civil status definition in thesis

Civil Status definition

Examples of civil status in a sentence.

Omnibus Sworn Statement REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ) CITY/MUNICIPALITY OF ) S.S. A F F I D A V I T I, [Name of Affiant], of legal age, [ Civil Status ], [Nationality], and residing at [Address of Affiant], after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, do hereby depose and state that: 1.

Omnibus Sworn Statement REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ) CITY/MUNICIPALITY OF _ ) S.S. A F F I D A V I T I, [Name of Affiant], of legal age, [ Civil Status ], [Nationality], and residing at [Address of Affiant], after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, do hereby depose and state that: 1.

Binding Signature of Procuring EntityBinding Signature of Contractor [Addendum showing the corrections, if any, made during the Bid evaluation should be attached with this agreement]Omnibus Sworn Statement REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ) CITY/MUNICIPALITY OF ) S.S. A F F I D A V I T I, [Name of Affiant], of legal age, [ Civil Status ], [Nationality], and residing at [Address of Affiant], after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, do hereby depose and state that: 1.

Omnibus Sworn Statement REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES )CITY/MUNICIPALITY OF ) S.S. A F F I D A V I T I, [Name of Affiant], of legal age, [ Civil Status ], [Nationality], and residing at [Address of Affiant], after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, do hereby depose and state that: 1.

Omnibus Sworn Statement‌ REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ) CITY/MUNICIPALITY OF ) S.S. A F F I D A V I T I, [Name of Affiant], of legal age, [ Civil Status ], [Nationality], and residing at [Address of Affiant], after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, do hereby depose and state that: 1.

Omnibus Sworn Statement REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ) CITY/MUNICIPALITY OF ) S.S. AFFIDAVIT I, [Name of Affiant], of legal age, [ Civil Status ], [Nationality], and residing at [Address of Affiant], after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, do hereby depose and state that: 1.

Name of company: Postal address: Email address: Telephone & Fax No.: Signature over printed name: Designation: Omnibus Sworn Statement REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ) CITY/MUNICIPALITY OF ) S.S. A F F I D A V I T I, [Name of Affiant], of legal age, [ Civil Status ], [Nationality], and residing at [Address of Affiant], after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, do hereby depose and state that: 1.

Omnibus Sworn Statement‌ REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ) CITY/MUNICIPALITY OF ) S.S. AF F I D AVI T I, [Name of Affiant], of legal age, [ Civil Status ], [Nationality], and residing at [Address of Affiant], after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, do hereby depose and state that: 1.

Binding Signature of Procuring EntityBinding Signature of Contractor Omnibus Sworn Statement‌ REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ) CITY/MUNICIPALITY OF ) S.S. AF F I D AVI T I, [Name of Affiant], of legal age, [ Civil Status ], [Nationality], and residing at [Address of Affiant], after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, do hereby depose and state that: 1.

Binding Signature of Procuring EntityBinding Signature of Contractor Omnibus Sworn Statement‌ REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ) CITY/MUNICIPALITY OF ) S.S. AF F I DAVI T I, [Name of Affiant], of legal age, [ Civil Status ], [Nationality], and residing at [Address of Affiant], after having been duly sworn in accordance with law, do hereby depose and state that: 1.

More Definitions of Civil Status

Related to civil status.

marital status means being single, married as recognized by the state of Connecticut, widowed, separated or divorced;

Familial status means the condition of one or more minors being domiciled with:

refugee status means the recognition by a Member State of a third-country national or a stateless person as a refugee;

civil service means the civil service of the State;

travel status with respect to an employee means absence of the employee from his/her headquarters or geographic location on Justice Institute of British Columbia business with the approval of the Employer, but travel status does not apply to employees temporarily assigned to a position outside of his/her headquarters or geographic location or to field status employees;

Active status means (i) for employees, the absence of any interruption or termination of service as an employee, (ii) for Directors, that the Director has not been removed from the Board for cause (as determined by the Company’s shareholders), and (iii) for Consultants, the absence of any interruption, expiration, or termination of such person’s consulting or advisory relationship with the Company or any Subsidiary or the occurrence of any termination event as set forth in such person’s Award Agreement. Active Status shall not be considered interrupted (A) for an employee in the case of sick leave, maternity leave, infant care leave, medical emergency leave, military leave, or any other leave of absence properly taken in accordance with the policies of the Company or any applicable Subsidiary as may be in effect from time to time, and (B) for a Consultant, in the case of any temporary interruption in such person’s availability to provide services to the Company or any Subsidiary which has been granted in writing by an authorized officer of the Company. Whenever a mandatory severance period applies under applicable law with respect to a termination of service as an employee, Active Status shall be considered terminated upon such Employee’s receipt of notice of termination in whatever form prescribed by applicable law.

B-BBEE status level of contributor” means the B-BBEE status of an entity in terms of a code of good practice on black economic empowerment, issued in terms of section 9(1) of the Broad- Based Black Economic Empowerment Act;

Civil War means an internecine war, or a war carried on between or among opposing citizens of the same country or nations.

Level V Status exists at any date if, on such date, the Borrower has not qualified for Level I Status, Level II Status, Level III Status or Level IV Status.

Dual status military technician means a federal civilian employee who is:

Inactive status means the status of a practitioner licensed or registered pursuant to Iowa Code chapter 153 who is not currently engaged in the practice of dentistry, dental hygiene, or dental assisting in the state of Iowa and who has paid the required renewal fee but who has not met the requirements for continuing education.

Level VI Status exists at any date if, on such date, the Borrower has not qualified for Level I Status, Level II Status, Level III Status, Level IV Status or Level V Status.

Civil engineer means a professional engineer registered in the State of California to practice in the field of civil works.

civil servant means a person who is a member of a civil service of the Province, or who holds a civil post in connection with the affairs of the Province, but does not include-

Denial of Service Attack means an attack intended by the perpetrator to overwhelm the capacity of a "computer system" by sending an excessive volume of electronic data to such "computer system" in order to prevent authorized access to such "computer system".

Qualifying Examination means examinations on the basis of which a candidate becomes eligible for admission or its equivalent examination;

Civil penalty means a penalty which is imposed on a credit provider by the operation of this Act and under which the debtor is not liable to pay to the credit provider an amount otherwise payable under a regulated contract.

Tax-Free Status means the qualification of a Distribution or any other transaction contemplated by the IRS Ruling or any Tax Opinion as a transaction in which gain or loss is not recognized, in whole or in part, and no amount is included in income, including by reason of Distribution Taxes, for U.S. federal, state, and local income tax purposes (other than intercompany items, excess loss accounts or other items required to be taken into account pursuant to Treasury Regulations promulgated under Section 1502 of the Code).

TANF means Temporary Assistance to Needy Families as defined in Part A (commencing with Section 601) of Subchapter 4 of Chapter 7 of Title 42 of the United States Code.

Domain Status clientDeleteProhibited Domain Status: clientRenewProhibited Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited Domain Status: serverUpdateProhibited Registrant ID: 5372808-ERL Registrant Name: EXAMPLE REGISTRANT Registrant Organization: EXAMPLE ORGANIZATION Registrant Street: 000 XXXXXXX XXXXXX Xxxxxxxxxx Xxxx: ANYTOWN Registrant State/Province: AP Registrant Postal Code: A1A1A1 Registrant Country: EX

Civil union means a civil union established pursuant to Act 91 of the 2000 Vermont Legislative Session, entitled “Act Relating to Civil Unions”.

Civil action means all suits or claims of a civil nature in a state or federal court, whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or admiralty. "Civil action" does not include any of the following:

Pregnancy means carrying a child, resulting childbirth, miscarriage and non-elective abortion. The Plan considers Pregnancy as a Sickness for the purpose of determining benefits.

Level IV Status exists at any date if, on such date, (i) the Borrower has not qualified for Level I Status, Level II Status or Level III Status and (ii) the Borrower's Xxxxx'x Rating is Baa3 or better or the Borrower's S&P Rating is BBB- or better.

Individual Resource Status Single Dwelling Contributing Total: 1

Discrimination on the basis of disability means any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. It includes all forms of discrimination, including denial of reasonable accommodation;

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Factors and Challenges Influencing the Criminologist Licensure Examination Performance through the Non-passers’ Lens

<p style="text-align: justify;">This study aimed to explore the perceived factors that influenced the success and challenges experienced when taking licensure examination among Bachelor of Science in Criminology graduates of a state university in the Philippines who failed in the Criminologist Licensure Examinations (CLE). Descriptive-correlational research design was utilized to analyze quantitative data, and Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenology was used for the thematic analysis of qualitative data. The quantitative findings revealed that home and family factor has a high influence on the success in CLE, while student factor, school factor, review center factor, and personal factor have average influence. Further, ten clusters of themes emerged as factors that influence the success in CLE. Among them were interest and focus on the program, and availability of qualified and dedicated faculty. Among the themes that emerged as challenges were lack of preparedness for the exam because of one’s work, and personal and social pressures. There is a significant difference on the respondents’ perception towards the factors that influence the success in CLE when they are grouped according to sex. Regarding the challenges associated with preparing for and taking the CLE, a significant difference is only observed when respondents are grouped according to their civil status. Generally, married respondents have higher weighted means than the single ones. This implies that the identified challenges affected married respondents more than the single ones. These results can be used to make policies and initiate programs that would enhance graduates’ success in the exam by providing appropriate interventions and early remediations.</p>

Search and Compare drives Satisfaction - Virtues of online ticketing for air travelers

Ability to easily search and then compare items is an advantage that online platforms have over bricks and mortar formats. In such an intensely competitive airline market, this paper investigates if this exploration experience satisfies the traveler during air ticket booking, by applying the stimulus organism response model. An empirical study is used to test the proposed model by applying the structural equation modeling and interaction effects. The model describes the extent by which traveler’s repurchase intention is influenced by four important factors – search and compare assortment satisfaction, social influence and overall satisfaction. The paper extends the satisfaction to online repatronage intention and customer loyalty. This empirical study also establishes that the relationships are moderated due to civil status and ticketing number of platforms used by the customers.

A Historical Perspective on Ageing and Capability

AbstractThis chapter discusses the value of a capability approach in historical research on older people. Historians are generally focused on studying continuity and change over time. Their research often aims at explaining how and why certain phenomena appear and take different shapes. Capability is a way of capturing an individual’s ability to live a meaningful life, or a life that they perceive as good. A modern analytical tool such as the capability approach can be used for visualising historical patterns, even though individuals’ values of well-being change over time. In that sense, historical studies of individuals’ capabilities, or functions, can add another perspective to this theoretical framework.Old newspapers, biographies, diaries, letters, novels and government reports make it possible to understand which capabilities individuals and societies have valued for older citizens at different times. The meaning of functions differs over time and is dependent on several factors, such as gender and economic conditions, as well as social and civil status. This also means that conditions for a phenomenon such as retirement change over time, but they also differ depending on people’s previous life conditions. In this article, we explore these things using two different examples. Firstly, we discuss how Selma Lagerlöf, a woman with high social status, arranged for her retirement. The second example shows how women with low economic status struggled to retire at the time when universal pension reform was being implemented in Sweden.

Mental Workload Assessment and Its Effects on Middle and Senior Managers in Manufacturing Companies

This chapter aims to know the mental workload level and its effects on middle and senior managers in manufacturing companies. The chapter aims to know the mental workload level related to gender, age range, civil status, number of children, years of experience, and worked hours per week. As method, the NASA-TLX method was implemented. This method measures mental workload based on six dimensions: mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, effort, performance, and frustration level. Data was collected by applying an online questionnaire. Results indicated that some dimensions contributed to mental workload in the following decreasing order: mental demand, temporal demand, effort, performance, frustration level, and physical demand. Similarly, results from mental workload level varied from 55.73 to 64.10. Nevertheless, there was no clear relationship between the gender, age range, civil status, number of children, years of experience, worked hours per week, and mental workload level. Finally, employees manifested mental workload mainly due to stress, mental fatigue, and headache.

Swobodny przepływ dokumentów w Unii Europejskiej: znaczenie i oddziaływanie rozporządzenia 2016/1191

The article is dedicated to the (still relatively unknown) EU Regulation 2016/1191. The Regulation disposes of some of the formalities with respect to circulation of the public documents within EU. In particular, no legalization in any form, including the apostille under the Hague Convention, will be needed with respect to documents covered by the Regulation. Unliked originally planned by the Commission, the Regulation does not, unfortunately, completes a more challenging goal of mandating recognition of the civil status throughout the Union. This issue still remains subject to national conflict-of-law rules. Moreover, the scope of Regulation is relatively narrow. It does not, again regrettably, apply to many public documents which are crucial in cross-border transactions (excerpts from commercial registers, powers of attorney for sale of immovable property). The author analyses to what extent Regulation 2016/1191 offers progress in circulation of documents. This question is first raised in light of the long standing application of the Hague Apostille Convention. The author then attempts to discern the effective role of the Regulation given the fact that under Article 1138 of the Polish Code of Civil Procedure, no legalization in any form is in principle required for the foreign public documents to be treated as authentic and official proof in Poland (although the practice often is to ask for the apostille even if not required by law). Still, the Regulation 2016/1138 might come of assistance for the parties in some respects. First, it will facilitate acceptance of Polish public documents in those Member States, which have so far required apostille. Second, the Regulation may help to overcome an incorrect practice in Poland of requiring apostille by the officials, where Article 1138 actually dispenses of such formality. Third, the Regulation introduces an administrative cooperation based on the IMI system which allows to verify doubts as to the authenticity of the public document from another Member States. This last feature of the Regulation, it is argued, may prove of its true value to the freedom of circulation of public documents within the EU.

Religious and Cultural Features of Church Records of Civil Statusparish Registers

This article is an attempt to review religious and cultural features and to find published images on the pages of parish registers of different creeds. To determine and study the relevant and cultural features of the information recording in the parish registers, we considered appropriate to consolidate the comparative and historical-cultural method. The interest of scholars and novelty are proved due to the extremely large information potential of the church reports of civil status, considering their large array in the state archives and satisfactory physical status, suitable for appendage.The study of ecclesiastical acts of civil status makes it possible to study the religious and cultural peculiarities via the records characteristic for representatives of different religions. We should separately mention the peculiarities of the entries in parish registers of the Orthodox population regarding the veneration of holy figures according to the church calendar, which impacted the naming of newborns. Jewish records are characterized by the rite of circumcision of newborn boys and records as for a marriage contract (“ksubba / ktubba”).German-language parish registers attract attention to the double names given to newborn babies, the obligation to declare an forthcoming marriage, and the presence of family information in records of the deceased.

