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THINK AGAIN

The power of knowing what you don't know.

by Adam Grant ‧ RELEASE DATE: Feb. 2, 2021

Grant breaks little to no ground but offers well-intentioned, valuable advice on periodically testing one’s beliefs.

The bestselling author of Originals (2016) returns with an exploration of the theoretical and practical values of rethinking and mental agility.

Though rethinking and unlearning are not new intellectual exercises (Socrates: “The unexamined life is not worth living”), they are worth revisiting. Our worldview—that assemblage of instincts, habits, assumptions, and experiences—is something we hold dear. Grant, who teaches organizational psychology at the Wharton School of Business, challenges readers to rethink their outlooks on an ongoing basis, and he often makes time-tested concepts feel fresh. The author consistently emphasizes the importance of lifelong learning and maintaining an open, flexible mind. Grant investigates rethinking in three areas—the individual, changing others’ minds, and collective environments—and supports his text with research in numerous disciplines as well as entertaining anecdotes on a variety of topics, including the Blackberry, the presidency of Iceland, confirmation and desirability biases, the mindsets of totalitarians, and the values of scientific thinking (“favors humility over pride, doubt over certainty, curiosity over closure”) and confident humility. Regarding the last, leaders of all stripes can learn from Grant’s incisive discussion of how “you can be confident in your ability to achieve a goal in the future while maintaining the humility to question whether you have the right tools in the present.” As in his previous books, Grant employs earnest, crisp prose and thorough research. While readers will nod along in agreement with many of his points, some may give pause. For example: “Even if we disagree strongly with someone on a social issue, when we discover that she cares deeply about the issue, we trust her more. We might still dislike her, but we see her passion for a principle as a sign of integrity. We reject the belief but grow to respect the person behind it.” Activist readers, especially those involved in anti-racism work, will certainly disagree.

Pub Date: Feb. 2, 2021

ISBN: 978-1-984878-10-6

Page Count: 320

Publisher: Viking

Review Posted Online: Nov. 24, 2020

Kirkus Reviews Issue: Dec. 15, 2020

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by Adam Grant

by Allison Sweet Grant & Adam Grant ; illustrated by Merrilee Liddiard

by Adam Grant & Allison Sweet Grant ; illustrated by Diana Schoenbrun

GRIEF IS FOR PEOPLE

by Sloane Crosley ‧ RELEASE DATE: Feb. 27, 2024

A marvelously tender memoir on suicide and loss.

An essayist and novelist turns her attention to the heartache of a friend’s suicide.

Crosley’s memoir is not only a joy to read, but also a respectful and philosophical work about a colleague’s recent suicide. “All burglaries are alike, but every burglary is uninsured in its own way,” she begins, in reference to the thief who stole the jewelry from her New York apartment in 2019. Among the stolen items was her grandmother’s “green dome cocktail ring with tiers of tourmaline (think kryptonite, think dish soap).” She wrote those words two months after the burglary and “one month since the violent death of my dearest friend.” That friend was Russell Perreault, referred to only by his first name, her boss when she was a publicist at Vintage Books. Russell, who loved “cheap trinkets” from flea markets, had “the timeless charm of a movie star, the competitive edge of a Spartan,” and—one of many marvelous details—a “thatch of salt-and-pepper hair, seemingly scalped from the roof of an English country house.” Over the years, the two became more than boss and subordinate, teasing one another at work, sharing dinners, enjoying “idyllic scenes” at his Connecticut country home, “a modest farmhouse with peeling paint and fragile plumbing…the house that Windex forgot.” It was in the barn at that house that Russell took his own life. Despite the obvious difference in the severity of robbery and suicide, Crosley fashions a sharp narrative that finds commonality in the dislocation brought on by these events. The book is no hagiography—she notes harassment complaints against Russell for thoughtlessly tossed-off comments, plus critiques of the “deeply antiquated and often backward” publishing industry—but the result is a warm remembrance sure to resonate with anyone who has experienced loss.

Pub Date: Feb. 27, 2024

ISBN: 9780374609849

Page Count: 208

Publisher: MCD/Farrar, Straus and Giroux

Review Posted Online: Sept. 19, 2023

Kirkus Reviews Issue: Nov. 1, 2023

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by Sloane Crosley

More About This Book

Sloane Crosley Confronts a Painful Year of Loss

PERSPECTIVES

THINKING, FAST AND SLOW

by Daniel Kahneman ‧ RELEASE DATE: Nov. 1, 2011

Striking research showing the immense complexity of ordinary thought and revealing the identities of the gatekeepers in our...

A psychologist and Nobel Prize winner summarizes and synthesizes the recent decades of research on intuition and systematic thinking.

The author of several scholarly texts, Kahneman (Emeritus Psychology and Public Affairs/Princeton Univ.) now offers general readers not just the findings of psychological research but also a better understanding of how research questions arise and how scholars systematically frame and answer them. He begins with the distinction between System 1 and System 2 mental operations, the former referring to quick, automatic thought, the latter to more effortful, overt thinking. We rely heavily, writes, on System 1, resorting to the higher-energy System 2 only when we need or want to. Kahneman continually refers to System 2 as “lazy”: We don’t want to think rigorously about something. The author then explores the nuances of our two-system minds, showing how they perform in various situations. Psychological experiments have repeatedly revealed that our intuitions are generally wrong, that our assessments are based on biases and that our System 1 hates doubt and despises ambiguity. Kahneman largely avoids jargon; when he does use some (“heuristics,” for example), he argues that such terms really ought to join our everyday vocabulary. He reviews many fundamental concepts in psychology and statistics (regression to the mean, the narrative fallacy, the optimistic bias), showing how they relate to his overall concerns about how we think and why we make the decisions that we do. Some of the later chapters (dealing with risk-taking and statistics and probabilities) are denser than others (some readers may resent such demands on System 2!), but the passages that deal with the economic and political implications of the research are gripping.

Pub Date: Nov. 1, 2011

ISBN: 978-0-374-27563-1

Page Count: 512

Publisher: Farrar, Straus and Giroux

Review Posted Online: Sept. 3, 2011

Kirkus Reviews Issue: Sept. 15, 2011

BUSINESS | LEADERSHIP, MANAGEMENT & COMMUNICATION | PSYCHOLOGY

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The Shortlist

New Books on the Brain and What It Can and Can’t Do

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By Tali Sharot

April 16, 2021

USEFUL DELUSIONS The Power and Paradox of the Self-Deceiving Brain By Shankar Vedantam and Bill Mesler 233 pp. Norton. $27.95.

Should we always advocate for truth? History tells us false beliefs can be dangerous, leading to genocide, racism and attacks on democracy. However, they can also bring harmony and help us thrive. Consider the health benefits of placebos or the comfort of religion. It is not the veracity, but the consequence, of a belief that makes it good or bad, Vedantam and Mesler argue. “Life, like evolution and natural selection, ultimately doesn’t care about what’s true. It cares about what works .” And if you believe in science you must acknowledge the overwhelming evidence that false beliefs are necessary for people’s well-being, as they often help reduce anxiety and increase motivation. “You can’t go around thinking of yourself as a breathing piece of defecating meat. It gets in the way of happy hour.”

Accepting that people’s beliefs depend less on evidence than on their hopes, emotions and tribal affiliations is vital for addressing global threats such as climate change. Persuading people to act requires us to go along with how the brain works, rather than working against it. Fighting irrational beliefs with numbers and graphs alone is ineffective. Instead, we must fulfill people’s desires and need for belonging. True to their thesis, Vedantam and Mesler pepper hard data with compelling stories to make their case. Vedantam’s empathy and intuitive understanding of human nature, which shine on his popular “Hidden Brain” podcast, come through in “Useful Delusions.”

A THOUSAND BRAINS A New Theory of Intelligence By Jeff Hawkins 272 pp. Basic Books. $30.

“A Thousand Brains” takes us on a journey from the evolution of our brain to the extinction of our species. Along the way Hawkins beautifully describes neuroanatomy and landmark discoveries in neuroscience, including the existence of cells that signal our location in space and populations of neurons that process information by “voting” to reach a group decision. The book is framed around Hawkins’s theory of intelligence, according to which columns in the neocortex encode thousands of “reference frames.” However, the theory has yet to be empirically tested, and he does not spend much time detailing it or how it could account for high-level functions such as language and thought.

Hawkins, the inventor of the PalmPilot and a neuroscience researcher, aims to crack human intelligence in order to develop artificial intelligence. The problem with current A.I. systems, he explains, is that they can solve only a limited set of predefined problems. They do not possess general intelligence as humans do. According to Hawkins this is because they are unable to represent knowledge. Part of Hawkins’s motivation for developing “true” A.I. is to prepare for human extinction.

Although not predicting when or how we will meet this fate, Hawkins advises readers to craft an “estate plan for humanity” now. Homo sapiens may try to dodge extinction by habitation of other planets, but Hawkins is not optimistic. Instead, he suggests, we would be wise to use machines to preserve human knowledge for the benefit of other beings, even if we are unable to sustain mankind. With this and other ideas Hawkins keeps the reader constantly engaged.

THINK AGAIN The Power of Knowing What You Don’t Know By Adam Grant 307 pp. Viking. $28.

We live in a world where conversations about complex issues, such as infectious disease and climate change, revolve around 280-character statements. Nuance is lost, and opinions rapidly radicalize. This makes the age-old problem of inflexible thinking — in which people have difficulty altering their beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence — particularly timely.

In “Think Again,” Grant, a psychology professor at Wharton and the author of “Originals” and “Give and Take,” urges us to constantly rethink our beliefs about politics, science, work and relationships. Grant believes we can simultaneously be confident in our ability to uncover the truth while acknowledging we may be wrong at present. We must convey our uncertainties and information gaps to others, he argues. To achieve such “confident humility,” Grant advises us to “seek out information that goes against our views” and “resist the temptation to preach, prosecute or politick.” We should, he suggests, “think like a scientist.”

To illustrate the scientific method of rethinking and revising, Grant describes a study in which he attempted to reduce animosity between Yankee and Red Sox fans. He began by encouraging the rivals to consider their commonalities. This strategy had worked in other contexts but failed in this case. “We both love baseball,” they agreed, but “they like the wrong team.” Attempts to humanize the competitors were also unsuccessful. The antagonism was finally lowered by highlighting the arbitrary nature of the animosity (team allegiance was due to random factors, such as place of birth). No single tool is guaranteed to always help us rethink our views, habits and preferences. This is why we need a diverse set of strategies, which is what Grant offers.

THE HIDDEN SPRING A Journey to the Source of Consciousness By Mark Solms 415 pp. Norton. $28.95.

What is consciousness, how is it generated and why do we need it? These are the big questions Solms, a South African neuropsychologist, tackles in “The Hidden Spring.” There are many things our brain can do unconsciously. For example, we can subliminally process images and words, and approximate the speed of an oncoming car to determine whether to cross the road without being aware we are doing so. There is one thing, according to Solms, that requires consciousness: feelings. You can be unaware of why you are feeling angry or happy, he argues, but you can’t feel angry or happy without being aware of it. He concludes that emotion is “the foundational form of consciousness.”

Emotions are valenced — good or bad — which signals to us what should be approached and what should be avoided. Our most burning needs are prioritized by focusing our attention on a certain feeling so that we take immediate action to fulfill them: When we feel thirsty, we look for water; when we feel lust, we search for a mate. These basic needs and emotions are evolutionarily ancient and rely on subcortical structures deep in our brain. According to Solms, this means most other animals are likely conscious too.

