ANODE 2. STATOR 3. ROTOR

ANODE ASSEMBLY

ANODE +++++ TUNGSTEN TARGET

ANODE ANGLES: 5 – 15°

ANODE ANGLES:

LINE FOCUS PRINCIPLE

TUNGSTEN IS THE MATERIAL OF CHOICE FOR THE TARGET OF GENERAL USE X-RAY TUBES. REASONS ARE: • HIGH ATOMIC NUMBER ( Z#) 74. HIGH Z# INCREASED EFFICIENCY OF X-RAY PRODUCTION. • HIGH MELTING POINT 3410 C • HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

SPECIALTY X-RAY TUBES FOR MAMMO. HAVE MOLYBDENUM & RHODIUM TARGETS BECAUSE OF THEIR LOW K-SHELL CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY ENERGY

DURING NORMAL USE FOCAL TRACK REACHES TEMP. BETWEEN 1,000-2000 C

BECAUSE OF TUNGSTEN HIGH MELTING POINT, IT CAN WITHSTAND NORMAL OPERATING TEMPS.RHENIUM PROVIDES MECHANICAL STRENGTH & THERMAL ELASTICITY IN ROTATING ANODES

INDUCTION MOTOR ROTATES THE ANODE

INDUCTION MOTOR ROTOR STATOR

ROTATION SPEED OF ANODES • REGULAR TUBES 3,000-4,000 RPM • HIGH EFFICIENCY 10,000-12,000 RPM

EFFECT OF THE FAILURE OF THE INDUCTION MOTOR

WHEN FIRST ACTIVATING AN X-RAY UNIT USE AN ANODE WARM UP PROCEDURE

FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE WARM-UP PROCEDURE CAN CAUSE THE WHOLE ANODE TO CRACK.

MANY NEWER ANODES ARE STRESS RELIEVED • THEY DISSIPATE HEAT MORE EFFICIENTLY • THEY DO NOT REQUIRE ELABORATE WARM-UP PROCEDURE

PITTING OF THE ANODE FROM EXTENDED USE

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    5.4.2Generating the Tube Voltage. The tube voltage is supplied Symmetrically to the tube, i.e. a net potential difference of 150 kV is achieved by feeding -75 kV to the cathode and +75 kV to the anode. This is electrically accomplished by Grounding the centre tap of the secondary coil of the high voltage transformer.

  11. X-ray tube.

    Presentation on theme: "X-ray tube."— Presentation transcript: ... 20 AN AVERAGE DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY TUBE LIFE IS ONLY ABOUT 6-9 HOURS (10,000-20,000 EXPOSURE) AT NORMAL FILAMENT HEATING LEVEL. ROUTINELY DELAYED EXPOSURES WHILE THE FILAMENT IS ENDURING MAX. ... Download ppt "X-ray tube." Similar presentations . Producing an X-ray Exposure ...

  12. X ray tube

    X ray tube. Jun 7, 2016 • Download as PPT, PDF •. 26 likes • 17,357 views. AI-enhanced description. Bipin Joseph. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen used a Crookes-Hittorf tube to produce the first x-rays in 1895. Early x-ray tubes had no shielding and emitted radiation in all directions, posing major hazards. Modern tubes are designed with ...

  13. X-Ray Tube Construction PowerPoint Presentation

    Free Download X-Ray Tube Construction PowerPoint Presentation. Bremsstrahlung (cont.) Random energy loss of moving electron Depends on distance from nucleus charge (Z) of nucleus Bremsstrahlung Energy Spectrum 0 - peak kilovoltage (kVp) applied to x-ray tube most Bremsstrahlung photons have low energy Don't escape tube easily filtered by tube or filters outside tube Energy #

  14. PPT

    X-ray tube. Jul 28, 2012. 580 likes | 1.56k Views. X-ray tube. Dr. Roentgen used a Crookes-Hittorf tube to make the first x-ray image. There was no shielding so x-rays were emitted in all directions. The X-Ray Tube Development. This is the variety of tube designs available in 1948. Download Presentation. short exposure times.

  15. The x ray tube

    Download now. 1. The X-Ray TubeThe X-Ray Tube. 2. X-ray tube is a component of x-rayX-ray tube is a component of x-ray imaging system, it is contained in aimaging system, it is contained in a protective housing and therefore isprotective housing and therefore is inaccessibleinaccessible.. 3. The eternal structure ofThe eternal structure of xray ...

  16. X-Ray Style Disease

    Here's the perfect proposal for you. This template is inspired by X-ray illustrations, with blue color, traditionally associated with health topics, as it conveys reliability. You can use it to talk about certain diseases or to explain the science behind an X-ray. Resources such as infographics, tables, charts, graphs or maps that we have ...

  17. X-ray PowerPoint Presentation and Slides

    Rib Cage X Ray Monotone Icon In Powerpoint Pptx Png And Editable Eps Format. This monotone PowerPoint icon depicts a rib cage, with each rib clearly visible. It is perfect for medical and anatomical presentations, and can be used to illustrate the structure of the human rib cage. Slide 1 of 6.

  18. PPT

    Presentation Transcript. Monochromator Ge (440) or Ge (220) or Hybrid Sample = 5'' or 12'' or 19'' X-ray Tube Detector 2 2o Substrate Receiving Slit = 0.5o Substrate Substrate X-ray Tube (point focus) Sample 0.3o Receiving Slit Detector Crossed Slit Collimator X-ray Tube (line focus) Sample Flat Graphite Monochromator X-ray Mirror ...

  19. Chapter 8 The X-ray Imaging System

    Presentation Transcript. Chapter 8 The X-ray Imaging System • The Console is the part of the machine that the operator controls the operation of the x-ray machine. • All machine console are a little different but there are always similarities. The console is where we control x-ray tube current and voltage. The Console Controls • The ...

  20. Production of x rays

    15. High voltage circuit • X-ray tube with cathode and anode • Step-up transformer to supply high voltage and low current to x-ray tube • Autotransformer for stepwise adjustment in voltage • Voltage selector switch for selecting the turn of a coil in autotransformer • Rheostat to introduce desired resistance in the circuit and vary the voltage in continuous manner • Voltmeter for ...

  21. 12 Best X Ray-Themed Templates for PowerPoint & Google Slides

    12 Best X Ray-Themed Templates. CrystalGraphics creates templates designed to make even average presentations look incredible. Below you'll see thumbnail sized previews of the title slides of a few of our 12 best x ray templates for PowerPoint and Google Slides. The text you'll see in in those slides is just example text.

  22. PPT

    X-ray Tube Diagram. An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Download presentation by click this link.

  23. PPT

    Presentation Transcript. X-RAY TUBE. THE TUBE CONSISTS OF CATHODE AND ANODE ENCLOSED WITHIN THE GLASS ENVELOPE (PYREX GLASS) OR METAL ENVELOPE ENCASED IN A PROTECTIVE HOUSING (LEAD+ METAL SHIELDING) TUBE OPERATION. THE CATHODE IS A COMPLEX DEVICE AND CAN BE REFFERED TO AS THE CATHODE ASSEMBLY.