Islamic Revolution and Women’s Issues in Iran in the Aspect of Social Communication

Nowadays the problems of socio-cultural communication covers the gender issue and changes in the role of women in society in particular. Traditionally, the women status in Muslim countries is most vulnerable. Despite this fact, there has emerged such a socio-cultural phenomenon as Islamic feminism in the Middle East. Islamic Revolution was the first time when Iranian women had declared themselves as a social and political force. Imam R. Khomeini used their social activity for his own political purposes. Despite the promises of the revolution leader, first actions of the new government differed from those the citizens expected: most of the rights and freedoms were restricted or eliminated. Iran is currently ranked 148th out of 153 countries on the gender gap index, overtaking only the countries with difficult internal political and economic situation, such as the DRC, Syria, Pakistan, Iraq and Yemen. The article analyzes the changes in the Iranian women status that have occurred in the following areas: civil status, education and science, economic activity, politics, art and sports. The positive measures taken in these spheres indicate that the society is undergoing a process of reconsidering the role of women, and the development of the women empowerment process in Iran will progress.

Birth of the Society of Divorees – Changing Patterns of Civil Status in Later Life

Abstract Half a century ago Lopata used the concept “society of widows” to describe the gendered reality of late life singlehood, where widowed women were excluded from coupled social life, depended on a community of other widows for social integration, and refrained from initiating new relationships due to “sanctification” of their former husbands. We use Swedish, American and EU census data and a national survey to Swedes 60-90 years old (n=1225; response rate 42%) to illustrate a substantial change in the demographic landscape of late life singlehood. More people enter later life as divorcees or become divorced at a high age. Among Swedes 60+ divorcees outnumber widowed people, and the incidence of late life divorce has more than doubled since the millennium in what has been called the “grey divorce revolution”. Many other Western countries follow the same demographical trend, posing important questions about the transformation of late life singlehood. Based on two Swedish studies we will show that the structure of the late life single community is becoming less gender skewed as a consequence of the emerging society of divorcees, and that in this society relationship careers are increasingly complex, attitudes to repartnering increasingly liberal and partner sanctification seldom an issue. We conclude by proposing the concept “society of divorcees” for this new demographic landscape of late life singlehood, argue that research is needed to capture this new reality, and discuss the implications of this change for access to social support later life.

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Civil Society: Concepts, Challenges, Contexts pp 51–67 Cite as

Dealing with Civility: Citizenship, Real Citizens, and the Science of Civil Society

• Paul Dekker 7  
• First Online: 11 May 2022

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Part of the book series: Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies ((NCSS))

This chapter reflects on the civility of civil society and the ignorance of normativity in civil society research. The meanings assigned to “civility” vary widely in the literature, but two dimensions might be useful for structuring the conceptual field: good manners versus substantive civility (Edward Shils) and emphasis on social relations versus emphasis on politics. The focus here is on substantive and political civility, i.e., civicness. It turns out to be of minor importance for ordinary citizens when they characterize good citizenship, and it is often something to be avoided (Nina Eliasoph) when they practice active citizenship as volunteers. Nevertheless, it should be a key focus for researchers who want to take the “civil” part of civil society more seriously. Approaches for doing so are briefly discussed: the old idea of “cleaning” the sphere of civil society and getting rid of uncivil elements, dropping the idea of a societal sphere and focusing exclusively on civility (Dieter Rucht), reconceptualizing civil society as a civil(izing) sphere (Jeffrey Alexander), or focusing more on elements that can foster civility in voluntary associations.

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Parts of this section and Sect. 4.5 overlap with Dekker ( 2009 ).

Keith and Danisch ( 2020 , p. 18) call these “communication practices” and add a third one: “Pseudocivility. The invocation of weak civility norms against strong civility behaviors, resulting in a refusal to engage on the grounds that engaging some differences is always uncivil, even if the difference is arguably of great public and moral importance.”

I am aware that the vocabulary of “spheres” is vague. The political sphere here refers both to political institutions (formal politics, the state) and to the disputed common good of a society and the direction in which it should go.

See Dekker ( 2009 ) for my reflections on “civicness” as a normative term. See Paul Lichterman ( 2012 , p. 211) for an interesting approach to “civic” as a “descriptive rather than evaluative term,” based on the American pragmatism of John Dewey and others: “Civic, in this pragmatic approach, refers to people participating in voluntary, collective problem-defining and problem-solving action that participants imagine to be significant to some collective identity, not necessarily their own, whether local, national, or global.” My problem with this definition is less a lack of normativity than the breadth of “some” (= any) collective identity.

By this I mean research on what civility means as an ideal to ordinary citizens, not research on how civil people are according to researchers (see, for instance, Ferriss, 2002 ; Labigne, 2014 ) or how uncivil other people, especially politicians, are according to ordinary citizens (see, for instance, Mutz, 2016 , and contributions in Boatright et al., 2019 ).

That applies even more to the study by Theiss-Morse ( 1993 ). She distils statements about good citizenship from (political) theories of democracy and then distinguishes citizens’ ideas about citizenship based on reactions from citizens to those statements.

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Dekker, P. (2022). Dealing with Civility: Citizenship, Real Citizens, and the Science of Civil Society. In: Hoelscher, M., List, R.A., Ruser, A., Toepler, S. (eds) Civil Society: Concepts, Challenges, Contexts. Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98008-5_4

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Civil Status (Important!)

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

• Basis for your EXCLUSIVE right to declare and establish your civil status
• What do we mean by “civil status”?
• Effect of domicile on CIVIL STATUTORY “status”
• Four methods of acquiring a civil status

For the purposes of this website and ministry, the above condition whereby “natural law” prevails is synonymous with:

• ALL property is absolutely owned.
• The protection of private property is not regarded by anyone in government as  “making law” (Litigation Tool #01.009) , but rather a fulfillment of the main purpose of establishing government and the oath that all public officers take when accepting office. The CIVIL statutes DO NOT protect PRIVATE property, but PUBLIC property that became public by donating PRIVATE property to a public use, a public purpose, and/or a public office. In that sense, the current civil government ONLY PROTECTS ITSELF and its own PUBLIC property, and NEVER YOU or ANY HUMAN BEING at least from a CIVIL perspective! See: Why The Government is the Only Real Beneficiary of All Government Franchises, Form #05.051 **.
• Civil statutes (Form #05.037) are not called “law”, but civil service franchise contracts.
• Only voting and jury service are privileges that can be CIVILLY regulated by default. Any other thing that is a voluntary privilege must be expressly signed up for and PAID for in writing on the annual tax return filed at the beginning of each year and only lasts for one year.
• Government ID’s are NOT used to change your civil status to a “resident” or “domiciliary”. You remain PRIVATE when using government ID. Click here for information on government ID* .
• No other franchise or privilege (Form #05.030) is or can be bundled with voting or jury service, such as civil DOMICILE (Form #05.002) . This would constitute what we call “weaponization of government” (Disclaimer, Sction 4.30) .
• All government “civil services” must be requested IN WRITING at the beginning of each year and you only pay for what you ask for. The purpose of filing tax returns is to CONSENT to specific civil services you want and to pay for them in advance. Those who didn’t pay for them may not receive them. See SEDM Disclaimer, Section 4.6 for a definition of “civil service”.
• Everyone is subject to the criminal and common law, whether they consent or not.
• Civil courts may not enforce civil statutory law upon any party UNLESS they expressly consented IN WRITING to receive its benefits as public property. If they didn’t, only the common law and criminal law applies. That consent shall appear on the tax return filed annually.
• Administrative tax enforcement is NOT permitted and not necessary, since all civil services consumed are prepaid annually in advance. If you don’t prepay, you don’t get the service.
• Every government agent is personally accountable for the accuracy and truthfulness of EVERYTHING he or she communicates to the public that might have an adverse affect on PRIVATE property or PRIVATE rights. Thus, they are PRESUMED to be communicating under penalty of perjury at all times. If they lie, they are civilly penalized. ANONYMOUS communication or collection letters are FORBIDDEN. All must be signed by a human being.
• All government “benefits” are regarded as “civil services” that must be 100% paid annually for by those who consume them AS THEY ARE USED. Use of public funds for charity is FORBIDDEN.
• The filing of information returns (Form #04.001) such as the W-2 and 1099 are forbidden and a criminal offense of impersonating a public office. They are unnecessary if civil services are consented to and paid for annually and you don’t need to BE a public officer to consume civil services. Being a sponsor is sufficient to consume said services.
• Consent must always be OVERT and in writing, and NEVER COVERT or implied through actions of any kind. See Hot Topics: Invisible Consent* .

For a system of government that implements the above and builds upon existing organic and statutory law, and which requires the least possible changes to the current system to implement, see:

Self Government Federation: Articles of Confederation, Form #13.002

The above definition of “natural law” also appears in the SEDM Disclaimer, Section 4.31 .

This article derives from:

• Why Domicile and Becoming a “Taxpayer” Require Your Consent, Form #05.002, Section 11.17-SEDM
• Why Domicile and Becoming a “Taxpayer” Require Your Consent, Section 11.17-Family Guardian Fellowship

Civil Status, sometimes also called Legal Status, is how you become a “person” under civil statutory law. It is what the courts call a “ res ” which gives them civil control over you under one of three different systems of civil law. Civil status is VERY important because it is the source of civil statutory jurisdiction of courts over you and their right to “personal jurisdiction” over you. It also describes how your actions affect “choice of law” and your “status” in any court cases you bring. This article summarizes the major aspects of this important subject.

It is the paramount duty of all REAL “governments” to protect people within their territory from involuntary changes to their civil status.  In other words, they must protect people from acquiring legal obligations (Form #12.040) that they did not EXPRESSLY consent to IN WRITING.  Otherwise, they are not really a “government” , but a “de facto government” (Form #05.043) .

“ In all domestic concerns each state of the Union is to be deemed an independent sovereignty. As such, it is its province and its duty to forbid interference by another state as well as by any foreign power with the status of its own citizens. Unless at least one of the spouses is a resident thereof in good faith, the courts of such sister state or of such foreign power cannot acquire jurisdiction to dissolve the marriage of those who have an established domicile in the state which resents such interference with matters which disturb its social serenity or affect the morals of its inhabitants.” [Roberts v. Roberts, 81 Cal.App.2d. 871, 879 (1947) ; https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13809397457737233441 ] _____________________________________________________________________ ”But it was also contended in that court, and is insisted upon here, that the judgment in the State court against the plaintiff was void for want of personal service of process on him, or of his appearance in the action in which it was rendered, and that the premises in controversy could not be subjected to the payment of the demand 722*722 of a resident creditor except by a proceeding in rem; that is, by a direct proceeding against the property for that purpose. If these positions are sound, the ruling of the Circuit Court as to the invalidity of that judgment must be sustained, notwithstanding our dissent from the reasons upon which it was made. And that they are sound would seem to follow from two well-established principles of public law respecting the jurisdiction of an independent State over persons and property. The several States of the Union are not, it is true, in every respect independent, many of the rights and powers which originally belonged to them being now vested in the government created by the Constitution. But, except as restrained and limited by that instrument, they possess and exercise the authority of independent States, and the principles of public law to which we have referred are applicable to them. One of these principles is, that [1] every State possesses exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over persons and property within its territory. As a consequence, every State has the power to determine for itself the civil status and capacities of its inhabitants; to prescribe the subjects upon which they may contract, the forms and solemnities with which their contracts shall be executed, the rights and obligations arising from them, and the mode in which their validity shall be determined and their obligations enforced; and also to regulate the manner and conditions upon which property situated within such territory, both personal and real, may be acquired, enjoyed, and transferred. [2] The other principle of public law referred to follows from the one mentioned; that is, that no State can exercise direct jurisdiction and authority over persons or property without its territory. ” [Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878) ; https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13333263776496540273 ]

You cannot have a “civil status” under the laws of a specific place WITHOUT satisfying one or more of the following criteria:

• A physical presence in that place. The status would be under the COMMON law.   Common law is based on physical location of people on land rather than their civil statutory status.
• CONSENSUALLY doing business in that place. The status would be under the common law.  See the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. Chapter 97  and International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945) .
• A CONSENSUAL domicile in that place. This would be a status under the civil statutes of that place.  See Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(a) .  See also Form #05.002 .
• CONSENSUALLY representing an artificial entity (a legal fiction) that has a domicile in that place. This would be a status under the civil statutes of that place.  See Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b) .

If any of the above rules are violated, you are a victim of criminal identity theft:

Human beings who are “sovereign” in fact:

• Have no “civil status” under statutory law.
• Only have a “civil status” under the constitution and the common law.
• Are not party to the “social compact”, but “ foreigners ” among citizens.  The Law of Nations, Book 1, Section 213 calls them “inhabitants”.
• Are not privileged “aliens”.
• Participate in NO government franchises or privileges, but instead reserve all their PRIVATE, UNALIENABLE rights (Form #12.038) and thereby remain exclusively private.  See Form #05.030 .
• Were described as “idiots” under early Greek law.  Click here for details.
• Understand the distinctions between PUBLIC and PRIVATE and maintain absolute separation between the two in all their interactions with any so-called “government”. They ensure that all of their property remains absolutely owned and exclusively private.  Thus, they can control and dictate all uses and everyone who wants to take or control it.  See Form #12.025 .
• Civilly govern themselves without external interference, except possibly of common law and criminal courts.
• Replace the civil statutory protection franchise with private contracts and franchises of their own for everyone they do business with, thus rendering “civil services” on the part of organized governments irrelevant and unnecessary.  For a definition of “civil services”, see the definition in our Disclaimer, Section 4 .  In that sense, they have FIRED the government from a civil perspective and retain all of their God-given inalienable rights.   All rights reserved, UCC 1-308.
• Are civilly governed mainly by the “civil laws” found in the Holy Bible if they are Christians, or by the laws of their faith if they have another faith. This is a protected First Amendment right to practice their religion. Laws of the Bible, Litigation Tool #09.001

The ONLY thing Casear can civilly own, civilly control, or civilly tax is that which he CREATES, and he didn’t create YOU or the right of private property.  God did.  In that sense, his sovereigny is limited by God.  See:

Hierarchy of Sovereignty:  The Power to Create is the Power to Tax , Family Guardian Fellowship

Any deviation from the above hierarchy of sovereignty results in:

• Theological idolatry.  Click here .
• The establishment of a state sponsored “church”, where political rulers are the superior being that is “worshipped”, civil statutes become the “bible” being obeyed, and “presumption” (Form #05.017) of superior authority becomes a substitute for religious “faith”.  Form #05.038 .
• Statism, which is the worship of the state as a deity.  See:  Communism, Socialism, and Collectivism, Section 4 .
• Collectivism and humanism, which is the elevation of the collective above the individual in a legal sense.  See Communism, Socialism, and Collectivism, Section 3 and Form #12.024
• Socialism.  Form #05.016 .
• Imputing “supernatural” or “superior” powers to civil rulers or government
• A destruction of equality of treatment and protection.  Form #05.033 .
• Establishing an unconstitutional “Title of Nobility”.  That title is “U.S. Inc.”.  Form #05.024 .
• A destruction of ALL of your freedom, because equality between you and the government in court and under REAL law is the foundation of ALL of your freedom.  See Form #12.021, Video 1 for proof.