“The Hidden Spring” often requires the reader to work hard to follow Solms’s arguments. But readers who stick with it will be rewarded with interesting ideas about what it means to feel, think and be.

Tali Sharot is the author of “The Influential Mind: What the Brain Reveals About Our Power to Change Others.”

Follow New York Times Books on Facebook , Twitter and Instagram , s ign up for our newsletter or our literary calendar . And listen to us on the Book Review podcast .

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Adam Grant — Think Again (Book Review)

by Barbara the Bibliophage | Jun 30, 2022 | LEARN: Everything Else | 0 comments

Adam Grant engaged my intellect and curiosity in his 2021 book, Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don’t Know . Plus, I immediately told friends and acquaintances about it. In fact, I didn’t wait until I finished the book. It’s timely and relevant to people’s frustrations about communication today.

Truthfully, it addresses many topics about life that make me both sad and angry. Grant gave me both strategies and a renewed sense of hope for communication. Still, the changes he suggests aren’t easy. They take focus and persistence. But every idea seems doable, important, and well worth the effort.

Grant divides the book into sections—individual, interpersonal, and collective rethinking. Building from our thoughts to our societal perspectives allows him to address multiple issues with today’s typical communication. Grant explains how people’s individual styles lead to polarization, which multiplies to a broader reality thanks to the media, among other things.

But despite Grant’s discussion of society-wide implications, he offers plenty of ideas for our individual conversations. Still, starting with our own thinking is vital. Grant offers the idea of confident humility, which he explains this way:

“What we want to attain is confident humility: having faith in our capability while appreciating that we may not have the right solution or even be addressing the right problem. That gives us enough doubt to reexamine our old knowledge and enough confidence to pursue new insights.”

My conclusions

Shortly before reading Think Again, we had a conversation with our grown son, who works in the technology sector. He’s job interviewing and recounted one experience. His concern was that the interviewing manager didn’t have much curiosity and seemed highly confident. That’s similar to the work situation he’s hoping to leave. And as soon as I saw that Grant talks about the power of curiosity, I recommended the book to our son.

I felt challenged by Grant’s ideas, but not overwhelmed. He knows how to break down the concept of rethinking into manageable pieces. That makes it seem achievable. Grant also uses plenty of examples from his life and other sources, which also add to the readability.

Debating a charged topic with someone who throws many arguments at you feels impossible. The other person is clearly trying to “win the battle,” and I inevitably choose retreat. Grant, however, offered me other options that give me hope. He says,

“Our role is to hold up a mirror so they can see themselves more clearly and then empower them to examine their beliefs and behaviors. That can activate a rethinking cycle, in which people approach their own views more scientifically. They develop more humility about their knowledge, doubt in their convictions, and curiosity about alternative points of view.”

If these ideas intrigue you, please give the book a try. Adam Grant is a professor and writer who teaches with humor and profound ideas.

Pair with Strangers in Their Own Land by Arlie Russell Hochschild, which is one liberal writer’s journey in a conservative part of the U.S. She employs plenty of Grant’s ideas in her work.

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Book Review: Think Again by Adam Grant

took review of think again by adam grant

The Big Idea:

To beat the overconfidence effect in yourself and others you need to argue like you're right but listen like you're wrong.

Background:

Adam Grant was the youngest tenured professor at Wharton School, receiving tenure at the age of 28. He specializes in organizational psychology. He has been Wharton's top-rated professor for seven straight years.

He's authored four New York Times Bestselling books. Think Again is his latest work, published in 2021. It has 12,000 customer reviews on Amazon, averaging 4.6/5.

Fun fact: Grant was named an All-American springboard diver in 1999 and he worked as a professional magician during college.

Top 3 Takeaways:

"The goal is not to be wrong more often. It's to recognize that we're all more often than we'd like to admit, and the more we deny it, the deeper the hole we dig for ourselves."
This means seeing your ideas as hypothesis that require testing and retesting.
It helps to define yourself by your values rather than your opinions. People often feel as if admitting they are wrong about an opinion is somehow letting themselves down. If you remove your opinions from your self-concept, and instead identify with values like curiosity and flexibility, changing your mind will be a lot less scary.
Invite others to question your thinking.
Use fewer arguments. Don't think of all the reasons you are right, the fewer strong points you make the more likely you are to succeed.
Question how rather than why . When people describe why they hold extreme views, they often intensify their commitment and double down. When they try to explain how they would make their views a reality, they often realize the limits of their understanding and start to temper some of their opinions.
Ask "What evidence would change your mind?" You can't bully someone into agreeing with you. It's often more effective to inquire about what would open their minds, and then see if you can convince them on their own terms.
Ask how people originally formed an opinion. Many of our opinions, like our stereotypes, are arbitrary; we've developed them without rigorous data or deep reflection. To help people reevaluate, prompt them to consider how they'd believe different things if they'd been born at a different time or in a different place.
Potential life impact: 5
Fun to read: 7
Likely to recommend it to others: 4
Amazing conversations that it can start: 6
Total score: 5.5

Final Thought:

I don't know of another business book that more people have owned but not read. Which is ironic. I was one of those people. My neighbor Becky kept telling me how much it aligned with my curiosity work, and in my head I was like, "Yea, yea, I teach this stuff, what could I possibly learn?" And the answer is quite a lot.

This book should be required reading for every senior leader. And it would be of significant value to parents, teachers, politicians, and those of us who don't want to stop growing and improving ourselves.

Noteworthy Quotes:

"Intelligence is traditionally viewed as the ability to think and learn. Yet in a turbulent world, there's another set of cognitive skills that might matter more: the ability to rethink and unlearn."
"Questioning ourselves makes the world more unpredictable. It requires us to admit that the facts may have changed, that what was once right may now be wrong. Reconsidering something we believe deeply can threaten our identities, making it feel as if we're losing a part of ourselves."
"Biases don't just prevent us from applying our intelligence. They can actually contort our intelligence into a weapon against the truth."
"If knowledge is power, knowing what we don't know is wisdom."
"Thinking like a scientist involves more than just reacting with an open mind. It means being actively open minded. It requires searching for reasons why we might be wrong."
From Bridgewater founder Ray Dalio, "If you don't look back at yourself and think, 'Wow, how stupid I was a year ago,' then you must not have learned much last year."
"If being wrong repeatedly leads us to the right answer, the experience of being wrong itself can become joyful."
"We learn more from people who challenge our thought process than those who affirm our conclusions. Strong leaders engage their critics and make themselves stronger."
"Starting a disagreement by asking, "Can we debate?" Sends a message that you want to think like a scientist…and encourages the other person to think that way, too."
"Listening well is more than a matter of talking less. It starts with showing more interest in other people's interests rather than trying to judge their status or prove our own."
"Great listeners are more interested in making their audience feel smart."

READY TO FLEX YOUR CURIOSITY MUSCLE?

Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know (Unabridged‪)‬

4.3 • 997 Ratings

Publisher Description

#1 New York Times Bestseller “THIS. This is the right book for right now. Yes, learning requires focus. But, unlearning and relearning requires much more—it requires choosing courage over comfort. In Think Again , Adam Grant weaves together research and storytelling to help us build the intellectual and emotional muscle we need to stay curious enough about the world to actually change it. I’ve never felt so hopeful about what I don’t know.” —Brené Brown, Ph.D., #1 New York Times bestselling author of Dare to Lead The #1 New York Times bestselling author of Hidden Potential , Originals, and Give and Take examines the critical art of rethinking: learning to question your opinions and open other people's minds, which can position you for excellence at work and wisdom in life Intelligence is usually seen as the ability to think and learn, but in a rapidly changing world, there's another set of cognitive skills that might matter more: the ability to rethink and unlearn. In our daily lives, too many of us favor the comfort of conviction over the discomfort of doubt. We listen to opinions that make us feel good, instead of ideas that make us think hard. We see disagreement as a threat to our egos, rather than an opportunity to learn. We surround ourselves with people who agree with our conclusions, when we should be gravitating toward those who challenge our thought process. The result is that our beliefs get brittle long before our bones. We think too much like preachers defending our sacred beliefs, prosecutors proving the other side wrong, and politicians campaigning for approval--and too little like scientists searching for truth. Intelligence is no cure, and it can even be a curse: being good at thinking can make us worse at rethinking. The brighter we are, the blinder to our own limitations we can become. Organizational psychologist Adam Grant is an expert on opening other people's minds--and our own. As Wharton's top-rated professor and the bestselling author of Originals and Give and Take , he makes it one of his guiding principles to argue like he's right but listen like he's wrong. With bold ideas and rigorous evidence, he investigates how we can embrace the joy of being wrong, bring nuance to charged conversations, and build schools, workplaces, and communities of lifelong learners. You'll learn how an international debate champion wins arguments, a Black musician persuades white supremacists to abandon hate, a vaccine whisperer convinces concerned parents to immunize their children, and Adam has coaxed Yankees fans to root for the Red Sox. Think Again reveals that we don't have to believe everything we think or internalize everything we feel. It's an invitation to let go of views that are no longer serving us well and prize mental flexibility over foolish consistency. If knowledge is power, knowing what we don't know is wisdom.

APPLE BOOKS REVIEW

We’ve often heard the saying that you should go with your first instinct, whether you’re picking out a paint color or answering an SAT question. But organizational psychologist Adam Grant is here to prove that this kind of thinking may be wrong. Using case studies about the decline of Blackberry and a tragic string of accidents at NASA, he reveals how disastrous it can be to simply make the choice that “feels right” or “has always been done this way.” Narrating the audiobook himself, Grant sounds like a cool young professor opening up your worldview, and he adds extra audio snippets and recordings that help illustrate his points. (Wait until you hear the section on debating!) His suggestions on learning to use critical thinking instead of instinct are easy to follow, and we particularly loved his advice on creating a psychological safety zone where questions are encouraged and failure isn’t the end of the world. It turns out changing your mind doesn’t make you indecisive—it makes you smart.

Customer Reviews

Sensational oxymoron.

This is an excellent book that’ll help you develop personally and professionally. I walked away with a new outlook on thinking and engaging with others. What’s unfortunate is that those who’d benefit most from this book likely wont read it.

Good but not as advertised

Got this book looking for strategies on how to manage change myself, not changing others. Good book regardless with neat studies and actionable listening and convincing techniques. Not nearly as unbiased as it wants to appear though.

A Sufficient Lesson On Intellectual Humility

Brilliantly and humbly written. We all could do with a bit more intellectual humility and a willingness to step back and think again whenever faced with problems to solve.

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Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don’t Know (Adam Grant) – Book Review

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Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don’t Know (Adam Grant)

What is the book about.

The experience of logging into a social network such as Twitter sometimes seems to be like a battlefield: only replace arms with words. There are plenty of people insulting each other with arguments based on immutable certainties. “Lockdowns have killed millions”, “Lockdowns have saved millions” are among the current arguments.

In his new book, the psychologist and writer Adam Grant aims to help us step back, think again and embrace uncertainty. “Think Again” show us how it is important to be open to new ideas and, most important of all, to be able to see others’ points of view.

We tend to see someone expressing different opinions as if they were challenging our intelligence. It is of utmost importance to acknowledge that you and your opponent always have common ground.

In one of the chapters, Grant tells the story of a Canadian doctor who convinces hesitant parents to vaccine their children. The doctor had the ability to ask and listen more than to push “scientifically strong statements” to convince the parents. Obviously, both sides wish the best for the children.

Perhaps intelligence in this age of information overload is “to know that we don’t know.” As a famous 1980s Brazilian hit by Raul Seixas says “I’d rather be this walking metamorphosis than have the old formed opinion about everything”.