For a graphical depiction and explanation of how the above corruption happens, see:

How Scoundrels Corrupted our Republican Form of Government , Family Guardian Fellowship

“civil status” is further discussed in:

• Civil Status (important!) -Article under “Litigation->Civil Status (important!) on the SEDM menus
• Your Exclusive Right to Declare or Establish Your Civil Status, Form #13.008
• Proof that There is a “Straw Man”, Form #05.042 -SEDM
• Legal Fictions, Form #09.071 -SEDM

1 Basis for your EXCLUSIVE right to declare and establish your civil status

The right to declare and establish your civil and statutory status is tied to the legal definition of “property” itself.  “Property” as legally defined is that which you EXCLUSIVELY own and control, and can deprive all others of using or benefitting from:

Property. That which is peculiar or proper to any person; that which belongs exclusively to one . In the strict legal sense, an aggregate of rights which are guaranteed and protected by the government . Fulton Light, Heat & Power Co. v. State, 65 Misc.Rep. 263, 121 N.Y.S. 536. The term is said to extend to every species of valuable right and interest. More specifically, ownership; the unrestricted and exclusive right to a thing; the right to dispose of a thing in every legal way, to possess it, to use it, and to exclude everyone else from interfering with it. That dominion or indefinite right of use or disposition which one may lawfully exercise over particular things or subjects. The exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a thing. The highest right a man can have to anything; being used to refer to that right which one has to lands or tenements, goods or chattels, which no way depends on another man’s courtesy. The word is also commonly used to denote everything which is the subject of ownership, corporeal or incorporeal, tangible or intangible, visible or invisible, real or personal, everything that has an exchangeable value or which goes to make up wealth or estate. It extends to every species of valuable right and interest, and includes real and personal property, easements, franchises, and incorporeal hereditaments, and includes every invasion of one’s property rights by actionable wrong. Labberton v. General Cas. Co. of America, 53 Wash.2d. 180, 332 P.2d. 250, 252, 254. Property embraces everything which is or may be the subject of ownership, whether a legal ownership. or whether beneficial, or a private ownership. Davis v. Davis. TexCiv-App., 495 S.W.2d. 607. 611. Term includes not only ownership and possession but also the right of use and enjoyment for lawful purposes. Hoffmann v. Kinealy, Mo., 389 S.W.2d. 745, 752. Property, within constitutional protection, denotes group of rights inhering in citizen’s relation to physical thing, as right to possess, use and dispose of it. Cereghino v. State By and Through State Highway Commission, 230 Or. 439, 370 P.2d. 694, 697. Goodwill is property, Howell v. Bowden, TexCiv. App., 368 S.W.2d. 842, &18; as is an insurance policy and rights incident thereto, including a right to the proceeds, Harris v. Harris, 83 N.M. 441,493 P.2d. 407, 408. Criminal code. “Property” means anything of value. including real estate, tangible and intangible personal property, contract rights, choses-in-action and other interests in or claims to wealth, admission or transportation tickets, captured or domestic animals, food and drink, electric or other power. Model Penal Code. Q 223.0. See also Property of another, infra. Dusts. Under definition in Restatement, Second, Trusts, Q 2(c), it denotes interest in things and not the things themselves. [Black’s Law Dictionary, Fifth Edition, p. 1095]

Note that YOUR BODY, your labor, and all that you own at least STARTS OUT as exclusively your property, and by EXCLUSIVELY we mean that it is PRIVATE property beyond the civil control or regulation of any government.  Only by donating it or some portion of it to a “public use”, “public purpose”, or “public office” can its use be civilly regulated by any government.

“Every man has a natural right to the fruits of his own labor, is generally admitted; and no other person can rightfully deprive him of those fruits, and appropriate them against his will …” [The Antelope, 23 U.S. 66, 10 Wheat 66, 6 L.Ed. 268 (1825)] __________________________________________________________ “We have repeatedly held that, as to property reserved by its owner for private use, “the right to exclude [others is] `one of the most essential sticks in the bundle of rights that are commonly characterized as property.’ ” Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419, 433 (1982),  quoting Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444 U.S. 164, 176 (1979) . “ [Nollan v. California Coastal Comm’n, 483 U.S. 825 (1987)] __________________________________________________________ “In this case, we hold that the “right to exclude,” so universally held to be a fundamental element of the property right, falls within this category of interests that the Government cannot take without compensation. ” [Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444 U.S. 164 (1979)]

The only time a government can take away your property without compensation in return and without your consent is when you have hurt someone with it, and that deprivation can only occur AFTER the injury, not BEFORE.  Any deprivation BEFORE the injury must involve your express consent to donate the property or some interest in the property to a “public use”, “public purpose”, and/or “public office”.  These rules were identified by the U.S. Supreme Court as follows:

“Men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable  rights,- ‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;’ and to ‘secure,’ not grant or create, these rights, governments are instituted. That property [or income] which a man has honestly acquired he retains full control of, subject to these limitations: First, that he shall not use it to his neighbor’s injury , and that does not mean that he must use it for his neighbor’s benefit [e.g. SOCIAL SECURITY, Medicare, and every other public “benefit”]; second, that if he devotes it to a public use, he gives to the public a right to control that use; and third, that whenever the public needs require, the public may take it upon payment of due compensation .” [Budd v. People of State of New York, 143 U.S. 517 (1892)]

The only way one can rationally disagree with the conclusions of this section is to advocate one of the following positions, all of which corrupt and destroy the notion of private property that is behind any and every great republic:

• That there is no PRIVATE property and that EVERYTHING is PUBLIC property owned by the government.
• That the government is the LEGAL owner of EVERYTHING and that they only LOAN it to you.
• That “taxes” are the “rent” you pay to use GOVERNMENT property.  If you don’t pay the taxes, they can take it away from you and thereby EXCLUDE you from using or benefitting from it.

All the above premises are the foundation of socialism, in which the government either completely owns or at least CONTROLS ALL property.

“socialism n (1839) 1: any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods 2 a: a system of society or group living in which there is no private property b: a system or condition of society in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state 3: a stage of society in Marxist theory transitional between capitalism and communism and distinguished by unequal distribution of goods and pay according to work done.” [Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1983, ISBN 0-87779-510-X, p. 1118]

Lastly, we emphasize that the purpose for which ALL governments are established, is to protect PRIVATE rights and PRIVATE property, according to our Declaration of Independence.  Anyone who argues with this section indirectly is advocating that we DO NOT have a “government” as defined by our founding documents:

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.–That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , –That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.” [Declaration of Independence]

Furthermore, anyone who takes the position that there is no PRIVATE property and that the GOVERNMENT owns EVERYTHING, indirectly must advocate atheism and is a THIEF, because the Bible itself says that GOD owns THE WHOLE EARTH AND THE HEAVENS.  Caesar cannot own or even control that which does not belong to him:

“Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens is the LORD’s thy God, the earth also, with all that therein is.” [Deuteronomy 10:12-14, Bible, NKJV] “The heavens are Yours, the earth also is Yours; The world and all its fullness, You have founded them.” [Psalm 89:11, Bible, NKJV]

2 What do we mean by “civil status”? [1]

A civil status is a term defined or described in either the constitution or statutes or the common law to which either obligations or rights attach.  Example “civil statuses” would be “person” (under a civil statute), “taxpayer” (under the tax code), “driver” (under the vehicle code), “individual”, etc.  Every obligation gives rise to a corresponding right on the part of the entity or person to whom the obligation is owed.  An obligation, in turn, could include the requirement to perform a specific service, or it could include some measure of control over property in your custody or control.  Obligations are always enforceable through some type of legal penalty or administrative or judicial enforcement for non-performance.

California Civil Code – CIV DIVISION 3. OBLIGATIONS [1427 – 3272.9] ( Heading of Division 3 amended by Stats.   1988, Ch. 160, Sec. 14. ) PART 1. OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL [1427 – 1543] ( Part 1 enacted 1872. ) TITLE 1. DEFINITION OF OBLIGATIONS [1427 – [1428.]] ( Title 1 enacted 1872.) 1427. An obligation is a legal duty, by which a person is bound to do or not to do a certain thing. (Enacted 1872.)

The ONLY method for lawfully creating obligations is either through your consent in the form of a contract or “operation of law”.  “Operation of law” involves a case where your actions or inactions have injured the equal rights of someone else.  That injury violates the concept of “justice” itself, which is the “right to be let alone”. [2]

California Civil Code – CIV DIVISION 3. OBLIGATIONS [1427 – 3272.9] ( Heading of Division 3 amended by Stats. 1988, Ch. 160, Sec. 14. ) PART 1. OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL [1427 – 1543]  ( Part 1 enacted 1872. ) TITLE 1. DEFINITION OF OBLIGATIONS [1427 – [1428.]] (Title 1 enacted 1872.) [1428.] Section Fourteen Hundred and Twenty-eight. An obligation arises either from: One — The contract of the parties; or, Two — The operation of law. An obligation arising from operation of law may be enforced in the manner provided by law, or by civil action or proceeding. (Amended by Code Amendments 1873-74, Ch. 612.)

A violation of the above rules for creating obligations constitutes one of the following:

• Unconstitutional taking of private property under the Fifth Amendment or equivalent state constitution.
• Involuntary servitude, in the case of the Thirteenth Amendment, if the thing compelled is some kind of service or physical performance.

For a detailed study of obligations owed to governments or citizens protected by government statutes generally, see:

• Lawfully Avoiding Government Obligations , Form #12.040 https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm
• Proof of Claim: Your Main Defense Against Government Greed and Corruption , Form #09.073 https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm

The use of the term “status” in this memorandum:

• CONSENSUALLY have a domicile or residence within the forum or jurisdiction in question.
• Have legal evidence of said domicile admissible in court to prove the domicile they claim.
• Acquire statutory “citizen” or “resident” status under the civil laws of the place by virtue of choosing a domicile within that place.
• Civil statutory laws only pertain to those consensually domiciled within the forum or jurisdiction.
• They may not be enforced against non-residents or those not domiciled within the forum or jurisdiction unless the non-resident satisfies the “Minimum Contacts Doctrine” spoken of by the U.S. Supreme Court in International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945).
• Does NOT relate to the CRIMINAL laws.  Criminal laws do not attach to the status of the parties or to their consent in any way.  Instead, they attach at the point when a harmful act is committed against a specific party on the territory to which said law attaches.

A well-known book on domicile explains the origin of “civil status” as follows:

§ 29. Status. [3]  It may be laid down that the status-or, as it is sometimes called, civil status, in contradistinction to political status – of a person depends largely, although not universally, upon domicil. The older jurists, whose opinions are fully collected by Story [4] and Burge [5] maintained, with few exceptions, the principle of the ubiquity of status, conferred by the lex domicilii with little qualification. Lord Westbury, in Udny v. Udny [6] thus states the doctrine broadly: “The civil status is governed by one single principle, namely, that of domicil, which is the criterion established by law for the purpose of determining civil status. For it is on this basis. that the personal rights of the party – that is to say, the law which determines his majority and minority, his marriage, succession, testacy, or intestacy-must depend.” Gray, C. J., in the late Massachusetts case of Ross v. Ross [7] speaking with special reference to capacity to inherit, says: “It is a general principle that the status or condition of a person, the relation in which he stands to another person, and by which he is qualified or made capable to take” certain rights in that other’s property, is fixed by the law of the domicil; and that this status and capacity are to be recognized and upheld in every other State, so far as they are not inconsistent with its own laws and policy.” But great difficulty in the discussion of this subject has arisen by reason of the loose and varying use of the term status and the want of any clear definition of what is meant by it. Savigny [8] understood it to mean ” capacity to have rights and to act;” and this undoubtedly was the sense in which it was understood by the older jurists. In Niboyet v. Niboyet, [9] Brett, L. J., gives this definition: “The status of an individual, used as a legal term, means the legal position of the individual in or with regard to the rest of a community.” But whatever may be the definition of the term, or whatever rules applicable to status in general may be looked upon as having received general acceptance, there are certain prominent states or conditions of persons, which have been treated of by writers and considered by the courts, and these it will be well to examine separately, with a view to ascertain how far they are affected by domicil. [Treatise on the Law of Domicil, M.W. Jacobs, 1887; Little Brown and Company, §29, pp. 38-39]

Below is an example of the above, from the U.S. Supreme Court.  The “status” spoken in this case of is that of being “married” under the laws of a specific state:

“To prevent any misapplication of the views expressed in this opinion, it is proper to observe that we do not mean to assert, by any thing we have said, that a State may not authorize proceedings to determine the status of one of its citizens towards a non-resident, which would be binding within the State , though made without service of process or personal notice to the non-resident. The jurisdiction which every State possesses to determine the civil status and capacities of all its inhabitants involves authority to prescribe the conditions on which proceedings affecting them may be commenced and carried on within its territory. The State, for example, has absolute 735*735 right to prescribe the conditions upon which the marriage relation between its own citizens shall be created, and the causes for which it may be dissolved. One of the parties guilty of acts for which, by the law of the State, a dissolution may be granted, may have removed to a State where no dissolution is permitted. The complaining party would, therefore, fail if a divorce were sought in the State of the defendant; and if application could not be made to the tribunals of the complainant’s domicile in such case, and proceedings be there instituted without personal service of process or personal notice to the offending party, the injured citizen would be without redress. Bish. Marr. and Div., sect. 156.” [Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878)]

“Domicile” and “Nationality” are distinguished in the following U.S. Supreme Court case:

In Udny v. Udny (1869) L. R. 1 H. L. Sc. 441, the point decided was one of inheritance, depending upon the question whether the domicile of the father was in England or in Scotland, he being in either alternative a British subject. Lord Chancellor Hatherley said: ‘ The question of naturalization and of allegiance is distinct from that of domicile. ‘ Page 452. Lord Westbury, in the passage relied on by the counsel for the United States, began by saying: ‘ The law of England, and of almost all civilized countries, ascribes to each individual at his birth two distinct legal states or conditions,—one by virtue of which he becomes the subject [NATIONAL] of some particular country, binding him by the tie of natural allegiance, and which may be called his political status; another by virtue of which he has ascribed to him the character of a citizen of some particular country, and as such is possessed of certain municipal rights, and subject to certain obligations, which latter character is the civil status or condition of the individual, and may be quite different from his political status. ‘ And then, while maintaining that the civil status is universally governed by the single principle of domicile (domicilium), the criterion established by international law for the purpose of determining civil status, and the basis on which ‘the personal rights of the party—that is to say, the law which determines his majority or minority, his marriage, succession, testacy, or intestacy— must depend,’ he yet distinctly recognized that a man’s political status, his country (patria), and his ‘nationality , —that is, natural allegiance,’—’may depend on different laws in different countries.’ Pages 457, 460. He evidently used the word ‘citizen,’ not as equivalent to ‘subject,’ but rather to ‘inhabitant’; and had no thought of impeaching the established rule that all persons born under British dominion are natural-born subjects. [United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649, 18 S.Ct. 456, 42 L.Ed. 890 (1898) ; SOURCE: http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3381955771263111765 ]

In law, all rights are property.  Hence, “civil rights” attach to the CIVIL STATUTORY STATUS of a “person”:

Those who do not have a domicile in a specific municipal jurisdiction are regarded as “non-residents”, and hence, they have no “civil status” or “status” under the “civil laws” of the jurisdiction they are non-resident in relation to.  An example of this phenomenon is found in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b), in which jurisdiction is described as follows:

IV. PARTIES > Rule 17. Rule 17. Parties Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity (b) Capacity to Sue or be Sued. Capacity to sue or be sued is determined as follows: (1) for an individual who is not acting in a representative capacity, by the law of the individual’s domicile; (2) for a corporation[the “United States”, in this case, or its officers on official duty representing the corporation], by the law under which it was organized [laws of the District of Columbia]; and (3) for all other parties, by the law of the state where the court is located, except that: (A) a partnership or other unincorporated association with no such capacity under that state’s law may sue or be sued in its common name to enforce a substantive right existing under the United States Constitution or laws; and (B) 28 U.S.C. §§754 and 959 (a) govern the capacity of a receiver appointed by a United States court to sue or be sued in a United States court. [SOURCE:  https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_17 ]

A human being with no domicile within federal territory, based on the above:

• Has no capacity to sue or be sued in federal court under the CIVIL statutes of the national government.
• “individual”.
• Is not a statutory “citizen” under federal law such as 26 U.S.C. §3121(e) and 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(c), but rather a statutory “non-resident non-person”.  If they are ALSO a public officer in the national government, they are also a statutory “individual” and “nonresident alien” (26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B)) in relation to the national government.
• May STILL sue under the constitution and the common law because both of these sources of law attach to the TERRITORY rather than the “civil status” of the physical people ON that physical territory. This is, in part, because the CONSTITUTION is “self-executing” and needs no statutes to enforce: [12] :

“It is locality that is determinative of the application of the Constitution, in such matters as judicial procedure, and not the status of the people who live in it.” [Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922)]

We must emphasize at this point that the ABSENCE of a STATUTORY “civil status” is ALSO a “civil status”, but under a DIFFERENT system of law, which is that of the ORGANIC law rather than the STATUTORY law.  As an extension of your right to associate/disassociate and contract/not contract under the First Amendment, you can choose to be a CONSTITUTIONAL “PERSON” WITHOUT being a STATUTORY “PERSON”.  The state in such a case STILL has a duty to protect THAT LACK OF STATUS under the CIVIL STATUTORY LAW and to protect the right to ONLY have a “civil status” under the CONSTITUTION or the COMMON LAW:

“ In all domestic concerns each state of the Union is to be deemed an independent sovereignty. As such, it is its province and its duty to forbid interference by another state as well as by any foreign power with the status of its own citizens. Unless at least one of the spouses is a resident thereof in good faith, the courts of such sister state or of such foreign power cannot acquire jurisdiction to dissolve the marriage of those who have an established domicile in the state which resents such interference with matters which disturb its social serenity or affect the morals of its inhabitants.” [Roberts v. Roberts, 81 Cal.App.2d. 871, 879 (1947) ; https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13809397457737233441 ]

If, in fact, “consent makes the law” per the maxims of the common law, then “consent” of the PARTY claiming OR NOT CLAIMING the “civil status” makes the CIVIL STATUTORY “PERSON” as well:

Consensus facit legem. Consent makes the law. A contract is a law between the parties, which can acquire force only by consent. [Bouvier’s Maxims of Law, 1856; https://famguardian.org/Publications/BouvierMaximsOfLaw/BouviersMaxims.htm ]

An example of a “status” that one not domiciled on federal territory cannot lawfully have is that of statutory “taxpayer” as defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14) .  All tax liability is a CIVIL liability which attaches to a CIVIL statutory status:

TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 79 > § 7701 § 7701. Definitions (a)When used in this title, where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent thereof— (14) Taxpayer The term “taxpayer” means any person subject to any internal revenue tax.

In a sense then, all civil statutory law acts as the equivalent of a “protection franchise” that you have to consent to before you become party to.  “Privileges” under the protection franchise attach to the status of “citizen”.  Those who are non-residents are not parties to the franchise contract and are not bound by the franchise contract:

There is but one law which, from its nature, needs unanimous consent. This is the social compact; for civil association is the most voluntary of all acts. Every man being born free and his own master, no one, under any pretext whatsoever, can make any man subject without his consent. To decide that the son of a slave is born a slave is to decide that he is not born a man. If then there are opponents when the social compact is made, their opposition does not invalidate the contract, but merely prevents them from being included in it. They are foreigners among citizens. When the State is instituted, residence constitutes consent; to dwell within its territory is to submit to the Sovereign. [10] Apart from this primitive contract, the vote of the majority always binds all the rest. This follows from the contract itself. But it is asked how a man can be both free and forced to conform to wills that are not his own. How are the opponents at once free and subject to laws they have not agreed to? I retort that the question is wrongly put. The citizen gives his consent to all the laws, including those which are passed in spite of his opposition, and even those which punish him when he dares to break any of them. The constant will of all the members of the State is the general will; by virtue of it they are citizens and free [11] . When in the popular assembly a law is proposed, what the people is asked is not exactly whether it approves or rejects the proposal, but whether it is in conformity with the general will, which is their will. Each man, in giving his vote, states his opinion on that point; and the general will is found by counting votes. When therefore the opinion that is contrary to my own prevails, this proves neither more nor less than that I was mistaken, and that what I thought to be the general will was not so. If my particular opinion had carried the day I should have achieved the opposite of what was my will; and it is in that case that I should not have been free. This presupposes, indeed, that all the qualities of the general will still reside in the majority: when they cease to do so, whatever side a man may take, liberty is no longer possible. In my earlier demonstration of how particular wills are substituted for the general will in public deliberation, I have adequately pointed out the practicable methods of avoiding this abuse; and I shall have more to say of them later on. I have also given the principles for determining the proportional number of votes for declaring that will. A difference of one vote destroys equality; a single opponent destroys unanimity; but between equality and unanimity, there are several grades of unequal division, at each of which this proportion may be fixed in accordance with the condition and the needs of the body politic. There are two general rules that may serve to regulate this relation. First, the more grave and important the questions discussed, the nearer should the opinion that is to prevail approach unanimity. Secondly, the more the matter in hand calls for speed, the smaller the prescribed difference in the numbers of votes may be allowed to become: where an instant decision has to be reached, a majority of one vote should be enough. The first of these two rules seems more in harmony with the laws, and the second with practical affairs. In any case, it is the combination of them that gives the best proportions for determining the majority necessary. [ The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right , Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1762, Book IV, Chapter 2]

There is one last very important point we wish to make.  That point is that the civil statutory laws and the domicile they attach to are not the ONLY method of civilly protecting one’s rights.  Some types of civil protection do not require consent of party.  For instance, the U.S. Constitution is an example of a limitation upon government that does NOT require the express consent of those who are protected by it.

• The USA Constitution is a “compact” or contract.
• The corpus of the trust is all public rights and public property.
• The trustees of the trust are people working in the government.
• All constitutional but not statutory citizens are the “beneficiaries”.
• The parties who established this public trust are the States of the Union and the government they created.  Individual human beings are NOT party to it or trustees under it:

The design of the Fourteenth Amendment has proved significant also in maintaining the traditional separation of powers 524*524 between Congress and the Judiciary. The first eight Amendments to the Constitution set forth self-executing prohibitions on governmental action, and this Court has had primary authority to interpret those prohibitions. The Bingham draft, some thought, departed from that tradition by vesting in Congress primary power to interpret and elaborate on the meaning of the new Amendment through legislation. Under it, “Congress, and not the courts, was to judge whether or not any of the privileges or immunities were not secured to citizens in the several States.” Flack, supra, at 64. While this separation-of-powers aspect did not occasion the widespread resistance which was caused by the proposal’s threat to the federal balance, it nonetheless attracted the attention of various Members. See Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., at 1064 (statement of Rep. Hale) (noting that Bill of Rights, unlike the Bingham proposal, “provide[s] safeguards to be enforced by the courts, and not to be exercised by the Legislature” ); id., at App. 133 (statement of Rep. Rogers) (prior to Bingham proposal it “was left entirely for the courts . . . to enforce the privileges and immunities of the citizens”). As enacted, the Fourteenth Amendment confers substantive rights against the States which, like the provisions of the Bill of Rights, are self-executing . Cf. South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S., at 325  (discussing Fifteenth Amendment). The power to interpret the Constitution in a case or controversy remains in the Judiciary. [City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)]

Those injured by the actions of the government, whether civilly domiciled there and therefore a “citizen” there OR NOT, are protected by the Bill of Rights and have standing to sue in ANY state or federal court for a violation of that right.

In confirmation of this section, examine the content of 1 U.S.C. §8:

1 U.S. Code § 8 – “Person”, “human being”, “child”, and “individual” as including born-alive infant (a) In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation, or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the words “person”, “human being”, “child”, and “individual”, shall include every infant member of the species homo sapiens who is born alive at any stage of development. (b) As used in this section, the term “born alive”, with respect to a member of the species homo sapiens, means the complete expulsion or extraction from his or her mother of that member, at any stage of development, who after such expulsion or extraction breathes or has a beating heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, regardless of whether the umbilical cord has been cut, and regardless of whether the expulsion or extraction occurs as a result of natural or induced labor, cesarean section, or induced abortion. (c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to affirm, deny, expand, or contract any legal status or legal right applicable to any member of the species homo sapiens at any point prior to being “born alive” as defined in this section. [1 U.S.C. §8, Downloaded 9/13/2014] _______________________ FOOTNOTES: [1]. Source:  Your Exclusive Right to Declare or Establish Your Civil Status , Form #13.008, Section 2; https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm . [2]. See:  What is “Justice”? , Form #05.050 for an exhaustive definition of “justice”; SOURCE: https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm . [3]. See, e. g., United States v. Pueblo of San Ildefonso, 206 Ct.Cl. 649, 669-670, 513 F.2d. 1383, 1394 (1975) ; United States v. Lutz,295 F.2d. 736, 740 (CA5 1961) . As stated by Mr. Justice Brandeis, “[a]n essential element of individual property is the legal right to exclude others from enjoying it.” International News Service v. Associated Press, 248 U.S. 215, 250 (1918) (dissenting opinion) . [4]. Source:  Your Exclusive Right to Declare or Establish Your Civil Status , Form #13.008, Section 3; https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm . [5]. On this general subject, see Story, Confl. of L. ch. 4; Burge, For. & Col. L. vol. i ch. 3 et. seq.; Phillimore, Int. L. vol. iv. ch. 17; Westlake, Priv. Int. L. 1st ed. ch. 13; id. 2d ed. ch. 2, 3; Foote, Priv. Int. L. ch. 8; Wharton, Conf. of L. ch. 3; Dicey, Dom. pt. 3, ch. 2; Piggott, For. Judgments, ch. 10; Savigny, System, etc. vol. viii. §§ 362-365 (Guthrie’s trans. p. 148 et. seq.); Bar, Int. Priv. und Strafrecht, §§ 42-46 (Gillespie’s trans. p. 160 et. seq.); and see particularly the leamed and elaborate opinion of Gray, C. J., in Rosa v. Ross, 129 Mass. 243 (given infra, §32, note 2). In these places the reader will find collected almost all of the important authorities upon the subject of status. [6]. Ubi supra. [7]. Ubi supra. [8]. L.R. 1 Sch. App. 441, 457. [9]. 129 Mass. 243, 246. [10]. System, etc. §361 (Guthrie’s Trans, p. 139). Bar understands status in the same sense, §44 (Gillespie’s trans. p.172). Gray, C. J., in the case above cited, thus distinguishes the two phases of capacity which go to make up status: “The capacity or qualification to inherit or succeed to property, which is an incident of the status or condition, requiring no action to give it effect, is to be distinguished from the capacity or competency to enter into contracts that confer rights upon others. A capacity to take and have differs from a capacity to do and contract; in short, a capacity of holding from a capacity to act.”  Ross v. Ross, ubi supra. [11]. L. B. 4 P. D. 1, 11. [12] On the subject of the “self-executing” nature of the Constitution, the U.S. Supreme Court has held: The design of the Fourteenth Amendment has proved significant also in maintaining the traditional separation of powers 524*524 between Congress and the Judiciary. The first eight Amendments to the Constitution set forth self-executing prohibitions on governmental action, and this Court has had primary authority to interpret those prohibitions. The Bingham draft, some thought, departed from that tradition by vesting in Congress primary power to interpret and elaborate on the meaning of the new Amendment through legislation. Under it, “Congress, and not the courts, was to judge whether or not any of the privileges or immunities were not secured to citizens in the several States.” Flack, supra, at 64. While this separation-of-powers aspect did not occasion the widespread resistance which was caused by the proposal’s threat to the federal balance, it nonetheless attracted the attention of various Members. See Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., at 1064 (statement of Rep. Hale) (noting that Bill of Rights, unlike the Bingham proposal, “provide[s] safeguards to be enforced by the courts, and not to be exercised by the Legislature” ); id., at App. 133 (statement of Rep. Rogers) (prior to Bingham proposal it “was left entirely for the courts . . . to enforce the privileges and immunities of the citizens”). As enacted, the Fourteenth Amendment confers substantive rights against the States which, like the provisions of the Bill of Rights, are self-executing. Cf. South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U. S., at 325 (discussing Fifteenth Amendment). The power to interpret the Constitution in a case or controversy remains in the Judiciary.” [City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)]