Who should read this book?

I think the book is appropriate for upper-intermediate English learners. There is not scientific jargons or specific vocabulary. All verbal tenses, modals and passive forms and present in the book. If you are comfortable with these grammar issues, the book is definitely for you.

Are you going to read the book? What books do you recommend for English learners? Let us know in the comments!

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One response to “Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don’t Know (Adam Grant) – Book Review”

I think it must be a wonderful book. The vision of the writer is so inspiring. Social media has a big influence on all of us and we gotta find out what is true and what is not.

287. The History of Tea! (English Vocabulary Lesson) - Thinking in English

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286. Who is Responsible for the Most Deaths in History?: The Story of Thomas Midgely Jr! (English Vocabulary Lesson) 30:58
285. Are Electric Cars Environmentally Friendly? (English Vocabulary Lesson) 25:56
284. What is Language Anxiety? And How to Overcome Anxiety While Using English? (English Vocabulary Lesson) 24:15
283. Who Were the Anglo-Saxons? (English Vocabulary Lesson) 25:32

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Think Again Book Review | 19 Lessons + Actionable Ideas + Quotes

Blog , Books , Mindset , Personal Development / April 30, 2021 by admin / 4 Comments

This page contains affiliate links. If you purchase a product through one of them, I will receive a commission (at no additional cost to you). I only ever recommend products that I have personally used and loved. Thank you for your support!

What lessons can we learn from “Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don’t Know” by Adam M. Grant?

As always, I also included amazing quotes and a few actionable ideas to help you get the most out of this book review.

Still, there is much value left inside the book, so definitely read it for yourself to not miss out on anything!

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Reading Experience

I LOVED this book!

“Think Again” was not only interesting to read but also funny at times and even contained one or two plot twists that had me stunned.

I simply loved how the book balances theory with real-life stories.

All in all, great to read! In fact, not just great but even important to read. The more people start to think again, the better the world could be.

1. It’s not only ok to change your mind but even important to do so

“Intelligence is traditionally viewed as the ability to think and learn. Yet in a turbulent world, there’s another set of cognitive skills that might matter more: the ability to rethink and unlearn.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

“Changing your mind doesn’t make you a flip-flopper or a hypocrite. It means you were open to learning.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

I used to be and, to some point, still am reluctant to voice my opinion on anything but trivial matters because I know that I’m far from an expert and could change my mind any day.

In fact, I’ve ended up doing things I once very passionately declared on never doing (i.e., studying law, having my own business).

I used to feel incredibly awkward around admitting that I’ve changed my mind. As if changing your mind is something bad and shows a lack of decisiveness.

But “Think Again” has finally crashed that limiting belief of mine and encouraged me to do what I’ve always been drawn to do: changing my mind and evolving my opinion with each new information presented.

Now, I am allowing myself to change my mind, and I also make sure to question beliefs that have been the same for a long time.

Actionable Idea

Give yourself permission to change your mind frequently. Of course, you shouldn’t change your mind five times within one evening when your partner asks you what you’d like to eat.

But allow yourself to think again on less trivial topics like what career you want, how you can study most effectively, what car you should buy, what your next apartment should cost, or who you should vote for.

Take out your journal and write about an opinion you’ve come to form recently.

Why have you formed this particular opinion?

What facts or feelings don’t align with this opinion?

Why could someone decide to have a different opinion?

Start a list on which you note every opinion of yours that you find yourself clinging to fiercely.

2. Don’t mistrust the urge to correct an answer

“I’ve seen it in my own classroom year after year: my students’ final exams have surprisingly few eraser marks, but those who do rethink their first answers rather than staying anchored to them end up improving their scores.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

This again hit it perfectly on the head for me. Like many students, I’ve had the experience that I end up falsely ‘fixing’ what was once right every time I try to correct an answer on a test.

Adam M. Grant points out that even though most students claim to have made that experience, statistics actually prove the opposite to be true: Most corrected answers are from false to the right and not the other way around.

I’m assuming that falsely correcting something is especially painful. Those instances stick in mind for longer than positive cases.

Whatever the reason, I’m going to make sure not to blindly stick to my first answer out of fear for losing points through altercations.

If there is time left during your next exam or test, take a moment to think again.

This doesn’t need to result in you changing your answer. Just stay open to the possibility of coming up with a better solution at second thought.

3. Sticking with a belief is easy

“We favor the comfort of conviction over the discomfort of doubt, and we let our beliefs get brittle long before our bones. We laugh at people who still use Windows 95, yet we still cling to opinions that we formed in 1995. We listen to views that make us feel good, instead of ideas that make us think hard.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

The best and most convincing facts are not automatically going to change your mind.

In fact, you will most likely find yourself clinging desperately to your current belief.

Don’t beat yourself up when you start to notice this tendency.

Simply being aware of it is the first step of breaking free from it.

Take stock of the most important opinions that shape your path in life.

Did you form this opinion through hard thinking, or have you ignored new information in favor of sticking to your old view?

4. What we know today could be irrelevant tomorrow

“The problem is that we live in a rapidly changing world, where we need to spend as much time rethinking as we do thinking.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

Suppose you’ve anticipated the day of your graduation in hopes of never having to study again. In that case, you are going to have an unpleasant awakening.

You will never excel in your career field if you don’t update your beliefs regularly.

New discoveries are being made rapidly. They get released into the world through books, studies, articles, conferences, courses, and more.

These information could make your job much easier and help you reach an ‘aha’-moment.

They could also challenge everything you’ve believed so far and render your current work obsolete.

However painful it might be, successful people know that they have to stay on top of these things, or soon their success will be history.

Create a routine of exposing yourself to new information and rethinking or unlearning your past knowledge.

You can’t do this in every area of life. That would overwhelm you.

However, you should have this routine of updating your knowledge in the field you’ve chosen for your career.

For me, as a law student, this means staying on top of new legal regulations and reading recent verdicts.

As an online business owner, this means keeping my eyes open for new trends and algorithm changes on the platforms that I use. Also, to always try to find something new and unique to do.

5. Think like a scientist, not a preacher, prosecutor, or politician

“When we’re in scientist mode, we refuse to let our ideas become ideologies. We don’t start with answers or solutions; we lead with questions and puzzles. We don’t preach from intuition; we teach from evidence. We don’t just have healthy skepticism about other people’s arguments; we dare to disagree with our own arguments.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

Don’t go around promoting your opinions, dashing out arguments to prove wrong, or trying to win over an audience.

Instead, start with a theory in mind, develop hypotheses and use experiments to test them.

6. To Think Again we must fight confirmation bias and desirability bias

“Thinking like a scientist involves more than just reacting with an open mind. It means being actively open-minded. It requires searching for reasons why we might be wrong—not for reasons why we must be right—and revising our views based on what we learn.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

“When you form an opinion, ask yourself what would have to happen to prove it false. “ – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

Every time you form an opinion, you should be aware that you might be biased by what you already believe and by what you’d like to happen.

To fight these biases, effectively seek out information that contradicts your opinion instead of ignoring them.

Find the strongest arguments of your opponents and consider them genuinely.

If you can see why they might convince some people, but you are still holding on to your opinion, it is not out of bias anymore.

Always ask yourself what new information would change your mind. If you stubbornly say ‘ none ,’ then you should worry about being biased.

A truly open mind is always open to thinking again in light of new information.

7. Don’t learn to affirm; learn to grow!

“After all, the purpose of learning isn’t to affirm our beliefs; it’s to evolve our beliefs.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

You should never approach learning solely to affirm your current opinion.

Rather use learning as a chance to make a new, more accurate draft of your current views that brings you closer to the truth.

8. Become aware of what you don’t know

“If knowledge is power, knowing what we don’t know is wisdom.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

“You can have confidence in your capacity to learn while questioning your current solution to a problem. Knowing what you don’t know is often the first step toward developing expertise.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

It’s always been mind-boggling to me how so many people, not exclusively but especially in politics, act as if they are experts.

By contrast, I often start sentences with ‘ I’m leaning towards … ‘ and end them with ‘ but that’s just my opinion now, I might change it with more information. ‘

I believe that in a world as rapidly changing as ours, we need to abandon the belief of ever knowing everything about a single topic.

It is pretty much impossible to ever know everything, which is why I have alarm bells going off in my head every time someone acts like an expert.

On the other hand, people who openly admit their lack of knowledge and their awareness of it are deeply impressive.

You get to decide if you want to present yourself to the world as a fake know-it-all or a humble student.

9. The least competent people are the most likely to overestimate themselves

“When we lack the knowledge and skills to achieve excellence, we sometimes lack the knowledge and skills to judge excellence.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

This is known as the Dunning-Kruger effect.

Maybe you’ve even experienced it yourself once or twice in school or college.

At the beginning of studying for an exam, it sometimes seems totally manageable. You are overly optimistic about knowing everything there is to know in no time.

Fast forward some study hours later, you panicked, realizing that there is soooo freaking much to know, and you’ve barely scraped the surface!

But don’t let this make you paranoid every time you do feel confident in your knowledge!

I think it is safe to say that if you’re worried about not being competent enough and only now, after a lot of effort, you’ve started to feel confident in your competency, that this effect doesn’t apply to you.

10. Humility is crucial to think again

“Humility is often misunderstood. It’s not a matter of having low self-confidence. One of the Latin roots of humility means “from the earth.” It’s about being grounded—recognizing that we’re flawed and fallible.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

“You can be confident in your ability to achieve a goal in the future while maintaining the humility to question whether you have the right tools in the present. That’s the sweet spot of confidence.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

Humility is a by-product of the awareness of your lack of knowledge.

Without humility, you won’t open your mind to new information, and therefore you won’t be able to evolve your opinions.

Learn to be confident in your ability to learn yet humble about how much you know!

11. It’s time to say thank you to your imposter syndrome

“The first upside of feeling like an impostor is that it can motivate us to work harder.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

“Second, impostor thoughts can motivate us to work smarter. When we don’t believe we’re going to win, we have nothing to lose by rethinking our strategy.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

“Third, feeling like an impostor can make us better learners. Having some doubts about our knowledge and skills takes us off a pedestal, encouraging us to seek out insights from others.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

Imposter syndrome is often treated as an enemy of success. Yet “Think Again” raises the question if it might actually contribute to success.

I believe that this is the case as long as your default reaction to feeling like an imposter is not freezing.

Let this feeling be your motivator to put in more effort, learn more, and overall improve yourself.

Imposter syndrome can be your personal tough-love coach that’s swinging the whip behind you. So use it for all it’s worth!

12. Don’t wait until you are confident; take action first, and confidence will follow

“We don’t have to wait for our confidence to rise to achieve challenging goals. We can build it through achieving challenging goals.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

This is such an IMPORTANT lesson if you want to live an extraordinary life.

It is relatively easy to just follow the path society has laid out for you. But if you want more than that, you have to find the guts to step away from that path and out into the unknown.

It’s easy to tell yourself that you’ll do it next week or month, or year when you are more confident.

But the truth is, the quickest and most reliable way to build confidence is to just jump straight into the experience.

13. Find joy in being wrong

“They’re determined to reach the correct answer in the long run, and they know that means they have to be open to stumbling, backtracking, and rerouting in the short run.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

Failing is the measurement of learning. If we don’t fail, we haven’t pushed ourselves enough.

If you practice questions for your upcoming exam and get them all right, you feel good about yourself. If you get them wrong, you become aware of a hole in your knowledge and learn how to answer them better next time.

We shouldn’t fear being wrong or failing because, with each failure, we get one step closer to succeeding.

Make a conscious effort to pat yourself on the back for being wrong and making mistakes.