3  Effect of domicile on CIVIL STATUTORY “status”

The law of domicile is almost exclusively the means of determining one’s “civil status” under the civil statutory laws of a given territory:

§ 29. Status It may be laid down that the ,statuts- or, as it is sometimes called, civil status, in contradistinction to political status – of a person depends largely, although not universally, upon domicil. The older jurists, whose opinions are fully collected by Story I and Burge, maintained, with few exceptions, the principle of the ubiquity of status, conferred by the lex domicilii with little qualification. Lord Westbury, in Udny v. Udny, thus states the doctrine broadly: “The civil status is governed by one single principle, namely, that of domicil, which is the criterion established by law for the purpose of determining civil status. For it is on this basis that the personal rights of the party – that is to say, the law which determines his majority and minority, his marriage, succession, testacy, or intestacy-must depend.” Gray, C. J., in the late Massachusetts case of Ross v. Ross, speaking with special reference to capacity to inherit, says: “It is a general principle that the status or condition of a person, the relation in which he stands to another person, and by which he is qualified or made capable to take certain rights in that other’s property, is fixed by the law of the domicil; and that this status and capacity are to be recognized and upheld in every other State, so far as they are not inconsistent with its own laws and policy.” [ A Treatise on the Law of Domicil, National, Quasi-National, and Municipal , M.W. Jacobs, Little, Brown, and Company, 1887, p. 89]

We have already established that civil law attaches to one’s VOLUNTARY choice of civil domicile.Civil law, in turn, enforces and thereby delivers certain “privileges” against those who are subject to it.  In that sense, the civil law acts as a voluntary franchise or “protection franchise” that is only enforceable against those who voluntarily consent to avail themselves of its “benefits” or “protections”.  Those who voluntarily and consensually avail themselves of such “benefits” and who are therefore SUBJECT to the “protection franchise” called domicile, in turn, are treated as public officers within the government under federal law, as is exhaustively established in the following memorandum:

The key thing to understand about all franchises is that the Congressionally created privileges or “public rights” they enforce attach to specific STATUSES under them. An example of such statuses include:

• “ person ” or “ individual “.
• “Alien”.
• “Nonresident alien”.
• “Driver” under the vehicle code of your state.
• “Spouse” under the family code of your state.
• “ Taxpayer ” under the Internal Revenue Code at 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14).
• “ Citizen ”, “ resident ”, or “inhabitant” under the civil laws of your state.

The above civil statutory statuses:

• Are contingent for their existence on a DOMICILE in the geographical place or territory that the law applies to. Hence, a “nonresident alien” or even “alien” civil status within the Internal Revenue Code, for instance, only applies if one is PHYSCIALLY PRESENT on federal territory or consensually domiciled there.  If you are not physically on federal territory and not domiciled there, you CANNOT be ANYTHING under the Internal Revenue Code.
• Are TEMPORARY, because your domicile can change.
• Extinguish when you terminate your domicile and/or your presence in that place.
• Are the very SAME “statuses” you find on ALL government forms and applications, such as voter registrations, drivers’ license applications, marriage license applications, etc.  The purpose of filling out all such applications is to CONTRACT to PROCURE the status indicated on the form and have it RECOGNIZED by the government grantor who created the privileges you are pursuing under the civil law franchises that implement the form or application.

The ONLY way to AVOID contracting into the civil franchise if you are FORCED to fill out government forms is to:

“Not valid, false, fraudulent, and perjurious unless accompanied by the SIGNED attachment entitled __________, consisting of ___ pages.”

• Indicate “All rights reserved, UCC-1-308” near the signature line on the application.
• Indicate “Non assumpsit” on the application, or scribble it as your signature.
• Indicate “duress” on the form.
• Resubmit the form after the fact either in person or by mail fixing the application to indicate duress and withdraw your consent.
• Ask the government accepting the application to indicate that you are not qualified because you do not consent and consent is mandatory.  Then show that denial to the person who is trying to FORCE you to apply.
• Submit a criminal complaint against the party instituting the duress to get you to apply.
• Notify the person instituting the unlawful duress that they are violating your rights and demand that they retract their demand for you to apply for something.

Below is an example of this phenomenon as explained by the U.S. Supreme Court:

The protections of the Constitution and the common law, on the other hand, attach NOT to your STATUTORY status, but to the LAND you stand on at the time you receive an injury from either the GOVERNMENT or a PRIVATE human being, respectively:

The thing that we wish to emphasize about this important subject are the following VERY IMPORTANT facts:

• Your STATUS under the civil STATUTORY law is exclusively determined by the exercise of your PRIVATE, UNALIENABLE right to both contract and associate, which are protected by the First Amendment  to the United States Constitution.
• The highest exercise of your right to sovereignty is the right to determine and enforce the STATUS you have CONSENSUALLY and VOLUNTARILY acquired under the civil laws of the community you are in.

3.1. Violating due process of law.

3.2. STEALING property or rights to property from you.The “rights” or “public rights” that attach to the status are the measure of WHAT is being “stolen”.

3.3 Exercising eminent domain without compensation against otherwise PRIVATE property in violation of the state constitution.  The property subject to the eminent domain are all the rights that attach to the status they are FORCING upon you.  YOU and ONLY YOU have the right to determine the compensation you are willing to accept in exchange for your private rights and private property.

3.4. Compelling you to contract with the government that created the franchise status, because all franchises are contracts.

3.5. Kidnapping your legal identity and moving it to a foreign state, if the STATUS they impute to you arises under the laws of a foreign state.This, in turn is an act of INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM in criminal violation of 18 U.S.C. §2331 (1)(B)(iii).

“It is a well established principle of law that all federal regulation applies only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States unless a contrary intent appears.” [Foley Brothers, Inc. v. Filardo, 336 U.S. 281 (1949)] “The laws of Congress in respect to those matters [outside of Constitutionally delegated powers] do not extend into the territorial limits of the states, but have force only in the District of Columbia, and other places that are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the national government.” [Caha v. U.S., 152 U.S. 211 (1894)] “There is a canon of legislative construction which teaches Congress that, unless a contrary intent appears [legislation] is meant to apply only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.” [U.S. v. Spelar, 338 U.S. 217 at 222]

• The prerequisite to having ANY statutory STATUS under the civil law of any de jure government is a DOMICILE within the EXCLUSIVE jurisdiction of the specific government that enacted the statute.

6.1.Never physically been present within the exclusive jurisdiction of the foreign jurisdiction.

6.2.Never EXPRESSLY consented to be treated as a “citizen”, “resident”, or “inhabitant” within that jurisdiction, even IF physically present there.

6.3.NOT been physically present in the foreign jurisdiction LONG ENOUGH to satisfy the residency requirements of that jurisdiction.

7.1.Treating EVERYONE as “persons” or “individuals” under the franchise statutes, INCLUDING those outside of their territory.

7.2.Saying that EVERYONE is eligible for the franchise, no matter where they PHYSCIALLY are, including in places OUTSIDE of their exclusive or general jurisdiction.

7.3.Waiving the domicile prerequisite as a matter of policy, even though the statutes describing it require that those who participate must be “citizens”, “residents”, or “inhabitants” in order to participate.  The Social Security does this by unconstitutional FIAT, in order to illegally recruit more “taxpayers”.

8.1.The statutes they seek to enforce are “PRIVATE LAW”.

8.2.It is FRAUD to call the statutes “PUBLIC LAW” that applies equally to EVERYONE.

“Municipal law, thus understood, is properly defined to be “a rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state, commanding what is right and prohibiting what is wrong.” [. . .] It is also called a rule to distinguish it from a compact or agreement; for a compact is a promise proceeding from us, law is a command directed to us. The language of a compact is, “I will, or will not, do this”; that of a law is, “thou shalt, or shalt not, do it.” It is true there is an obligation which a compact carries with it, equal in point of conscience to that of a law; but then the original of the obligation is different. In compacts we ourselves determine and promise what shall be done, before we are obliged to do it; in laws. we are obliged to act without ourselves determining or promising anything at all. Upon these accounts law is defined to be “a rule.” [Readings on the History and System of the Common Law, Roscoe Pound, Second Edition, 1925, p. 4]

8.3.They agree to be treated on an equal footing with every other PRIVATE business.

8.4.Their franchises are on an EQUAL footing to every other type of private franchise such as McDonalds franchise agreements.

8.5.They implicitly waive sovereign immunity and agree to be sued in the courts within the extraterritorial jurisdiction they are illegally operating under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. Chapter 97.  Sovereign immunity is ONLY available as a defense against DE JURE government activity in the PUBLIC interest that applies EQUALLY to any and every citizen.

8.6.They may not enforce federal civil law against the party in the foreign jurisdiction that they are illegally offering the franchise in.

8.7.If the foreign jurisdiction they are illegally enforcing the franchise within is subject to the constraint that the members of said community MUST be treated equally under the requirements of their constitution, then the franchise cannot make them UNEQUAL in ANY respect.  This would be discrimination and violate the fundamental law.

Consistent with the above, below is how the U.S. Supreme Court describes attempts to enforce income taxes against NONRESIDENT parties domiciled in a legislatively foreign state, such as either a state of the Union or a foreign country:

“The power of taxation, indispensable to the existence of every civilized government, is exercised upon the assumption of an equivalent rendered to the taxpayer in the protection of his person and property, in adding to the value of such property , or in the creation and maintenance of public conveniences in which he shares — such, for instance, as roads, bridges, sidewalks, pavements, and schools for the education of his children. If the taxing power be in no position to render these services, or otherwise to benefit the person or property taxed, and such property be wholly within the taxing power of another state, to which it may be said to owe an allegiance, and to which it looks for protection, the taxation of such property within the domicil of the owner partakes rather of the nature of an extortion than a tax , and has been repeatedly held by this Court to be beyond the power of the legislature, and a taking of property without due process of law. Railroad Company v. Jackson, 7 Wall. 262 ; State Tax on Foreign-Held Bonds, 15 Wall. 300; Tappan v. Merchants’ National Bank, 19 Wall. 490, 499 ; Delaware &c. R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 198 U.S. 341, 358 . In Chicago &c. R. Co. v. Chicago, 166 U.S. 226, it was held, after full consideration, that the taking of private property [199 U.S. 203] without compensation was a denial of due process within the Fourteenth Amendment. See also Davidson v. New Orleans, 96 U.S. 97, 102; Missouri Pacific Railway v. Nebraska, 164 U.S. 403, 417; Mt. Hope Cemetery v. Boston, 158 Mass. 509, 519. “ [Union Refrigerator Transit Company v. Kentucky, 199 U.S. 194 (1905)]

An example of how the government cannot assign the statutory status of “taxpayer” upon you per 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14) is found in 28 U.S.C. §2201(a), which reads:

United States Code TITLE 28 – JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE PART VI – PARTICULAR PROCEEDINGS CHAPTER 151 – DECLARATORY JUDGMENTS Sec. 2201. Creation of remedy (a) In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction, except with respect to Federal taxes other than actions brought under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 , a proceeding under section 505 or 1146 of title 11, or in any civil action involving an antidumping or countervailing duty proceeding regarding a class or kind of merchandise of a free trade area country (as defined in section 516A(f)(10) of the Tariff Act of 1930), as determined by the administering authority, any court of the United States, upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration , whether or not further relief is or could be sought. Any such declaration shall have the force and effect of a final judgment or decree and shall be reviewable as such.

Consistent with the federal Declaratory Judgments Act , federal courts who have been petitioned to declare a litigant to be a “taxpayer” have declined to do so and have cited the above act as authority:

Specifically, Rowen seeks a declaratory judgment against the United States of America with respect to “whether or not the plaintiff is a taxpayer pursuant to, and/or under 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14).” (See Compl. at 2.) This Court lacks jurisdiction to issue a declaratory judgment “with respect to Federal taxes other than actions brought under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986,” a code section that is not at issue in the instant action. See 28 U.S.C. §2201; see also Hughes v. United States, 953 F.2d. 531, 536-537 (9th Cir. 1991)   (affirming dismissal of claim for declaratory relief under § 2201 where claim concerned question of tax liability). Accordingly, defendant’s motion to dismiss is hereby GRANTED, and the instant action is hereby DISMISSED. [ Rowen v. U.S., 05-3766MMC. (N.D.Cal. 11/02/2005) ]

The implications of the above are that:

• The federal courts have no lawful delegated authority to determine or declare whether you are a “taxpayer”.

2.1. Presuming that you are a “taxpayer”.  This is a violation of due process of law that renders a void judgment. Presumptions are not evidence and may not serve as a SUBSTITUTE for evidence.

2.2. Calling you a “taxpayer” before you have called yourself one.

2.3. Arguing with or penalizing you if you rebut others from calling you a “taxpayer”.

2.4  Quoting case law as authority relating to “taxpayers” against a “nontaxpayer”.  That’s FRAUD and it also violates Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b).

2.5  Quoting case law from a franchise court in the Executive rather than Legislative branch such as the U.S. Tax Court against those who are not franchisees called “taxpayers”.

2.6. Treating you as a “taxpayer” if you provide evidence to the contrary by enforcing any provision of the I.R.C. Subtitle A  “taxpayer” franchise agreement against you as a “nontaxpayer”.