As long as you don’t brush it under the table, you can learn from it, which will make you a better person all around.

14. Don’t let your opinions become your identity

“Who you are should be a question of what you value, not what you believe.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

This is a powerful idea that has made quite an impression on me.

Our identity is a very important part of us, and we naturally become fiercely protective when it gets threatened.

Suppose you let your opinion become your identity (i. e., I am a democrat/republican, feminist, minimalist, etc.). In that case, you hold onto that opinion with all your might.

You close yourself off towards opposing opinions and refuse to think again because that could endanger your whole identity.

As “Think Again” teaches us, though, evolving our opinions is important. So don’t tie your identity to them.

You will notice that life becomes a lot easier if you stop identifying with your opinions and instead openly admit to being wrong or changing your mind in light of new information.

15. The more often you think again and try again, the better you will be

“The best forecasters went through more rethinking cycles. They had the confident humility to doubt their judgments and the curiosity to discover new information that led them to revise their predictions.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

We all know the saying that practice makes perfect.

But did you know that changing your mind more often can make your predictions more accurate, as well?

“Think Again” introduces the reader to forecaster contests that are being held worldwide (I had no idea something like that existed! Isn’t it fascinating?!).

The contenders have to predict the outcome of certain events like, for example, elections.

The answers are given in percentages depending on the likeliness of the event in the forecasters’ eyes.

Over the months leading up to such predicted events, the answers of the forecasters get recorded.

By analyzing these records, scientists have found that the best forecasters rethought their original answer more often than average forecasters.

If you are open to thinking again, you take all kinds of different information into consideration. You are willing to try out different approaches to the topic, and through trial and error, you can achieve more hits than someone who sticks to their first idea.

16. Embrace and encourage constructive conflict

“Agreeableness is about seeking social harmony, not cognitive consensus. It’s possible to disagree without being disagreeable.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

“In fact, when I argue with someone, it’s not a display of disrespect—it’s a sign of respect. It means I value their views enough to contest them. If their opinions didn’t matter to me, I wouldn’t bother.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

I get it. There are too many examples in our lives of destructive conflicts that lead absolutely nowhere except pain and misery.

No wonder we might try to avoid conflict altogether.

But this avoidance can rob us of inspiring and productive conflict as well!

The constructive conflict between open-minded people, who don’t turn their opinions into their identity and are willing to think again, can lead to truly life-changing realizations.

Challenging each other in a genuine and non-judgmental manner can push everyone into rethinking their opinions, finding flaws, and discovering new ways of thinking about things that might even strengthen their own opinion even more.

So don’t dismiss every type of conflict, for there is gold to be found in the constructive ones.

17. To change someone’s opinion, common ground is more important than the number of arguments

“We won’t have much luck changing other people’s minds if we refuse to change ours. We can demonstrate openness by acknowledging where we agree with our critics and even what we’ve learned from them.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

“A single line of argument feels like a conversation; multiple lines of argument can become an onslaught.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

An interesting lesson learned from debating contests is that the most successful debaters don’t have more good arguments.

Instead, they choose a few good ones and focus the rest of their time on truly listening to their opponent and trying to find common ground.

It’s less of a fight for victory and more like a dance that’s supposed to benefit both.

Next time you want to convince someone, put a bigger focus on the common ground between you instead of actually trying to convince them.

18. Persistence is not always the answer

“There’s a fine line between heroic persistence and foolish stubbornness. Sometimes the best kind of grit is gritting our teeth and turning around.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

This is a very tricky lesson, as we can rarely be entirely sure when to apply it.

I’ve been working on my business for a while now without making an income. Does this mean I should turn around and find something else? No, that’s not what my heart is telling me.

But considering that question has opened my eyes towards the possibility that I might want to turn my back on certain strategies I’ve been applying.

I get it; it gets harder to turn your back on something the more effort and time you’ve put into it already – especially if you are ambitious and stubborn by nature.

But if your degree is making you miserable, turning your back on it after 3 years of effort is better than staying miserable throughout your whole career.

When encountering hardships, you should always stop for a moment and be honest to yourself.

Are you being rightfully persistent or stubbornly foolish?

Take your journal and write down your thoughts. The more you practice listening to your intuition and tuning out all the outside noise, the easier it will be to answer this question truthfully.

19. Happiness shouldn’t be your goal

“It’s left me thinking about happiness less as a goal and more as a by-product of mastery and meaning.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

“At work and in life, the best we can do is plan for what we want to learn and contribute over the next year or two, and stay open to what might come next.” – Adam M. Grant (Think Again)

“Think Again” mentioned studies that prove that depending on your definition of happiness, chasing it could actually result in making you less happy.

Of course, we all want to be happy. But happiness is not an emotional state we can be in 24/7. The more you obsess over happiness, the more your emotions will fluctuate to create the natural balance of all things.

It is much easier and rewarding to put your main focus on other goals that bring happiness along with them automatically.

There is so much more goodness in Think Again, but I had to keep this list limited somehow.

I highly encourage you to read the book for yourself; it’s definitely worth it!

What was your favorite lesson, and how did you plan on implementing it into your life?

I’m curious to hear from you!

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Think Again Summary

1-Sentence-Summary: Think Again teaches us the power of being humble about what we don’t know, how to recognize blind spots in our thinking, and how to more effectively enlist people for our cause, thus bolstering our intelligence, persuasiveness, and self-awareness.

Favorite quote from the author:

Table of Contents

Video Summary

Think again review, who would i recommend our think again summary to.

Do you remember the Blackberry smartphone? In 2009, Blackberry controlled about half of the entire smartphone market. Fast forward five years later, and they became almost nonexistent – the company now had a market share of just 1%.

What happened? The creator of Blackberry, Mike Lazaridis, wouldn’t change his mind. When Apple’s iPhone just started gaining market share, Lazaridis believed most customers just wanted a phone to do the basics — make calls and emails. Well, we all know how that went.

The lesson? Sometimes we need to rethink our beliefs. Conviction is easy and comfortable. But what could the world be like if we all opened our minds regularly?

In Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don’t Know by Adam Grant , we explore the science of changing our mind. Grant teaches us why we should not only doubt but also rethink our beliefs entirely from time to time.

Here are the 3 most helpful lessons this book taught me:

You can never know what you don’t know, so stay humble.
With the right tools and experiences, even the most ignorant people can change their minds.
Ask people questions to convince them of your point of view.

Think you’ve got life all figured out? You better Think Again !

If you want to save this summary for later, download the free PDF and read it whenever you want.

Lesson 1: If you want to be smarter and more likable, admit that you don’t know everything.

Most of us are completely unaware of the things we aren’t good at. In fact, sometimes we even think we are good at the things we are the worst at. For example, studies have found that people who score lowest on logical reasoning and sense of humour tests also have the most overinflated perception of their abilities in these areas.

Making matters worse, someone who falsely believes they’re good at something is less likely to try to improve in that skill. A study of emotional intelligence found that those participants with the lowest emotional intelligence scores were the least likely to want help in improving their emotional intelligence.

So what can we do about this apparent blind spot? Stay humble. If you start admitting that you don’t know everything, you will open up to learning new things. You’ll become more competent. Also, humility and confidence aren’t mutually exclusive qualities.

Confidence is all about self-belief, while humility means you are willing to examine your own methods. Successful people have both. They are confident in their ability to succeed eventually but humble enough to evaluate whether or not they are using the best methods to achieve that goal.

Lesson 2: Sometimes, even the most ignorant people change their minds.

Grant tells the story of Black musician Daryl Davis. In 1983, he started talking to Ku Klux Klan members to convince them to change their minds about race. Since then, he has persuaded many to rethink their beliefs and leave. One of these former KKK members even asked Davis to be a godfather to his daughter.

As Davis’s story illustrates, one of the best ways to change people’s prejudiced beliefs is to show them how arbitrary the beliefs are. When Davis talked to the Klan members, he realized many only had white supremacist beliefs because their family did.

He encouraged them to think about the roots of why they believed what they did . From there, they began to question racism and, in the end, often changed their minds about it.

Grant also saw this phenomenon when he studied animosity between Yankees and Red Sox fans. Both sides typically believed the other group to be arrogant, aggressive, and unpleasant.

In an experiment, Grant told the baseball fans to write an essay about how random some of the reasons they hated the other side were. He also had them think that if they were born into a different family, they probably would like whatever team they supported. After writing the essays, fans on both sides realised that their prejudices were actually wrong and even silly.

So, if you want someone to change their mind, don’t just tell them they’re wrong and why. One of the best ways to make someone rethink their beliefs is to show them the only reason they have those beliefs is because of chance.

Lesson 3: If you want to convince people of your perspective, ask them the right questions.

Another solid way to get people to rethink their beliefs is to interview them with the right questions. Grant tells the story of a young mother who was an anti-vaxxer or someone who didn’t want her baby to get the measles vaccine.

The maternity ward staff brought in Dr Arnaud Gagneur, who they knew could help. He used what is known as motivational interviewing and an effective persuasion technique that helps people find their own reasons to rethink something rather than just giving them your reasons why they should change their mind.

This type of interview begins with honest curiosity to understand where the beliefs come from. Gagneur started by asking the woman open-ended questions about why she felt the way she did about this vaccine. Gagneur then began to ask about how she felt about the consequences of not vaccinating her child.

A motivational interviewer doesn’t simply try to persuade someone with many facts; they listen instead. So Gagneur acknowledged her fears in a technique known as reflective listening. When he was finished, he emphasized that it was her choice.

Sometimes, people don’t change their minds because they want to have their own freedom than actually disagreeing, so it’s so important to give someone the freedom to make their own decision. After the interview, she decided on her own to vaccinate her baby, with no persuasion needed.

I love Think Again ! This is the kind of book that would do a lot of good if everybody in the world read it. I also like that it will make anyone who reads it and applies what it teaches smarter, more humble, and more likable as well!

The 61-year-old who always gets into political debates and can never be wrong, the 21-year-old that wants to learn how they can start their adult life off on the right foot, and anyone who is tired of a world that’s constantly fighting.

Last Updated on October 30, 2023

Luke Rowley

With over 450 summaries that he contributed to Four Minute Books, first as a part-time writer, then as our full-time Managing Editor until late 2021, Luke is our second-most prolific writer. He's also a professional, licensed engineer, working in the solar industry. Next to his day job, he also runs Goal Engineering, a website dedicated to achieving your goals with a unique, 4-4-4 system. Luke is also a husband, father, 75 Hard finisher, and lover of the outdoors. He lives in Utah with his wife and 3 kids.

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Book Review: “Think Again”

Book: Think Again by Adam Grant Reviewer: Bobby Powers

My Thoughts: 9 of 10 This is the book America needs right now. If everyone read this book, our political discourse would be in a MUCH better place. Grant encourages readers to question what they think they know. He says that rather than approaching conversations with closed minds and arguments in our quiver, we should debate ideas with intellectual curiosity and confident humility. This book is well-researched, filled with compelling stories, and objectively written to help everyone examine their own viewpoints and how tightly they hold them. I loved this book. It's the type of book that needs to be read and re-read because it flies in the face of so many things we've unconsciously learned that need to be rewired in our brains.

What I Learned from the Book

Wow, there's so much I could say here. Here are a few of my personal takeaways:

I often try to convince people to see things my way, when I should instead spend more time truly listening to others and seeking their point of view.
In conversations, our goal should be to open our minds to where we can honestly listen and learn from each other, not try to notch "debate points."
Oftentimes, we're only excited to challenge ideas that don't matter much to us. When we hear ideas that conflict with our loosely-held notions, we get curious. When we hear ideas that conflict with more deeply-held convictions (religion, politics, moral issues, etc.), we get angry or flustered.
Questioning your own beliefs is scary because it threatens your identity. But it's also necessary.

Selected Quotes and Ideas from the Book

We don't like to rethink things.

"Questioning ourselves makes the world more unpredictable. It requires us to admit that the facts may have changed, that what was once right may now be wrong. Reconsidering something we believe deeply can threaten our identities, making it feel as if we're losing a part of ourselves."
"We favor the comfort of conviction over the discomfort of doubt, and we let our beliefs get brittle long before our bones...We listen to views that make us feel good, instead of ideas that make us think hard."
"Our ways of thinking become habits that can weigh us down, and we don't bother to question them until it's too late."
"Calcified ideologies are tearing American culture apart. Even our great governing document, the U.S. Constitution, allows for amendments. What if we were quicker to make amendments to our own mental constitutions?"
"We're swift to recognize when other people need to think again. We question the judgment of experts whenever we seek out a second opinion on a medical diagnosis. Unfortunately, when it comes to our own knowledge and opinions, we often favor feeling right over being right."
"When an idea or assumption doesn't matter deeply to us, we're often excited to question it...When a core belief is questioned, though, we tend to shut down rather than open up."

Preachers, Prosecutors, and Politicians

We go into preacher mode when our sacred beliefs are in jeopardy: we deliver sermons to protect and promote our ideals.
We enter prosecutor mode when we recognize flaws in other people's reasoning: we marshal arguments to prove them wrong and win our case.
We shift into politician mode when we're seeking to win over an audience: we campaign and lobby for the approval of our constituents." (Idea from Phil Tetlock)
"The risk is that we become so wrapped up in preaching that we're right, prosecuting others who are wrong, and politicking for support that we don't bother to rethink our own views."

Armchair Quarterbacking

"It's when we progress from novice to amateur that we become overconfident. A bit of knowledge can be a dangerous thing. In too many domains of our lives, we never gain enough expertise to question our opinions or discover what we don't know. We have just enough information to feel self-assured about making pronouncements and passing judgment."
"According to what's now known as the Dunning-Kruger effect, it's when we lack competence that we're most likely to be brimming with overconfidence...The less intelligent we are in a particular domain, the more we seem to overestimate our actual intelligence in that domain."
"Arrogance is ignorance plus conviction." -Tim Urban
"Uncertainty primes us to ask questions and absorb new ideas. It protects us against the Dunning-Kruger effect."

We Must Learn to Re-Think

"Mental horsepower doesn't guarantee mental dexterity. No matter how much brainpower you have, if you lack the motivation to change your mind, you'll miss many occasions to think again. Research reveals that the higher you score on an IQ test, the more likely you are to fall for stereotypes, because you're faster at recognizing patterns. And recent experiments suggest that the smarter you are, the more you might struggle to update your beliefs...Being good at thinking can make you worse at rethinking."
"Progress is impossible without change; and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything." -George Bernard Shaw
"The problem is that we live in a rapidly changing world, where we need to spend as much time rethinking as we do thinking. Rethinking is a skill set, but it's also a mindset."
"Accept the fact that you're going to be wrong. Try to disprove yourself. When you're wrong, it's not something to be depressed about. Say, 'Hey, I discovered something!'" -Jean-Pierre Beugoms

How to Convince Others to Re-Think

"A good debate is not a war. It's not even a tug-of-war, where you can drag your opponent to your side if you pull hard enough on the rope. It's more like a dance that hasn't been choreographed, negotiated with a partner who has a different set of steps in mind. If you try too hard to lead, your partner will resist. If you can adapt your moves to hers, and get her to do the same, you're more likely to end up in rhythm."
"We won't have much luck changing other people's minds if we refuse to change ours. We can demonstrate openness by acknowledging where we agree with our critics and even what we've learned from them. Then, when we ask what views they might be willing to revise, we're not hypocrites."
"Convincing other people to think again isn't just about making a good argument--it's about establishing that we have the right motives in doing so. When we concede that someone else has made a good point, we signal that we're not preachers, prosecutors, or politicians trying to advance an agenda. We're scientists trying to get to the truth."
"The more reasons we put on the table, the easier it is for people to discard the shakiest one. Once they reject one of our justifications, they can easily dismiss our entire case."
"The skilled negotiators rarely wen on offense or defense. Instead, they expressed curiosity with questions like 'So you don't see any merit in this proposal at all?'"
"[W]e can rarely motivate someone else to change. We're better off helping them find their own motivation to change."

How to Handle Charged Conversations

We often fall prey to binary bias, which presumes that there are only two sides to any given issue. "But when the only available options are black and white, it's natural to slip into a mentality of us versus them and to focus on the sides over the science. For those on the fence, when forced to choose a side, the emotional, political, and economic pressures tilt in favor of disengaging or dismissing the problem. To overcome binary bias, a good starting point is to become aware of the range of perspectives across a given spectrum."
"As consumers of information, we have a role to play in embracing a more nuanced point of view. When we're reading, listening, or watching, we can learn to recognize complexity as a signal of credibility."
"It's true that complexity doesn't always make for good sound bites, but it does seed great conversations."
"The greater the distance between us and an adversary, the more likely we are to oversimplify their actual motives and invent explanations that stray far from their reality. What works is not perspective-taking but perspective-seeking: actually talking to people to gain insight into the nuances of their views."

Think you’d like this book?

Other books you may enjoy: Thinking in Bets by Annie Duke The Biggest Bluff by Maria Konnikova Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman

Other notable books by the author: Give and Take by Adam Grant Originals by Adam Grant Plan B by Sheryl Sandberg and Adam Grant

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About Bobby

Think Again Book Review (2021)

The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know

Author: Dr. Adam Grant

Dr. RL Booker's Ratings

SUBJECT: 4.5/5

CANDIDNESS: 2.5/5

SIGNIFICANCE: 4.5/5

WRITING STYLE: 4.5/5

DID IT MOVE ME?: 4/5

(Rating: 5 highest & 1 lowest)

“Even our great governing document, the U.S. Constitution, allows for amendments. What if we were quicker to make amendments to our own mental constitutions?"

Dr. Adam Grant, an award-winning organizational psychologist wrote the thought-provoking book titled Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know. He breaks this book into three categories: 1) opening our minds, 2) encouraging other people to think again, 3) creating communities of lifelong learners. Dr. Grant explains that we all have heard and to some extent hold onto negative stereotypes about groups. Those stereotypes can often spill over into prejudice. In order to expose and counteract those beliefs, Dr. Grant introduces Rethinking, in which he explored the most compelling evidence for rethinking from some of the world's top rethinkers.

In this book, he takes great care to explain that if we intentionally explore and acknowledge what we don't know and then update our closely held beliefs, we can activate rethinking, "which liberates us to do more than update our knowledge and opinions-it's a tool for leading a more fulfilling life." The rethinking cycle involves intellectual humility, doubt, curiosity, and discovery. He also explains that rethinking something that we believe deeply can not only threaten our identities but also requires us to admit that the ideas that we have considered to be facts may have changed. While rethinking may be aspirational for many of us, the reality is that three mental modes often hinder us from activating rethinking.

When we interact with others, we oftentimes respond via one of the three mental modes: preacher mode, prosecutor mode, or politician mode.

Preacher Mode: We go into this mode when our sacred beliefs are in jeopardy: we deliver sermons to protect and promote our ideals.

Prosecutor Mode: We enter this mode when we recognize flaws in other people’s reasoning: we marshal arguments to prove them wrong and win our case.

Politician Mode : We shift into this mode when we’re seeking to win over an audience: we campaign and lobby for the approval of our constituents.

We all at some point in our lives go in and out of one of these modes depending on the situation. It is not that responding in these ways is the right or wrong perspective, rather "the risk is that we become so wrapped up in preaching that we’re right, prosecuting others who are wrong, and politicking for support that we don’t bother to rethink our own views.” Dr. Grant suggests that we could all become better at rethinking if we processed information in similar ways as scientists. We move into scientist mode when we are searching for the truth, which involves running experiments to test our theories and discovering knowledge. Getting to the point of thinking and reacting to situations involves more than just having an open mind. It requires..." being actively open-minded. It requires searching for reasons why we might be wrong—not for reasons why we must be right—and revising our views based on what we learn.”

While in the midst of a pandemic and months of social unrest/protests in over 2,000 cities, towns, and over 60 countries many people, especially Americans, were forced to rethink their views on racial injustice, police brutality, and the centuries-long denial of the realities faced by people within minoritized communities. Dr. Grant states,

The senseless deaths of three Black citizens—George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Ahmaud Arbery—left millions of white people realizing that just as sexism is not only a women’s issue, racism is not only an issue for people of color...Many of those who had long been unwilling or unable to acknowledge it quickly came to grips with the harsh reality of systemic racism that still pervades America. Many of those who had long been silent came to reckon with their responsibility to...act against prejudice.

Now that we are exactly one year removed from the start of the 2020 protests for racial justice, I wonder how many people who are not directly impacted by systemic racism are continuing to do the work to recognize their biases, proactively stand against racial injustice, and actively working as an ally with those who have been historically marginalized. Rethinking does not just happen because we want it to. Rethinking requires intentionality. Updating our closely held beliefs requires us to go through the stages of doubt, uncomfortableness, and frustration. Because rethinking and updating our closely held beliefs can be so difficult, Dr. Grant gives us two ways to activate rethinking: Counterfactual Thinking and Actions for Impact as we move forward. Below are some tips he suggests could help us on our rethinking journey.

Strategies for Rethinking

Counterfactual Thinking

Counterfactual Thinking involves imagining how the circumstances of your life could have unfolded differently. When you realize how easily you could have held different stereotypes, you might be more willing to update your views. To activate counterfactual thinking, you might ask yourself questions like:

How would your stereotypes be different if you’d been born Black, Latinx/Hispanic, Asian, or Native American?

What opinions would you hold if you’d been raised on a farm versus in a city, or in a culture on the other side of the world?

What beliefs would you cling to if you lived in the 1700s?

Actions for Impact

I. Individual Rethinking

a. Develop the habit of thinking again

b. Calibrate your confidence

c. Invite others to question your thinking

II. Interpersonal Rethinking

a. Ask better questions

b. Approach disagreements as dances, not battles

III. Collective Rethinking

a. Have more nuanced conversations

b. Teach kids to think again

c. Create learning organizations

d. Stay open to rethinking your future

My Conclusion on Why We Should All Think Again?

I will concede that Dr. Grant covered much more in his book than I could lay out in this short book review. He gives much more detail about how we can all work to help others open their minds and create communities of lifelong learners. I strongly recommend that you explore the entire book as I believe it is specifically targeted to help us during this polarized time in America. This book helped me understand how I, as a person who is actively working to expand my knowledge about other cultures and groups, can be more intentional in my efforts of rethinking my own closely held beliefs. As I work on my self-awareness, I am working to move from folks who I consider a support network (those who only encourage us and cheerlead for us) to people who can be a challenge network for me. Dr. Grants states that "a challenge network [is] a group of people we trust to point out our blind spots and help us overcome our weaknesses. Their role is to activate rethinking cycles by pushing us to be humble about our expertise, doubt our knowledge, and be curious about new perspectives". As valuable as rethinking is, I will admit that I do not do it enough. I am now encouraged to focus on rethinking as I move throughout my everyday life and I hope that this book will give you the same motivation.