“Revenue Laws relate to taxpayers [instrumentalities, officers, employees, and elected officials of the national Government] and not to non-taxpayers [non-resident non-persons domiciled within the exclusive jurisdiction of a state of the Union and not subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the national Government].  The latter are without their scope.  No procedures are prescribed for non-taxpayers and no attempt is made to annul any of their Rights or Remedies in due course of law.” [Economy Plumbing & Heating v. U.S., 470 F.2d. 585 (1972)]

Authorities supporting the above include the following:

“ It is almost unnecessary to say, that what the legislature cannot do directly, it cannot do indirectly . The stream can mount no higher than its source. The legislature cannot create corporations with illegal powers, nor grant unconstitutional powers to those already granted.” [Gelpcke v. City of Dubuque, 68 U.S. 175, 1863 WL 6638 (1863)] _______________________________________________ “Congress cannot do indirectly what the Constitution prohibits directly.” [Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, 1856 WL 8721 (1856)] _______________________________________________ “In essence, the district court used attorney’s fees in this case as an alternative to, or substitute for, punitive damages (which were not available). The district court cannot do indirectly what it is prohibited from doing directly .” [Simpson v. Sheahan, 104 F.3d. 998,  C.A.7 (Ill.) (1997)] _______________________________________________ “ It is axiomatic that the government cannot do indirectly (i.e. through funding decisions) what it cannot do directly. ” [Com. of Mass. v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 899 F.2d. 53, C.A.1 (Mass.) (1990)] _______________________________________________ “Almost half a century ago, this Court made clear that the government “may not enact a regulation providing that no Republican … shall be appointed to federal office.” Public Workers v. Mitchell, 330 U.S. 75, 100, 67 S.Ct. 556, 569, 91 L.Ed. 754 (1947) . What the *78 First Amendment precludes the government**2739 from commanding directly, it also precludes the government from accomplishing indirectly. See Perry, 408 U.S., at 597, 92 S.Ct., at 2697 (citing Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513, 526, 78 S.Ct. 1332, 1342, 2 L.Ed.2d. 1460 (1958)) ; see supra, at 2735.” [Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62, 110 S.Ct. 2729, U.S.Ill. (1990)] _______________________________________________ “Similarly, numerous cases have held that governmental entities cannot do indirectly that which they cannot do directly. See *841 Board of County Comm’rs v. Umbehr, 518 U.S. 668, 674, 116 S.Ct. 2342, 135 L.Ed.2d. 843 (1996) (holding that the First Amendment protects an independent contractor from termination or prevention of the automatic renewal of his at-will government contract in retaliation for exercising his freedom of speech); El Dia, Inc. v. Rossello, 165 F.3d. 106, 109 (1st Cir.1999) (holding that a government could not withdraw advertising from a newspaper which published articles critical of that administration because it violated clearly established First Amendment law prohibiting retaliation for the exercising of freedom of speech); North Mississippi Communications v. Jones, 792 F.2d. 1330, 1337 (5th Cir.1986) (same). The defendants violated clearly established Due Process and First Amendment law by boycotting the plaintiffs’ business in an effort to get them removed from the college.” [Kinney v. Weaver, 111 F.Supp.2d 831, E.D.Tex. (2000)]

If you would like further evidence proving that it is a violation of your constitutional rights for the government to associate any civil status against you without your consent, see:

4 Four methods of acquiring a civil status [1]

There are four methods of lawfully acquiring a civil status:

• Physical presence in the venue without a domicile.  This triggers common law jurisdiction.  If the venue is protected by the constitution, it also triggers constitutional jurisdiction.
• Physical presence WITH a consensual domicile.  This triggers civil statutory jurisdiction.  If the venue is protected by the constitution, it also triggers constitutional jurisdiction.
• Not physically present in the venue but purposefully and consensually doing business in the venue.  This triggers common law jurisdiction.  This ordinarily does NOT trigger constitutional jurisdiction, even if the venue is protected by the constitution.
• Not physically present in the venue but domiciled in the venue.  This triggers statutory jurisdiction.  This ordinarily does NOT trigger constitutional jurisdiction, even if the venue is protected by the constitution.

Those who don’t fit any of the criteria must be considered by the civil courts to be:

• “nonresidents”.
• “transient foreigners”.
• “stateless” but not civil statutory “persons”.
• “in transitu”.
• “transient”.
• “sojourner”.
• “civilly dead”.

Below is a table summarizing the above: Table 4:  Four method of acquiring civil status

• Domicile and civil statutory protection are synonymous. See Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b).

“Volunti non fit injuria. He who consents cannot receive an injury. 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 2279, 2327; 4 T. R. 657; Shelf. on mar. & Div. 449. Consensus tollit errorem. Consent removes or obviates a mistake. Co. Litt. 126. Melius est omnia mala pati quam malo concentire. It is better to suffer every wrong or ill, than to consent to it. 3 Co. Inst. 23. Nemo videtur fraudare eos qui sciunt, et consentiunt. One cannot complain of having been deceived when he knew the fact and gave his consent. Dig. 50, 17, 145.” [Bouvier’s Maxims of Law, 1856; SOURCE:  http://famguardian.org/Publications/BouvierMaximsOfLaw/BouviersMaxims.htm ]

The Court developed, for its own governance in the cases confessedly within its jurisdiction, a series of rules under which it has avoided passing upon a large part of all the constitutional questions pressed upon it for decision. They are: [. . .] 6.  The Court will not pass upon the constitutionality of a statute at the instance of one who has availed himself of its benefits . FN7 Great Falls Mfg. Co. v. Attorney General, 124 U.S. 581, 8 S.Ct. 631, 31 L.Ed. 527; Wall v. Parrot Silver & Copper Co., 244 U.S. 407, 411, 412, 37 S.Ct. 609, 61 L.Ed. 1229; St. Louis Malleable Casting Co. v. Prendergast Construction Co., 260 U.S. 469, 43 S.Ct. 178, 67 L.Ed. 351 . FOOTNOTES: FN7 Compare Electric Co. v. Dow, 166 U.S. 489, 17 S.Ct. 645, 41 L.Ed. 1088; Pierce v. Somerset Ry., 171 U.S. 641, 648, 19 S.Ct. 64, 43 L.Ed. 316; Leonard v. Vicksburg, etc., R. Co., 198 U.S. 416, 422, 25 S.Ct. 750, 49 L.Ed. 1108 . [Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 56 S.Ct. 466 (1936)]

“There are certain general principles which control the disposition of this case. They are, in the main, well settled; the difficulty lies in their application to the particular facts of the case in hand. It is elementary that “every state has an undoubted right to determine the status, or domestic and social condition, of the persons domiciled within its territory, except in so far as the powers of the states in this respect are restrained, or duties and obligations imposed upon them by the constitution of the United States.” Strader v. Graham, 10 How. 93 . Again, the civil status is governed universally by one single principle, namely, that of domicile, which is the criterion established by law for the purpose of determining the civil status; for it is on this basis that the personal rights of a party, — that is to say, the law which determines his majority or minority, his marriage, succession, testacy, or intestacy, — must depend. Udny v. Udny, L.R., 1 H. L. Sc. 457. [Woodward v. Woodward, 11 S.W. 892, 87 Tenn. 644 (Tenn., 1889)] “ domicile .   A person’s legal home.  That place where a man has his true, fixed, and permanent home and principal establishment, and to which whenever he is absent he has the intention of returning.  Smith v. Smith, 206 Pa.Super. 310, 213 A.2d. 94.  Generally, physical presence within a state and the intention to make it one’s home are the requisites of establishing a “domicile” therein.  The permanent residence of a person or the place to which he intends to return even though he may actually reside elsewhere.  A person may have more than one residence but only one domicile.  The legal domicile of a person is important since it, rather than the actual residence, often controls the jurisdiction of the taxing authorities and determines where a person may exercise the privilege of voting and other legal rights and privileges. “ [Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 485]

Cujus est commodum ejus debet esse incommodum. He who receives the benefit should also bear the disadvantage. Que sentit commodum, sentire debet et onus. He who derives a benefit from a thing, ought to feel the disadvantages attending it. 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1433. Hominum caus jus constitutum est. Law is established for the benefit of man. Injuria propria non cadet in beneficium facientis. One’s own wrong shall not benefit the person doing it. Privatum incommodum publico bono peusatur. Private inconvenience is made up for by public benefit. “Invito beneficium non datur. No one is obliged to accept a benefit against his consent. Dig. 50, 17, 69. But if he does not dissent he will be considered as assenting. Vide Assent. Non videtur consensum retinuisse si quis ex praescripto minantis aliquid immutavit. He does not appear to have retained his consent, if he have changed anything through the means of a party threatening. Bacon’s Max. Reg. 33.” [Bouvier’s Maxims of Law, 1856; SOURCE:  http://famguardian.org/Publications/BouvierMaximsOfLaw/BouviersMaxims.htm ]

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• Open access
• Published: 08 August 2014

Is marital status associated with quality of life?

• Kyu-Tae Han 1 , 2 ,
• Eun-Cheol Park 2 , 3 ,
• Jae-Hyun Kim 1 , 2 ,
• Sun Jung Kim 1 , 2 &
• Sohee Park 2 , 4  

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes volume  12 , Article number:  109 ( 2014 ) Cite this article

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The divorce rate has been increasing rapidly in Korea; the single rate and trends in divorce are also changing rapidly. This study aimed to examine the relationship between marital status and quality of life (QOL) in an attempt to understand these changes. We also investigated the relationship between QOL and marital status by age group.

We used data from the Community Health Survey (2008: n  = 200,800; 2009: n  = 227,700; 2010: n  = 229,229) administered by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. After excluding 63,527 participants with incomplete information on QOL and/or marital status, the final analysis involved 594,202 participants. The analysis used t -tests and Chi-square tests to compare demographic variables between men and women, and ANOVA to compare QOL scores among comparison groups. We also performed a multilevel analysis on the relationship between QOL and marital status while accounting for the provincial differences.

The multilevel analysis by marital status showed that single men had significantly worse QOL (both EQ-VAS and EQ-5D) than married men. On the other hand, the QOL measured by EQ-VAS was better in single women than in married, and separated or divorced women. When QOL was assessed using EQ-5D, single and separated or divorced women had worse scores than married women. In the analysis by age group, the QOL of married men under the age of 30 years was lower than that of single men or men with marriage problems as measured by EQ-VAS. However, among 40–69-year-old men, married men had the highest QOL values. Similarly, for women in their 30s, single women had the highest EQ-VAS values, but for 40–69-year-old women, single women had lower EQ-VAS scores than married women.

There was significant relationship between marital status and QOL, and this relationship appeared to differ by gender and age.

Life Satisfaction as measured by the Better Life Index is an indicator of quality of life (QOL) and is calculated based on 11 indicators. In a report issued by the OECD in 2013, among the 37 countries examined, South Korea held a low position, 27 th place (Korea’s score: 6.0; OECD average: 6.6/10). It is apparent that life satisfaction among Koreans is low, even in comparisons using other indicators [ 1 ], no definitive factors have been identified that explain why life satisfaction or QOL is so low. Previous studies to clarify factors affecting QOL have considered relevant socio-economic conditions and socioeconomic status generally. However, few studies have examined how marriage status impacts QOL [ 2 ]–[ 4 ].

Marital status has been classified as single, married, and marriage problems (including separation, divorce, and bereavement). The situation for each group in this classification in South Korea is as follows. According to the 2008 OECD Family Database, the divorce rate in Korea is at a high level relative to other OECD countries (Korea: 2.6; OECD average: 2.1 of 7), and the divorce rate increased rapidly from 1970 to 2008 (change from 1970 to 2008: 2.2/4 total points) [ 5 ]. Moreover, according to the Population Trends Survey of the Korean National Statistical Office in 2000–2012, the divorce rate for men over 40 increased from 46.5% in 2000 to 70.5% in 2012, and the divorce rate for women increased from 54.2% to 74.5%. These numbers indicate that trends in divorce rates are changing [ 6 ]. According to the Population and Housing Census department of Statistics Korea, the single rate among men 25–39 years old rose from 30.0% in 1995 to 52.8% in 2010. Similarly, the single rate among 25–39-year-old women rose from 13.2% to 35.6% during the same period [ 7 ]. Thus, given that the trends in marital status among the Koreans are changing rapidly, a study on whether sudden changes in marital status influence QOL is needed.

Of course, there have been previous studies of QOL related to marital status. However, those studies focused on topics such as the social role of the spouse in mental health, the impact of marital status on a particular disease, or the impact of marital status in preventing certain diseases [ 8 ]–[ 15 ]. However, reported research on the impact of the rapid changes in marital status and on the relationship between marital status and QOL in each age group is lacking. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the differences in QOL by marital status and examined the relationship of marital status with QOL according to sex and age group.

Study population

The data used were from the Community Health Survey administered by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which was designed to facilitate inter-provincial comparisons [ 16 ]. The Community Health Survey was administered by investigators who conducted one-on-one visits and interviews targeting adults 19 years of age or older in 253 health centers nationwide starting in 2008. Data were gathered for 200,800 people in 2008, 227,700 people in 2009, and 229,229 people in 2010. These were integrated and sampling weights were incorporated for the analysis. The final analysis used data from 594,202 people from the total of 657,729 after excluding 63,527 people for whom information on QOL and/or marital status was incomplete and therefore could not be analyzed. Because the Community Health Survey data is a secondary data that do not contain private information and is available to public domain, our study did not have to address ethical concerns.

The outcome variables were scores on the EQ-VAS and EQ-5D Index. EQ-VAS is a self-rated health questionnaire presented as a vertical visual analog scale, where the endpoints are labeled “best” and “worst imaginable health state”. Participants completed the scale ranging from 0 to 100 on the study day. Responses to this scale were used as a quantitative measure of participants’ self-rated health. The EQ-5D is an index of five dimensions of health-related QOL. The five dimensions are mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Original EQ-5D index has values ranging from 0 to 1. For the purpose of comparing the two indicators (EQ-VAS and EQ-5D), the EQ-5D Index was multiplied by 100 before the data were analyzed.

The variable of major interest in its association with the outcome variables was marital status. Marital status was divided into married, single, and marriage problems (separation, divorce, bereavement). Other independent variables considered in the analysis were frequent depression for more than 2 weeks, awareness of stress, age, family income, education level, perceived health status, and survey year. Stress awareness was defined as the endorsing “a lot” or “very much” as descriptive of stress in one’s daily life. Age was classified into 5-years intervals. Family income was classified into four groups. Education levels were classified as “less than high school”, “high school education,” and “university education.” Subjective health status was defined describing one’s subjective health level as “good” or “very good”.

The provincial variables in the analysis reflected the characteristics of the Community Health Survey data used in the analysis. Provincial variables were based on the e-provincial indicators of the survey conducted by Statistics Korea by year, as follows: resident population, gross provincial domestic product (GRDP), crude divorce rate, and married couple [ 17 ]. The e-provincial indicators were variables representing the 16 provinces. GRDP as value-added on the production side was used as an indicator to measure how much value added to economic activities in each region.