To learn more about Dr. Adam Grant's book, listen to his Ted Talk here: https://youtu.be/CIlgTBmiov0

Notable Quotes in the Book

"Most of us take pride in our knowledge and expertise, and in staying true to our beliefs and opinions. That makes sense in a stable world, where we get rewarded for having conviction in our ideas. The problem is that we live in a rapidly changing world, where we need to spend as much time rethinking as we do thinking.”

“The absence of conflict is not harmony, it’s apathy.”

“Every time we encounter new information, we have a choice. We can attach our opinions to our identities and stand our ground in the stubbornness of preaching and prosecuting. Or we can operate more like scientists, defining ourselves as people committed to the pursuit of truth—even if it means proving our own views wrong.”

“Confident humility doesn’t just open our minds to rethinking—it improves the quality of our rethinking."

Grant, A. (2021). Think again: The power of knowing what you don't know. Viking.

Think Again

Think Again by Adam Grant is the book that teaches us to rethink and relearn. The author is of the view that intelligence is usually seen as the ability to think and learn, but in a rapidly changing world it might matter more that we can rethink and unlearn. Be ready to open those locked doors with the new learnings from this book. Start reading now.

A boy named Sam lived in a small village. During his schooling, Sam struggled with traditional education. He could never be comfortable in the classroom, so he had to work harder to pass any exam.

Even then, his marks would have been minimum. Somehow he passed school and college. After that, he struggled there when he went to the job. But he understood that he would have to rework his thinking, approach, and everything.

Any old rules will not work as per “Think Again”. To get new results, something new has to be done. And he started growing with this approach. Forgetting all the old patterns, he started learning new things. He started working on his strength. He began observing people, that a successful person is becoming successful by doing all these things. He realized that his learning style was efficient.

He was able to do things better by doing them. It was slow but very effective. And slowly, he went on achieving success . He got the Best Employee Award for his company in the first year. And all this happened because he understood that it is essential to rethink the times and to change your old learning and thinking.

Today, Sam is one of the top leaders of a multinational company, where he inspires people to be innovative and teaches about strategies to work on new methods.

Introduction

So friends, today we will talk about a book through which you will understand the power of rethinking; the name of this book is “Think Again”, written by Adam Grant . On what basis do you generally form your opinion based on what you have read or heard? But have you ever thought that this opinion could also be one-sided, that is, some thoughts can influence you?

When we get more influence than necessary, we stop differentiating between right and wrong and begin accepting our opinion of our power as correct. But being intelligent, it is essential to distinguish between right and wrong.

So it starts with the skill of rethinking. When you are sure that you do not know the whole world, knowledge and there is still a lot to learn. Many people consider their old beliefs to be correct. However, those beliefs were right then; with the changing times, many things are no longer helpful according to today’s view, so to get the correct result, looking at things from a new perspective or new ways becomes necessary.

Those who don’t do this find it difficult to reach the truth while holding on to their old beliefs, and those who do adjust to them with the times by being willing to rethink they at least not as unhappy as others.

Therefore, instead of unthinkingly accepting things, understanding things with an open mind would benefit many.

Recognizing that we only know a fraction of the world’s fundamental knowledge and that even among what we know, there are only a few things we can be sure about motivating us to take a new perspective.

So what is rethinking, and how does it work? How you can leave the old unnecessary beliefs and adopt new helpful ideas and convince the people around you of your opinion, and how you can always motivate the staff in your workplace to adopt a learning mindset will learn in this summary.

If you want to develop a learning environment in your home or company or become a leader, this summary will be helpful for you.

To understand the book well, we will discuss its four important sections one by one, and at the end of the summary, I will repeat the book’s key points once so that it is easy to remember. So read the summary till the end. So let’s start.

Chapter 1: A Preacher, Prosecutor, Politician, Scientist, And Our Mind

The speed of accessing information is also increasing with the increase in technology. Researchers have received more information in the medical sector next seven years from 2010 than from 1950 to 50 years. Today there is a lot of information all around; compared to earlier, we can get any information quickly in the blink of an eye.

It means we should be aware of our beliefs based on data. It doesn’t matter how high your IQ level is; if you are not motivated to change your belief, you can miss many opportunities for rethinking “Think Again.”

Until decades ago, Pluto was considered a planet like Jupiter, Mercury, or Venus. However, in recent research, scientists have found that Pluto is not a part of the solar system.

To prove it, The researchers went on for many years, and now it has been accepted based on the data found in the study; by following this new belief, new perspectives of seeing things will be created, and many new ways will be made.

Generally, when we doubt anything, we try to confirm its truth through other sources; if the doctor tells us something about us, we often consult another doctor to ensure. Still, if it is about our opinion, we ignore it; in such a situation, it becomes difficult for us to accept our opinion as wrong, and it is easy to find it suitable.

The author found in his research that we think like preachers, prosecutors, politicians, and Scientists and make decisions by being influenced by them.

In the preacher’s mindset, we feel that the person in front is challenging our beliefs. Thinking from the prosecutor’s mindset, we feel that we are right and the other person is wrong, and in Politician’s mindset, we try to convince people from our point of view in “Think Again”.

The problem with all these three mindsets is that you try to live only in your belief, even if it is wrong, or you start making decisions without thinking about influencing others; there are better ways to make the right decision. So, to avoid this mindset, we need to adopt a scientific perspective.

Make decisions based on information and data like a scientist. Make a habit of looking at things realistically like a scientist and collect as much information as possible. Scientists never try to prove things based on their beliefs; they always try to establish what is right based on evidence. That is, they make decisions based on information.

People often think that being intelligent means always making the right decisions , but it is not. You must be ready to change your mindset according to the situation to make the right decision. It has been found in research that those whose IQ level is high have more difficulty in making such changes.

Because they know a lot about their present belief, they do not like even a slight change in their faith according to the changing circumstances, and it makes them insecure about their intelligence; in such a situation, it is difficult to believe that they are wrong even if Why not put the evidence in front of them. In such a situation, try to understand things by being open-minded.

Chapter 2: Interpersonal Rethinking

When we hear good news about our beliefs, we often feel happy about our point of view and get inspired to learn more about it, but when we hear bad words about that belief or opinion, we get upset. Get stuck in doubt; at the same time, rethinking is needed.

So by opening your mind, recognize the unnecessary belief and inspire yourself to think about it again. Although it is sometimes okay to doubt your thoughts, the authors call this, Imposter syndrome. Such a feeling prevents us from being like others and makes us question our beliefs.

Some researchers have found that more than half of the people around us become impostors regarding careers or any other thing in life, no matter how much success they have achieved . Imposter syndrome is beneficial in many ways, such as this feeling motivates us to work hard to prove our beliefs right and opens the mind for rethinking. In addition, impostor thoughts encourage us to do work smartly.

Research on more than 1 lakh people found that women underestimate leadership skills, and men overestimate them.

This happens because both have different beliefs regarding leadership. That’s why when there is a conversation between the two on such issues, they consider one party wholly right and the other completely wrong.

Your objective in the formal discussion is to change the mind of the audience sitting in front of the debated topic, that is, to convince them to consider your opinion.

Remember, people already have some idea about any one thing. In such an informal debate, the speaker tries to convince the audience with his belief.

Such people consider debating a discussion in which the opinion of one party is considered entirely correct while that of the other is completely wrong.

As an expert thinker, your aim should be to make your partner aware of the truth of your point of view. In this, you motivate them to think about your opinion by being open-minded, rather than try to defeat or show them down by giving many reasons, it may make them feel bad and will not be open-minded to listen to your opinion.

Remember, if the person in front is not open-minded, he will not pay attention to your words because you are convincing them by challenging their present beliefs to think again about their ideas that they are wrong, and they should accept your correct belief. The author says to look at a debate like a dance. In dance, if you try to control or lead your partner, then dance can be wrong, so you aim to match moments with them so that both of you can perform well by matching rhythm.

Let us look at this example: a nonprofessional negotiator and an expert negotiator had to fix a deal. Researchers studied the methods of dealing with both and found that non-professional negotiators were trying to convince people by giving them many reasons; they were providing many reasons to prove their points right in “Think Again”.

On the other hand, the experts were dealing differently and needed to provide more reasons. When you give reasons to prove your point exactly, unknowingly, you give the audience many reasons to disagree with your point of view.

Once the audience gets the fact to differ , it is easy to disagree with the rest. It seems to happen, and in the end, he may not agree with you, or the discussion may become an argument.

Expert negotiators do not do this; they try to open the audience’s mind. Their goal is not to dominate the audience with their opinion but to inspire them to think about their idea by asking questions.

They collect information by asking questions from the audience, and on this basis, they try to take the conversation to such a point where both parties agree and benefit from both.

This behavior shows that you are open-minded and ready to listen and understand the other person’s point of view. When the person in front feels that you are interested in understanding their idea, they will also take an interest in understanding your point of view. They will be ready to change their mind from your opinion.

This will not make you look like a Preacher, Prosecutor, or Politician who wants to prove themselves right and others wrong but like someone who wants to reach the truth.

This makes you a more trustworthy person in the eyes of the audience. It has been found in research that such people are taken positively.

Along with this, being open-minded is also beneficial for professional growth. Human resource departments prefer to hire employees who know their limitations and qualities because they are ready to learn and improve.

Chapter 3: Collective Rethinking

Have you ever been caught in this type of argument , like climate change or political opinion? Then you must have noticed that people get emotional very quickly.

Hearing a different view, we do not want to listen to people; even before their point is completed, we believe that we are right and the other person needs to be corrected. And all the problems start from here, leading to conflict between two people with opposite opinions. People of this mindset believe things can be right or wrong in “Think Again”.

For example, take the issue of abortion. Looking at family planning, some people appreciate it as intelligent work. At the same time, in some social groups, those who do this are seen as antiabortion, who do not have emotions, and they get their child aborted for their purpose.

In such a situation, people who prioritize family planning can consider abortion to be correct, and antiabortion mindset people wrong. In contrast, abortion-supported people can think to do is not abortion right and do abortion is wrong.

But doing so will only increase the conflicts between the two . So its solution is understanding that the same thing can have different aspects. For example, in the case of abortion, if someone has got newly married, then abortion would not be a good idea for them, and after two babies, if you do not want 3rd baby, then abortion would be the best option. Its solution lies in understanding that there can be more than one point of view on any one topic.

Everything does not have a yes or no answer, we need to consider many things before making a final decision, and many aspects of the topic have to be considered; this flexible mindset will make you feel humble in the eyes of people, and this habit shows you such a person who is ready to honestly accept that they do not know some things about the topic or have never noticed them before and are now prepared to learn.

Research related to this was conducted in a lab in New York, where two people with different opinions about abortion were asked to talk for 20 minutes, and at the end, both can be agreed or agreed with each other’s point of view.

After that, this research was conducted in the group. The researchers found that, initially, both groups completely disagreed with each other’s opinion. Still, after understanding each other’s statement with an open mind, they concluded that it might be different for survival.

Therefore, where the population is less, to balance it, the birth rate should be increased, and abortion should be reduced, and where the population is high, there is no harm in getting abortions done to control it.

The author has found in his organizational experience that the habit of rethinking can be quickly developed in organizations and companies with a strong learning culture.

Because in such an office culture, people know the limits of their knowledge ; they know that there are many things they do not know, so it becomes easy to be open-minded. Such people also have more desire to learn and try new things.

Let’s see in this example how a person’s life was saved due to not rethinking.

Some astronauts went into space in a space program at NASA. Astronaut Adam and his friends were doing a space walk when Adam felt some leakage behind the neck. The leakage was so much that it could not be sweating, so Adam immediately gave its information to the space crew.