Statistical analysis

For comparisons related to QOL, we analyzed men and women separately. For the analysis of the relationship between QOL and marital status, the following variables were adjusted: frequent depression for more than 2 weeks, stress awareness, age, family income, education level, perceived health status, survey year, and provincial variables. To compare the relationship between QOL and marital status by age group, age was divided into 5-year intervals. We first examined the distribution of each variable to analyze the general characteristics of each group, and we performed t -tests and χ 2 tests to examine differences in each variable according to gender. Next, to compare the average values on the QOL indices according to the independent variables, we performed analyses of variance (ANOVAs). Finally, to analyze the relationship between QOL and marital status, considering the characteristics of the Community Health Survey, we performed a multilevel analysis. All analyses were performed using SAS software (ver. 9.2). P -values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.

Of the 594,202 participants in the final sample, 46.0% were men, and 54.0% were women. A higher proportion of married persons were in men than in women. Women were almost twice as likely as were men to report frequent depression for more than 2 weeks, and awareness of stress was higher in women than for men. The subjective health status of men was higher than that of women. Regarding provincial variables, the resident registration population of men was slightly higher than that of women, and the average of GRDP was higher in men than in women (Table  1 ).

The overall ANOVA revealed that the average EQ-VAS score was higher for men than for women. In terms of the relationship between QOL and marital status, men and women had similar results. EQ-VAS scores were higher in the order single > married > marriage problems for both men and women. The overall QOL, measured by the EQ-5D Index, was higher for men than women. The QOL measured by the EQ-5D Index was higher in the order single > married > the marriage problems in both men and women (Table  2 ).

A multilevel analysis of the EQ-VAS was conducted to investigate the relationship between QOL and marital status while adjusting for potential confounding variables such as age, depression, stress, and socioeconomic status. Based on marital status, men had higher EQ-VAS values in the order married > single > marriage problems, and women had higher values in the order single > married > marriage problems (male single: −0.567, separation/divorce/bereavement: −0.966; female single: 0.760, separation/divorce/bereavement: −0.544; p  < 0.05). The multilevel analysis of EQ-5D by marital status revealed that men had higher values in the order married > marriage problems > single. EQ-5D values for women were higher in the order married > single > marriage problems (male single: −0.904, separation/divorce/bereavement: −0.707; female single: -0.273, separation/divorce/bereavement: −0.822; p  < 0.05; Table  3 ).

When examined in detail the relationship between QOL and marital status by sex and age group, EQ-VAS scores in men younger than 30 years old who were single or had marriage problems indicated better QOL than was found in married men (age 19–24, single: 2.028, p  < 0.05; separation/divorce/bereavement: 0.2906, p  > 0.05; age 25–29, single: 0.977, p  < 0.05; separation/divorce/bereavement: 1.894, p  < 0.05). In the 35–69-year age group among men, single men tended to have lower QOL scores than did married men. In the 40–64-year interval, the estimated QOL score was higher in the order married > marriage problems and single. In the analysis of the EQ-5D, there was a slightly different tendency from that seen for EQ-VAS. Regardless of age, in men, QOL was in the order married > marriage problems and single.

EQ-VAS scores in women under 30 years showed higher QOL scores in the order single > married > marriage problems (age 19–24, single: 2.160, p  < 0.05; separation/divorce/bereavement: 2.756, p  < 0.05; age 25–29, single: 1.236, p  < 0.05; separation/divorce/bereavement: −0.054, p  > 0.05). In women aged 40–49 years, QOL scores were lower among single than among married women, and between 45 and 54 years, marriage problems were associated with poorer QOL than was married status (Figure  1 ).

Regression coefficient estimates for EQ-VAS by marital status and age. A) Differences in EQ-VAS according to marital status by age group in men, B) Differences in EQ-VAS according to marital status by age group in women; * P -value <0.05, P -values for results of multilevel analysis. Adjusted for frequent depression for more than 2 weeks, stress awareness, age, family income, education, perceived health status, year of survey, provincial variables. Whiskers in each bar represent standard error estimates of regression coefficients. Reference group is “Married”.

The EQ-5D scores of women under 30 years showed higher QOL scores in the order single > married > marriage problems (age 19–24, single: 0.042, p  > 0.05; separation/divorce/bereavement: −0.431, p  > 0.05; age 25–29, single: 0.190, p  < 0.05; separation/divorce/bereavement: −0.444, p  < 0.05). Among women over 35 years of age, QOL was higher in the order married > marriage problems > single (Figure  2 ).

Regression coefficient estimates for EQ-5D by marital status and age. A) Differences in EQ-5D according to marital status by age group in men, B) Differences in EQ-5D according to marital status by age group in women; * P -value <0.05, P -values for results of multilevel analysis. Adjusted for frequent depression for more than 2 weeks, stress awareness, age, family income, education, perceived health status, year of survey, provincial variables. Whiskers in each bar represent standard error estimates of regression coefficients. Reference group is “Married”.

In an additional analysis by dividing the marital status into five groups (single, separation, bereavement, divorced and married), the overall results between marital status and QOL were similar to those when “separation, bereavement and divorced” were collapsed in the analysis. EQ-VAS scores were the lowest in men and women with marital status of separation (single: −0.563, separation: −1.922, and bereavement: −1.152 compared with married in men; single: 0.763, separation:-1.205, bereavement: −0.507 compared with married in women; p < 0.05). EQ-5D scores showed similar trends as EQ-VAS (male single: −0.902, separation: −1.290, bereavement: −0.792; female single: −0.242, separation:-0.980, bereavement: −1.156; p < 0.05). The coefficients for divorced men or women were not statistically significant.

To clarify the causes of low QOL among South Koreans at a national level, targeting adults 19 years of age or older, we focused on marital status as one socioeconomic issue and then analyzed its association with quality of life. Some differences were evident depending on whether we used EQ-5D or EQ-VAS, but we nonetheless observed differences in quality of life depending on marital status in men and women. The EQ-VAS scores of men were a more sensitive indicator of the decline in the quality of life that occurred with marriage problems than the decline associated with single status. However, the decline in QOL associated with single status was greater than that associated with marriage problems using the EQ-5D.

In the case of women, the quality of life of single women was good according to EQ-VAS, and the decline in QOL with marriage problems was high using scores on the EQ-5D. The analysis based on age groups showed that, at younger ages, QOL as measured by EQ-VAS was higher in single men and women. Furthermore, the decrease in QOL due to the marriage problems and being single increased gradually with age. Scores on the EQ-5D for men indicated that QOL was lower among those who had marriage problems and were single regardless of age, but in the case of women, marriage problems and being single were associated with lower QOL in all groups except for women under 30 years of age.

These results show some similarities and differences compared with those of previous studies. According to previous studies, married people have improved mental health compared with those who are single, divorced, or bereaved due to the social relationship with the spouse [ 13 ],[ 18 ]–[ 20 ]. In the present study, married people had higher QOL scores than did those in different marriage status groups generally, but when the results were analyzed by age group, married people under 30 did not have better quality of life than their non-married peers.

Another study examined the relationship of marriage status with mortality and morbidity and found that those who were single, divorced, or bereaved showed higher mortality and morbidity in specific diseases compared with those who were married or cohabiting [ 21 ]–[ 23 ]. In the present study, we considered health-related QOL rather than any particular disease, but the positive impact of marriage was similar in both cases. Additionally, previous research on mental health by age group showed that the mental health of single people was better than that of married people in individuals younger than 30 years of age. These results are similar to our study, which showed high QOL among single participants 30–39 years old. However, age groups were not analyzed in detail in the previous study, as they were here, but were divided into three groups. Also, the previous study focused on dermatological patients [ 10 ].

This study has some strengths and some limitations. First, the data used were national-level data, making it possible to understand the health of provincial residents, to establish health policies based on evidence, and to evaluate them. Above all, these data reflected the experiences of residents of particular provincialities, not just patients. As also shown in another study, differences in the relationship between marital status and well-being were shared by culture and regions [ 24 ], it was meaningful to be able to simultaneously consider the provincial variables in analysis. Furthermore, the study used a large representative sample, and data were collected from a nationwide population. Next, to our knowledge, this is first report on the relationship between QOL (measured by EQ-VAS and EQ-5D) and marital status by age group. Previous studies focused only on QOL by socioeconomic status and the relationship between QOL and marital status in a particular disease. Also, some of those studies did not measure QOL using EQ-VAS or EQ-5D. Finally, this study identified differences in QOL by gender and age group. In some age groups, men had higher QOL scores than women, whereas in other age groups, the reverse was found. This result shows that it is necessary to analyze data for each gender separately when studying quality of life.

However, this study was cross-sectional in nature, hence there is limitation in interpreting the causal relationship between marital status and QOL. But the question about the marital status is for the current time period and the question about the quality of life was on the day the participant filled out the questionnaire. Therefore, we believe that the direction in this relationship is at least from marital status to the quality of life, and it is unlikely that the participants’ previous quality of life resulted in the current marital status. To more accurately measure the relationship between quality of life and marital status, other issues must be considered. For instance, studies are needed about the positive impact of marital satisfaction on quality of life, about marital quality by age group, and about the increase in depression due to marital disruption. Thus, it is important to consider the marital quality in addition to marital status [ 25 ]–[ 27 ]. There is also a need to examine the factors leading to the rapid changes in marriage status over time and their impact on the quality of life.

Sudden changes in marital status are expected to have a significant impact on the quality of life in Koreans in the future. Realistically, these changes will be difficult to manage for married and single people. However, it is possible to seek means to help people who are experiencing marriage problems. In particular, intensive management for those in their 40s, the age group with the greatest reduction in quality of life due to marriage problems, should be encouraged.

It is possible for the quality of life to decline due to factors other than marital status, so it is necessary to prevent the decline in QOL in advance through government-level support for people experiencing marriage problems. There is also a need to consider the cultural background of South Korea. Under the influence of Confucianism, Korean society is characterized by a conservative perspective. Thus, bias may occur against people who have experienced a divorce. It is important to develop countermeasures to revise the cultural atmosphere in Korea as part of the solution to the issues faced for those who have experienced marital problems.

There was a significant relationship between marital status and QOL, and this relationship appeared to differ by gender and age. The results of this study would provide the reference information for developing the management policy for declined QOL.

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Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Kyu-Tae Han, Jae-Hyun Kim & Sun Jung Kim

Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Kyu-Tae Han, Eun-Cheol Park, Jae-Hyun Kim, Sun Jung Kim & Sohee Park

Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Eun-Cheol Park

Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea

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KTH and SP led the design and conception of the study, performed the data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. ECP and JHK participated in the study design, and provided intellectual input to the development of the manuscript. SJK assisted to draft this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Han, KT., Park, EC., Kim, JH. et al. Is marital status associated with quality of life?. Health Qual Life Outcomes 12 , 109 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-014-0109-0

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Brownlee, Kimberley. "The moral status of civil disobedience." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7cd0f25d-7550-41f6-a902-ab752e7d1026.

bin, Nik Mahmod Nik Ahmad Kamal. "The constitutional status of civil servants in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602296.

Ferrie, Jane Elizabeth. "Change in employment status and health in white collar workers." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322313.

Li, Dian S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Social status and governmental trust : a study of civil society organizations in Guangzhou, China." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62469.

Fauth, Juliana de Andrade. "Sujeitos de direitos não personalizados e o status jurídico civil dos animais não humanos." Faculdade de Direito, 2016. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/20802.

Quiroga, León Aníbal. "Genesis, development, status and future of the project of harmonization of civil procedure transnational RULES." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116572.

Alexander, Maconochie James. "Marketing in the construction industry : an analysis of its development, current status and future direction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36505.

Neumann, Caryn E. "Status seekers: long-established women’s organizations and the women’s movement in the United States, 1945-1970s." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1135871482.

Wang, Chao. "Present status and future trends of end-of-life vehicles in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2492993.

Neumann, Caryn E. "Status seekers long-established women's organizations and the women's movement in the United States, 1945-1970s /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1135871482.

Moses, Quentin Jamil. "The effect of the 1964 Civil Rights Act on black Americans." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/587.

Nelson, Michael A. Jr. "Overstretched and Underfunded: The Status of the US Military in the GWoT." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31165.

The events of 9-11 caused the US military to deploy across the globe in support of the Global War on Terror (GWoT) with the assurance it would receive the resources needed to fulfill those operations. As a subordinate arm of the government, the US military is entrusted to prosecute the policies of its civilian leadership provided they receive the required resources to do so. As this thesis demonstrates however, the military is struggling to reconcile how to deliver the goals of its civilian administration when it simultaneously fails to receive the resources needed to meet their demands.

The Department of Defense (DoD) is experiencing a stark increase in its deployments and combat operations. Unprecedented 'peacetime' use of Reserve and Guard forces and remarkable DoD personnel policies have stretched the military thin. Despite substantial military budget increases, the military fails to receive adequate funding for combat operations. Meanwhile, soldiers fail to receive the appropriate equipment needed to fight the emerging threats of the GWoT. The military continues to thin many of its own operations, increase the stress on its members, and over-work its equipment in order to meet the needs of its civilian government.

Three solutions exist: maintain the status quo, reduce the scope of the GWoT, or begin military funding on par with past wartime budgets. The status quo produced an overstretched/underfunded military. Threats to US security can not support a reduced GWoT. Therefore, the US should increase DoD end strength, increase GWoT funding, and accelerate weapons research and procurement.

Obuch, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Civil Society Organizations in the Hybrid Regime of Nicaragua : Challenging or Maintaining the Status Quo? / Katharina Obuch." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1160322716/34.

Jain, Mehul. "Status of household water treatment and safe storage in 45 countries and a case study in Northern India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58082.

Felker, Deborah. "The Impact of Civil War on Institutionalized Gender Inequality: Taking a New Approach." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1277146681.

Prowse, Peter John. "The changing character of industrial relations institutions and employment status : an evaluation of Whitleyism in the Civil Service." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275345.

Pobee, Joseph Orleans Mends. "Ghanaians in health and sickness: some aspects of the general and cardiovascular health status of Ghanaian civil servants." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.644796.

Pang, Chi-wai, and 彭志偉. "Understanding of civil liabilities among practising engineers in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29563586.

Fontana-Content, Justine. "Binarité sexuée et états d'intersexuation : de l'opportunité du maintien de la mention du sexe à l'état civil." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD048/document.

Ruiz-Orejón, Luis F. "Floating plastic debris in the central and western Mediterranean sea : current status and its social perception." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/620795.

Quiroga, León Aníbal. "Génesis, desarrollo, status y futuro del proyecto de armonización de los principios y las normas del Proceso Civil Transnacional." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116305.