The space crew asked them to come inside the spaceship. After reaching the safe spaceship, they discovered that Adam’s drink bag had started leaking; a drink bag is a type of waterbag tied on the back of astronauts to help astronauts stay hydrated.

However, Adam had felt some leakage before going on the spacewalk, but Adam got overconfident and ignored it, considering it small. He was saved by changing the drink bag after reaching the spaceship in time. Otherwise, his life could have been lost.

Like previous mistakes, NASA learned a lesson from this, being more intelligent or living among smart people, we often become victims of overconfidence and ignore those things as minor, which may be necessary, so we constantly rethink. It would help if you kept doing it. Your staff should be encouraged to keep reviewing their work, keep improving it, and also try to see the result from the perspective of others.

To encourage people to rethink even your company’s work culture, inspire them to keep learning new things about their work, keep exploring and reviewing their work like NASA, keep improving, and Also try to see the result from the point of view of others. This habit can apply to anything. You can also adopt it in your personal life.

For example, take the example of a project presentation. You must have noticed that while giving a presentation, priority is always given to adopting the best method ever. People do this because a good presentation has been shown in that way before, so it is a test-and-try method.

Although it is okay to work with this mindset for the short term because you are following the best way and getting good results in return. It would help if you also rethought what improvements can be made and how they can be made simpler and more functional.

By rethinking, your company will change itself according to the needs of the changing market and will survive in the market. But, by not rethinking, your present methods may give excellent results, but they will not be helpful in the future.

Therefore, trying that your company allows employees to learn new things and innovate. It provides them with the necessary resources to think creatively and innovate new things instead of just asking them to work based on results.

Chapter 4: Escaping The Suncoast

Many of us grow up with only one plan. Perhaps you, too, must have thought since childhood that you want to become an engineer when you grow up, and then all academic planning is done according to this goal, but what if this plan fails?

So what will be your next step? What would you do? What if something unexpected happens? People of such a mindset never consider it necessary to rethink their plans. They decide on a goal, make a strategy for it, and then keep moving forward, keeping that in mind.

When a system fails, we try more but keep our approach the same strategy in such a situation. You should always have a plan B to deal with such a condition.

This method is essential for entrepreneurs. When researchers researched why people do not adopt plan B and stick to the same strategy despite failure, the reason is the Suncoast factor.

It means to keep on doing something over and over again, even though it is wrong. This also happens because you have invested much of your money, time, and resources in that plan, so we try to do everything to prove ourselves right.

In such a situation, even if the evidence proves your strategy wrong, you work hard to prove it right.

Often we find it easy to make a straight decision. Like in the 11th standard, you take commerce, thinking you will do business. But later, you find that accounting is boring, so many people are sad here, but you should believe that you can do your business in sales or financial management instead of accounting.

Always keep your mind open for new possibilities; this habit will help you a lot in your growth. But unfortunately, most people do not give themselves a chance to rethink their choices. By rethinking, you will find that the work you wanted to do years ago may want to do something other than today. Don’t let Suncoast drive you into doing something you don’t enjoy.

Many students need help to do this. The career they had seen at 18 plans according to it the present, and after eight years of work, they get badly bored with their job. Its solution is to keep other career options and possibilities in mind. Don’t be afraid to give up on something and try something new.

This is true to a great extent for career choice . Many times later, you know you do not like your work and are good at other things. In such a situation, leaving the strategy that is not working, adopt a new method; even if you need to change your present job, you can change it.

The author says that although having a plan and a goal is good, sometimes it helps us move towards our vision, but being committed to only one project and not thinking about other options can get you in trouble.

That’s why always keep the second plan in your mind. Rethinking can improve your career and essential aspects of your relationships, health, and life. So keep your mind open to this.

Do this once a month for career rethinking:

Notice the people from whom you inspire and observe what they do in their day-to-day life.
Notice their living, behaving, and working styles and see how much they match your interests, skills, methods, and values.
Keep testing yourself from time to time. For this, give an interview for testing; if you are studying, do internships so that your work is tested.

So friends, in this summary, you have come to know that we spend a lot of time making our plans or beliefs and proving them right but spend very little time evaluating whether those beliefs and goals are correct or need improvement.

That’s why rethinking should be checked occasionally on how accurate the present method is. Let us now repeat the lesson learned so that you can remember it easily:

First, remember that we don’t know everything. So always be ready to learn . Most people decide by being influenced by three mindsets Preacher, Prosecutor, or Politician. This sometimes makes it difficult to reach the truth, so make your decision based on facts from a scientist’s perspective.

If you want people to pay attention to your point of view, instead of giving reasons to prove yourself right, increase their curiosity to know about your opinions by asking them questions.
There can be many different aspects of everything, so do not try to dominate the others from your point of view, but understand the point of view of both with mutual understanding; this will make you aware of that topic from a new point of view.
Always rethink your current strategy and consider how it can be done better. For example, if you are a businessman, think about how you will change your product and way of working in the coming time as per the market’s demand.

So friends, now the time has come to tell what was the best thing about this book you have just learned and will implement 100% in your life. Feel free to comment and let me know. See you soon with more great summaries.

Think Again Book Review

“Think Again” by Adam Grant is a thought-provoking and insightful book that challenges readers to reconsider their beliefs and embrace the power of intellectual humility.

Grant argues that our society is too focused on sticking to our opinions and defending them rather than being open to new ideas and changing our minds.

He offers practical strategies for embracing a “rethink” mindset, emphasizing the importance of curiosity, doubt, and continuous learning.

Grant’s engaging storytelling and evidence-based approach make “Think Again” a compelling read encouraging personal growth and the pursuit of truth. It is a must-read for those seeking intellectual agility and resilience.

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Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know Paperback – February 4, 2021

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Print length 320 pages
Language English
Publisher WH Allen
Publication date February 4, 2021
Dimensions 9.21 x 6.02 x 0.76 inches
ISBN-10 0753553899
ISBN-13 978-0753553893
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Publisher ‏ : ‎ WH Allen; 1st edition (February 4, 2021)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Paperback ‏ : ‎ 320 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0753553899
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0753553893
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 11.3 ounces
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 9.21 x 6.02 x 0.76 inches
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ADAM GRANT is an organizational psychologist at Wharton, where he has been the top-rated professor for seven straight years. A #1 New York Times bestselling author and one of TED’s most popular speakers, his books have sold millions of copies and been translated into 45 languages, his talks have been viewed over 35 million times, and his podcasts Re:Thinking and WorkLife have been downloaded over 65 million times. His pioneering research has inspired people to rethink fundamental assumptions about motivation, generosity, creativity, and potential. Adam has been recognized as one of the world’s 10 most influential management thinkers and Fortune’s 40 under 40, and has received distinguished scientific achievement awards from the American Psychological Association, the Academy of Management, and the National Science Foundation. His viral piece on languishing was the most-read New York Times article of 2021 and the most-saved article across platforms. He received his BA from Harvard and his PhD from the University of Michigan, and he is a former junior Olympic springboard diver and magician. He lives in Philadelphia with his wife Allison and their three children.

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International Booker prize longlist 2024.

Latin American fiction ‘booms’ again on International Booker prize longlist

Works from the continent make up a quarter of this year’s nominees, which include novels from Argentina, Venezuela, Brazil and Peru

The International Booker longlist signals a “second ‘boom’ in Latin American fiction”, said judges, with a quarter of the nominated authors being South American.

Argentinian poet Selva Almada, Venezuelan writer Rodrigo Blanco Calderón, Brazilian writer Itamar Vieira Junior and Peruvian journalist Gabriela Wiener have all been longlisted for the prize, which recognises the best novels and short story collections from around the world that have been translated into English and published in the UK and/or Ireland.

The first “boom” in Latin American literature occurred in the 1960s and 70s when a group of Latin American novelists, including Gabriel García Márquez and Mario Vargas Llosa, gained worldwide readership.

The International Booker prize 2024 longlist

Not a River by Selva Almada, translated by Annie McDermott (Charco)

Simpatía by Rodrigo Blanco Calderón, translated by Noel Hernández González and Daniel Hahn (Seven Stories)

Kairos by Jenny Erpenbeck, translated by Michael Hofmann (Granta)

The Details by Ia Genberg, translated by Kira Josefsson (Wildfire)

White Nights by Urszula Honek, translated by Kate Webster (MTO)

Mater 2-10 by Hwang Sok-yong, translated by Sora Kim-Russell and Youngjae Josephine Bae (Scribe)

A Dictator Calls by Ismail Kadare, translated by John Hodgson (Harvill Secker)

The Silver Bone by Andrey Kurkov, translated by Boris Dralyuk (MacLehose)

What I’d Rather Not Think About by Jente Posthuma, translated by Sarah Timmer Harvey (Scribe)

Lost on Me by Veronica Raimo, translated by Leah Janeczko (Virago)

The House on Via Gemito by Domenico Starnone, translated by Oonagh Stransky (Europa)

Crooked Plow by Itamar Vieira Junior, translated by Johnny Lorenz (Verso)

Undiscovered by Gabriela Wiener, translated by Julia Sanches (Pushkin)

The longlist comprises books that “speak of courage and kindness, of the vital importance of community, and of the effects of standing up to tyranny”, said prize administrator Fiammetta Rocco. “While some authors and their books might not be familiar to English-speaking readers, they are celebrated in their own countries.”

Kairos by German author Jenny Erpenbeck, translated by Michael Hofmann and The Silver Bone by Ukrainian author Andrey Kurkov, translated by Boris Dralyuk, made the longlist, along with A Dictator Calls by Albanian writer Ismail Kadare, translated by John Hodgson. Kadare won the inaugural Man Booker International prize in 2005, which was then awarded for a full body of work. This year’s judges praised the way A Dictator Calls “explores the tension between authoritarian politicians and creative artists” and described it as “a quest for definitive truth where none is to be found”. Should he win, Kadare would become the first writer to claim the prize twice.

Kurkov’s The Silver Bone: The Kyiv Mysteries is set in war-ravaged 1919 Kyiv. The novel is “imbued with Kurkov’s sense of irony and absurdism,” said the judges. Meanwhile Erpenbeck and Hofmann’s Kairos is the story of two lovers set against the collapse of the GDR. “Kairos is one of the bleakest and most beautiful novels I have ever read,” wrote Natasha Walter in a Guardian review .

The winning author and translator will each receive £25,000. Each shortlisted winner and translator will receive £2,500 each. The six shortlisted books will be revealed on Tuesday 9 April, and the winner at a ceremony in London, which will also be livestreamed, on Tuesday 21 May.

Italian writer Domenico Starnone – rumoured to be the “real” author behind the pen name Elena Ferrante, something he has strongly denied – is also longlisted for the prize with his book The House on Via Gemito, translated by Oonagh Stransky. “A marvellous novel of Naples and its environs, set during and after the second world war,” said prize judges.

This year’s judging panel is chaired by writer and broadcaster Eleanor Wachtel. She is joined by poet Natalie Diaz, novelist Romesh Gunesekera, artist William Kentridge and writer, translator and editor Aaron Robertson.

South Korean novelist Hwang Sok-yong and translators Sora Kim-Russell and Youngjae Josephine Bae were longlisted for Mater 2-10, a novel tracing a century of Korean history through three generations of a family of rail workers. “The absorbing narrative shunts between grungy realism and what the author terms ‘ mindam realism’ – as the translators note, ‘halfway between folklore and plain talk’,” wrote Maya Jaggi in a Guardian review . “The result is oral history spiced with legendary exploits and ghostly appearances by forced labourers.”

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Also on the 13-strong longlist is Not a River by Selva Almada, translated by Annie McDermott; Simpatía by Rodrigo Blanco Calderón, translated by Noel Hernández González and Daniel Hahn; The Details by Ia Genberg, translated by Kira Josefsson; White Nights by Urszula Honek, translated by Kate Webster; What I’d Rather Not Think About by Jente Posthuma, translated by Sarah Timmer Harvey; Lost on Me by Veronica Raimo, translated by Leah Janeczko; Crooked Plow by Itamar Vieira Junior, translated by Johnny Lorenz; and Undiscovered by Gabriela Wiener, translated by Julia Sanches.

Previous winners of the prize include Han Kang, Olga Tokarczuk and Lucas Rijneveld. Bulgarian writer Georgi Gospodinov and translator Angela Rodel won the 2023 prize for Time Shelter.

To explore all the books on the longlist for the International Booker prize 2024 visit guardianbookshop.com . Delivery charges may apply.

International Booker prize
Fiction in translation
Awards and prizes
Andrey Kurkov
Ismail Kadare

I booked a $50 ticket on an 8-hour ferry from Athens to Santorini. The views were great, but I don't think I'd do it again.

I often take ferries around the Greek Islands , but Athen to Santorini was my longest journey yet.
I traveled on a gray, rainy day, but the ferry was smooth and the views were still good.
The ticket was only about $50, but I probably wouldn't do it again since flying is much faster.

I live in Athens, Greece , and often take ferries to explore the Greek Islands.

I recently booked an economy-class ticket on a Blue Star ferry from Athens to Santorini for 45 euros, or about $50. The nearly eight-hour journey was set to be my longest ferry ride to date.

Some smaller ferry services from Athens to Santorini are quicker — the fastest sailing time is around five hours — but they can be choppy and some don't have any outdoor space.

Here's how my long journey went.

Finding my gate at the port wasn't easy.

My ticket told me to arrive at Piraeus Port's Gate E2 one hour before departure. I arrived an hour and 10 minutes early, but I couldn't find my ferry.

Assuming I was too early, I waited for a while, but 45 minutes before departure, I decided to ask someone. The Blue Star Ferry counter nearby was closed, so I spoke to a police officer who informed me that "Gate E2 is big."

He said my ferry would leave from a spot a five-minute walk away, but it was more like 10 minutes with a suitcase.

I left my luggage in an unorganized pile in the ferry's car park — slightly concerned about finding it again — and boarded the boat.

I'm glad I got there early.

After booking, I learned that economy tickets don't come with assigned seating — it was first come, first served — so I knew I wanted to get there early.

Despite my false start, I boarded the ferry before many of the other economy passengers, giving me a choice of seat. There was a mix of shared sofas, tables and chairs, and outdoor garden-like chairs.

I opted for a small table with two low-slung, padded seats by a window. Like most economy-level seats on the ferry, mine didn't have headrests, so it was a bit uncomfortable after a few hours.

I later discovered I could've booked a comfy lounger seat on the ferry for a few more euros.

There wasn’t much entertainment on board.

The journey took seven hours and 50 minutes — roughly the same as a flight from New York to Berlin — and there wasn't much to do on the boat.

I found a small shop selling books, toys, headphones, and slippers, and Wi-Fi was available for a fee.

But I was glad I brought a book and downloaded Netflix shows to watch as we sailed. My portable power bank also came in handy because outlets were sparse.

Food options were also limited.

When it came to food, there were only two cafés serving coffee and snacks and a fast-food restaurant .

I ended up getting a coffee and a burger with fries for lunch.

The journey was scenic.

I traveled in early March, so the views from the ferry weren't the vibrant summer blues typically associated with the region.

The sea and sky were gray for most of the journey. But we stopped at Paros and Naxos before reaching Santorini, and I loved peering at the islands as we approached them.

It was too cold and windy to spend much time on the decks.

I tried to walk around some of the ferry's outdoor decks a few times during the journey to get better views. But it was cold, windy, and rainy, so I didn't last long.

It was a smooth sail and disembarking in Santorini was easy — even in the rain.

My ferry was large and slow, which made the journey fairly smooth despite the wind and waves.

The many (very loud) announcements in both Greek and English ensured I knew when it was time for me to disembark. And finding my luggage was surprisingly quick and easy.

Transportation is necessary to get around Santorini's impressive, towering cliffs, so I was glad I arranged a ride ahead of time. But there were some taxis, car rentals , and buses available at the port.

The ferry ride wasn't bad, but next time, I'd take a flight.

There was nothing terrible about my journey from Athens to Santorini . But I don't think I'd book an economy ticket on the ferry again.

Flights between the Greek destinations take less than an hour and are sometimes even cheaper than 45 euros.

It's nice to have the option to take as much luggage as you can carry on the ferry, which isn't possible on a plane. But the journey felt long and a little uncomfortable at times.

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COMMENTS

Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know
Think Again is a book about the benefit of doubt, and about how we can get better at embracing the unknown and the joy of being wrong.Evidence has shown that creative geniuses are not attached to one identity, but constantly willing to rethink their stances and that leaders who admit they don't know something and seek critical feedback lead more productive and innovative teams.
THINK AGAIN
The bestselling author of Originals (2016) returns with an exploration of the theoretical and practical values of rethinking and mental agility. Though rethinking and unlearning are not new intellectual exercises (Socrates: "The unexamined life is not worth living"), they are worth revisiting. Our worldview—that assemblage of instincts ...
New Books on the Brain and What It Can and Can't Do
April 16, 2021. USEFUL DELUSIONS. The Power and Paradox of the Self-Deceiving Brain. By Shankar Vedantam and Bill Mesler. 233 pp. Norton. $27.95. Should we always advocate for truth? History tells ...
'Think Again' Review: Moderately Conﬁdent
The Best Books of February 'Mirrors of Greatness' Review 'Taming the Octopus' and 'The Race to Zero' Review The 10 Best Books of 2023 This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use ...
Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know
Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know. Hardcover - February 2, 2021. by Adam Grant (Author) 4.6 15,316 ratings. Editors' pick Best Nonfiction. See all formats and editions. #1 New York Times Bestseller. "THIS. This is the right book for right now.
Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know
Think Again invites us to let go of views that are no longer serving us well and prize mental flexibility, humility, and curiosity over foolish consistency. If knowledge is power, knowing what we don't know is wisdom. 320 pages, Mass Market Paperback. Published January 1, 2021. Book details & editions.
Adam Grant
Adam Grant — Think Again (Book Review) Adam Grant engaged my intellect and curiosity in his 2021 book, Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know. Plus, I immediately told friends and acquaintances about it. In fact, I didn't wait until I finished the book. It's timely and relevant to people's frustrations about ...
Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know
The #1 New York Times bestselling author of Hidden Potential, Originals, and Give and Take examines the critical art of rethinking: learning to question your opinions and open other people's minds, which can position you for excellence at work and wisdom in life. Intelligence is usually seen as the ability to think and learn, but in a rapidly ...
Amazon.com: Customer reviews: Think Again: The Power of Knowing What
The second part of the book looks at ways to encourage others to think again or to think along with you. The third section is about creating communities of lifelong learners. A key to getting the most from this book is the different mindsets that Philip Tetlock discovered. Here's Grant's brief description from Think Again.
Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know
While readers will nod along in agreement with many of his points, some may give pause ... Grant breaks little to no ground but offers well-intentioned, valuable advice on periodically testing one's beliefs. Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know by Adam Grant has an overall rating of Mixed based on 3 book reviews.
Book Review: Think Again by Adam Grant
He's authored four New York Times Bestselling books. Think Again is his latest work, published in 2021. It has 12,000 customer reviews on Amazon, averaging 4.6/5. Fun fact: Grant was named an All-American springboard diver in 1999 and he worked as a professional magician during college. Top 3 Takeaways:
Book Review: Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know
So I was intrigued with Adam Grant's latest book: Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know as less-than-stellar decisions occur because of this "blind spot" - especially in this volatile and uncertain world. Although Grant is an academic (teaches at Wharton), the book is easy to read - but a little harder to digest.
‎Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know ...
#1 New York Times Bestseller "THIS. This is the right book for right now. Yes, learning requires focus. But, unlearning and relearning requires much more—it requires choosing courage over comfort. In Think Again , Adam Grant weaves together research and storytelling t…
Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know (Adam Grant
If you'd like to practice writing and make a book review for the blog (and I'll check the grammar/vocabulary) reach out to me through the contact page! Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know (Adam Grant) ... the psychologist and writer Adam Grant aims to help us step back, think again and embrace uncertainty. "Think Again ...
Why You Should Read "Think Again: The Power of Knowing What ...
ONE MINUTE BOOK REVIEWS — 9. ... 'Think Again' is a masterpiece that includes a wealth of research and stories on the virtues of questioning our mental habits. Just like we renew our ...
Think Again Book Review
A truly open mind is always open to thinking again in light of new information. 7. Don't learn to affirm; learn to grow! "After all, the purpose of learning isn't to affirm our beliefs; it's to evolve our beliefs.". - Adam M. Grant (Think Again) You should never approach learning solely to affirm your current opinion.
Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know
Praise for Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know. Named a best nonfiction book of 2021 by The Washington Post. "Renowned Wharton professor Grant spotlights one of the most important and impactful themes of our time: questioning one's own deeply held beliefs. Grant frames true knowledge as not knowing everything, but rather ...
Think Again Summary (Adam Grant)
Here are the 3 most helpful lessons this book taught me: You can never know what you don't know, so stay humble. With the right tools and experiences, ... Think Again Review. I love Think Again! This is the kind of book that would do a lot of good if everybody in the world read it. I also like that it will make anyone who reads it and applies ...
Book Review: "Think Again" by Adam Grant
Book: Think Again by Adam Grant. Reviewer: Bobby Powers. My Thoughts: 9 of 10. This is the book America needs right now. If everyone read this book, our political discourse would be in a MUCH better place. Grant encourages readers to question what they think they know.
Think Again Book Review (2021)
The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know Author: Dr. Adam Grant Dr. RL Booker's Ratings SUBJECT: 4.5/5 CANDIDNESS: 2.5/5 SIGNIFICANCE: 4.5/5 WRITING STYLE: 4.5/5 DID IT MOVE ME?: 4/5 (Rating: 5 highest & 1 lowest) "Even our great governing document, the U.S. Constitution, allows for amendments. What if we were quicker to make amendments to our own mental constitutions?" Dr. Adam Grant, an ...
Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know
Think Again is a timely exploration of the importance of humility and the capacity to rethink your own positions while helping others do the same. But in the spirit of the book—and to "complexify" the topic—it's worth considering when displaying doubt and humility might actually backfire.
Think Again: Book Summary and Review
Think Again Book Review "Think Again" by Adam Grant is a thought-provoking and insightful book that challenges readers to reconsider their beliefs and embrace the power of intellectual humility. Grant argues that our society is too focused on sticking to our opinions and defending them rather than being open to new ideas and changing our minds.
Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know
Think Again invites us to let go of views that are no longer serving us well and prize mental flexibility, humility, and curiosity over foolish consistency. If knowledge is power, knowing what we don't know is wisdom. Book recommendations, author interviews, editors' picks, and more. Read it now.
Latin American fiction 'booms' again on International Booker prize
To explore all the books on the longlist for the International Booker prize 2024 visit guardianbookshop.com. Delivery charges may apply. Delivery charges may apply. Explore more on these topics
Taking 8-Hour Ferry From Athens to Santorini in Greece for $50, Review
But I don't think I'd book an economy ticket on the ferry again. Flights between the Greek destinations take less than an hour and are sometimes even cheaper than 45 euros.