May, Travis R. "Ireland and Empire: The Application of Dominion Status as Solution to the Irish Question and the Coming of Civil War." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144577.

Lindfelt, Mats. "Fundamental rights in the European Union - towards higher law of the land? a study of the status of fundamental rights in a broader constitutional setting /." Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press [etc.], 2007. https://oa.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/4235/LindfeltMats.pdf?sequence=1.

Heaton, John Ricou. "Civilians at war reexamining the status of civilians accompanying the armed forces /." View thesis, 2004. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA425026.

Bitelli, Marcos Alberto Sant'Anna. "Técnica civil de identificação de direito à imagem." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7091.

Aksak, Rona Isabelle. "Status konsolidering: Turkiet : En fallstudie om utmaningarna för en konsolideringsprocess i Turkiet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79834.

Umubyeyi, Christine. "Access to justice in civil matters : a critical analysis of legal representation of minors under guardianship in Rwanda." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18653.

Retish, Aaron Benyamin. "Peasant Identities in Russia’s Turmoil: Status, Gender, and Ethnicity in Viatka Province, 1914-1921." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1051221981.

Ali, Amir. "L'assimilation juridique du statut personnel mahorais." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1016/document.

Stores, Chaun A. "African American farmers tilling for congressional attention exploring the agenda status of agricultural support policy and the hopeful permeations of civil rights (1940-1998) /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4065.

Marco, Fernández Raquel. "Un estudio de la interferencia lingüística del uso del verboser + estado civil del castellano hablado por catalanes." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Spanska, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-17074.

Sharafeldin, Marwa. "Personal status law reform in Egypt : women's rights : NGOs navigating between Islamic law and human rights." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9d389f66-f8f6-4c0a-8755-1f7d2186a1ba.

Frías, José. "Understanding indigenous rights : the case of indigenous peoples in Venezuela." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31158.

Mowell, Barry D. "Degree and Patterns of Formal NGO Participation within the United Nations Economic and Social Committee (ECOSOC): An Appraisal of NGO Consultative Status Relative to Political Pluralism." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3213.

Petrokaitė, Milda. "Valstybės tarnautojų teisinė padėtis 1918-1940 metais." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050509_113656-57848.

Nagrockienė, Erika. "Šešupės tvenkinio Marijampolėje aplinkosauginės būklės pagerinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130621_143142-51402.

Malbon, Justin Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Indigenous rights under the Australian constitution : a reconciliation perspective." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19044.

Condurache, Gabriela. "Les défis juridiques de la fonction publique en Roumanie : entre tradition et modernisation. Étude comparée à partir de l’exemple français." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2D001.

Roerick, Kyle. "Much Ado About Free Trade? Examining the Role of Discourse and Civil Society in Framing the Anti-Free Trade Debate, 1985-1988." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22757.

Mia, Shanaaz Christine. "The child's voice in the Hague Convention: Does ascertaining the child's view realise the best interests of the child in legal and related proceedings in terms of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2002. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

Vant, Megan. "In Legal Limbo? The status and rights of detainees from the 2001 war in Afghanistan." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2448.

Caprice, Kevin Ryne. "Won, but Not One: The Construction of Union Veteranhood, 1861-1917." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77944.

Kadem, Sabine. "Le droit du plus faible comme principe d'interprétation judiciaire en droit civil de la personne." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0104.

Santa, Marisa. "Construction de l'identité individuelle : jeux d'entente et de concurrence entre l'état civil et la "Comédie Humaine" de Balzac." Thesis, Toulon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUL3004.

Berchtold, Claudia [Verfasser]. "Solidarity in the EU: wishful thinking or status quo? : analysing the paradox of EU solidarity and national sovereignty in civil protection in the context of Art. 222 TFEU (Solidarity Clause) / Claudia Berchtold." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1204459452/34.

Cilliers, Judy-Ann. "The refugee as citizen : the possibility of political membership in a cosmopolitan world." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96022.

Rosso, Roig Anna. "Les droits et libertés du majeur protégé : "l'effectivité de la loi n° 2007-308 du 5 mars 2007"." Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0108.

Dion, Fabrice. "Contractualisation et emploi public." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020023.

Ashley, Daniel. "Civil War Photographs Considered." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/AshleyD2004.pdf.

Trindade, Ivan Gustavo Junio Santos. "OS REFLEXOS DO ESTATUTO DA PESSOA COM DEFICIÊNCIA (LEI N. 13.146-15) NO SISTEMA BRASILEIRO DE INCAPACIDADE CIVIL." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2016. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2757.

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It's your family status. It includes several situations, including being single, married, divorced or in a common-law relationship and whether or not you have children.

A person cannot discriminate or harass you because of your civil status. The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms prohibits anyone to:

• treat you differently because of your civil status
• make offensive and repeated  comments to you related to your civil status
• behave repeatedly in an offensive manner  towards you in relation to your civil status

Do you believe you are being discriminated against or harassed because of your civil status?

The Commission can help you recognize discrimination or harassment and take action to prevent or stop discriminatory behaviour.

Discrimination Harassment Defending your rights

Discriminated against at work because she is married

Eric and Rosanne are married and worked for the same company. Following a disagreement with his superior, Eric resigned. Since then, Rosanne was monitored in an unusual way, even though she has ten years of seniority and her performance reviews have always been excellent. Rosanne asked the company president to address this. The president told Rosanne that Eric’s resignation had complicated things, and then dismissed her. Rosanne is not responsible for her husband’s resignation. Her employer cannot dismiss her because of Eric’s behaviour. This is discrimination on the basis of civil status.

Discrimination for having a baby

Fatou made a telephone appointment to view an apartment for rent. She went there that afternoon with her baby. When she arrived, the owner looked at her in surprise and refused to let her view the unit. He told her that the apartment has just been rented to someone else. Yet, the “For Rent” sign was still up. Fatou was discriminated against on the basis of her civil status. The landlord cannot deny her a place to live because she has a child.

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Civil status philippines, civil status classification, the importance of accuracy.

When completing any formal document that requires the disclosure of civil status, accuracy and truthfulness are paramount. Incorrect or misleading information can have a range of legal implications, from minor administrative sanctions to more serious legal repercussions like perjury.

Recognized Categories

In the Philippines, the legal categories for civil status are typically limited to Single, Married, Widowed, or Legally Separated. Any deviation from these recognized categories may not be considered legally valid and could be misleading.

Implications for Separation

For individuals who are separated from their spouses but not legally divorced or annulled, indicating a status of "Separated-in-fact" may be factually correct but is not legally recognized. Therefore, the individual would still be considered "Married" in the eyes of the law until such time that an annulment or legal separation is granted by a competent court.

Responsibility to Update

It is the responsibility of the individual to update their civil status in all official documents, including government records and employment-related paperwork, as soon as a change in status is legally recognized. Failure to do so can result in administrative or even criminal sanctions, particularly if the incorrect status confers a benefit or right to which the individual is not entitled.

Consequences of False Information

Providing false information on official documents is a serious offense that may lead to penalties, including fines, imprisonment, or both. If the document where the incorrect information is entered is submitted under oath, then the individual might also be liable for perjury.

The proper disclosure of civil status is not just a matter of bureaucratic formality; it has implications for various legal rights and responsibilities. As such, it is vital to ensure that any representation made about one's civil status is accurate and in conformity with legally recognized categories.

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Services & Civil Status

• Discrimination

What's covered?

What's not covered, case studies, services & civil status discrimination.

Discrimination on the ‘civil status ground’ happens where there is less favourable treatment of one person compared to another person because they are of different civil status.

‘Civil status’ is defined as being single, married, separated or divorced, widowed, in a civil partnership or being a former civil partner in a civil partnership that has ended by death or, been dissolved.

People cannot discriminate on the grounds of civil status:

• when they are providing goods and services to the public generally or, a section of the public;
• whether these are free or where the goods and services are sold, hired or rented or exchanged; or
• when providing access to and the use of any place or or facility.

What is meant by services and goods?

The Equal Status Acts aim to make sure that people are treated equally when they access goods and services.

You are using a service when a person or organisation does something for you, or supplies you with something.

Goods are any moveable property. For example, goods are items that can be bought or sold.

You are protected if you are using a facility or, service of any nature, including facilities for:

• banking, insurance, grants, loans, credit or financing;
• entertainment, recreation or refreshment;
• cultural activities;
• transport or travel;
• a service or facility provided by a club (which is available to the public or a section of the public);
• a professional trade or service, such as plumbers or financial advisors; and
• educational services; and
• public services provided by the State (for example HSE, local authorities).

This list is not a full list. The Equal Status Acts take a broad view of what a service is.

What is discrimination in public services?

Public services, such as the health service, social welfare or local authorities are all covered by equality law. This includes things like tax, grant and pension assessments.

What about financial services?

Financial services such banks and insurers are covered by equality law on services and goods.

Example An insurer refuses to cover you because of your civil status.

Risk exemption for financial services 

Not all differences in treatment by financial services are unlawful.

Specifically, section 5(2)(d) of the Equal Status Acts allows for difference in the treatment of persons, in relation to annuities, pensions, insurance policies or any other matters relating to the assessment of risk , where the treatment is effected by reference to:

• actuarial and statistical data obtained from a source on which it is reasonable to reply, or other relevant underwriting or commercial factors, and;
• is reasonable having regard to the data or other relevant factors.

Any decision to treat a person applying for an insurance policy less favourably under any of the nine protected grounds, or not to provide a service at all, must be based on reasonable evidence, and relevant underwriting or commercial factors .

If you are refused insurance or quoted a higher premium, you are entitled to the reason(s) for this.

It is also important to note that this exemption does not apply to the gender ground, meaning no difference in treatment by a financial service can be justified on the basis of gender.

Also, although this has not been determined by the Courts, it is worth noting that difference in treatment on the basis of race may also be unlawful.

Refused insurance complaints

If you have been refused insurance cover, you are entitled to go to the Declined Cases Committee of Insurance Ireland, who will obtain an insurance quotation on your behalf.

In order for the Committee to consider your case, you must first have sought and been refused quotations, in writing, from at least three insurers.

The Equal Status Acts 2000–2018:

• promote equality;
• prohibit certain kinds of discrimination (with some exemptions) across a number of specified grounds (Age, Civil Status, Disability, Family Status, Gender, Membership of the Traveller Community, Race, Religion, Sexual Orientation);
• prohibit sexual harassment and harassment across a number of specified grounds;
• prohibit victimisation;
• require reasonable accommodation of people with disabilities;
• allow a broad range of positive action measures.

The Equal Status Acts also implement the following two EU Directives – the Race Directive and the Gender Goods and Services Directive.

How do I know if I’m being unfavourably treated?

Different types of discrimination are prohibited under the Equal Status Acts, these include:

Direct discrimination

This is defined as the treatment of a person in a less favourable way than another person who is in a comparable situation, because they differ on any of the nine grounds described above. This is a difference which:

• existed but no longer exists;
• may exist in the future; or
• is imputed to the person concerned (this occurs where a person is labelled as differing under the specified grounds even though this is not the case).

Discrimination by association

This occurs when a person who associates with another person is treated less favourably because that other person differs under any of the specified grounds.

Indirect discrimination

This happens where an apparently neutral provision, criterion or practice which appears unproblematic at first sight, puts a person who differs under any of the specified grounds at a particular disadvantage, compared with another person. This provision, criterion or practice will not amount to discrimination where it is demonstrated that:

• the provision, criterion or practice is objectively justified by a legitimate aim; and
• the means of achieving that aim are appropriate; and
• the means of achieving that aim are necessary.

Procuring discrimination

It is an offence under the Equal Status Acts to procure or attempt to procure another person to engage in discrimination, harassment or sexual harassment.

What responsibilities do service providers have?

Positive action

The Equal Status Acts allow for taking of positive measures (or preferential treatment) which are legitimately intended to:

• promote equality of opportunity for disadvantaged persons;
• cater for the special needs of persons, or a category of persons who because of their circumstances, may require facilities, arrangements, services or assistance.

In addition, the Equal Status Acts allow for the imposition of a reasonable preferential fee, charge or rate in respect of anything offered or provided in respect of families, married couples, older or younger persons, or persons with a disability.

Vicarious liability

Employers are liable for discriminatory acts of an employee in the course of his or her employment.

It is not a defence if the act was done without the employer’s knowledge or approval unless they can prove that they took reasonably practicable steps to prevent the conduct.

It is a defence if an employer can show that reasonable practicable steps were taken to prevent the employee from doing the act, or acts of that description.

Anything done by a person as agent for another person, with the authority (whether express or implied) of that other person shall be treated as if it was done by that other person.

What can I do if I’m being harassed or sexually harassed?

Harassment and sexual harassment

Sexual harassment and harassment in the provision of goods and services is prohibited. A person (‘the harasser’) shall not harass or sexually harass another person (‘the victim’) who seeks to use goods or services provided by the harasser.

What is harassment and sexual harassment?

Harassment is any form of unwanted conduct related to any of the specified grounds. Sexual harassment is any form of unwanted verbal, nonverbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.

In both cases, it is conduct which has the purpose or effect of violating a person’s dignity and creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for the person.

In both cases, the unwanted conduct may include acts, requests, spoken words, gestures or the production, display or circulation of written words, emails and social media, text messages, pictures, or other material.

A person’s rejection of, or submission to, sexual or other harassment may not be used by any other person as a basis for a decision affecting that person.

Who is a responsible person?

A person who is responsible for the operation of any place where goods, facilities or services are offered to the public is defined as a ‘responsible person’.

The ‘responsible person’ must ensure that any person who has a right to be there, is not sexually harassed or harassed. It shall be a defence for the responsible person to prove that he or she took steps as are ‘reasonably practicable’ to prevent the sexual harassment or harassment for occurring.

What if I am retaliated against for making a complaint?

Victimisation

It is victimisation if a person is threatened or treated badly because they make a complaint about discrimination in relation to the provision of goods and services. Victimisation is against the law.

For example, it is victimisation if you are threatened or treated badly because:

• you make a complaint of discrimination against a service provider;
• you have been involved in a discrimination case at the Workplace Relations Commission;
• you helped someone else to make a claim;
• you were involved as a witness in a discrimination case at the Workplace Relations Commission;
• you have taken a discrimination claim to court;
• you have told a service provider that you intend to do any of the things mentioned in this list.

There are several significant exemptions in the Equal Status Acts that apply to the provision of goods and services. The Equal Status Acts allow for people to be treated differently in certain circumstances.

These exemptions should be read restrictively and should not be allowed to restrict unduly the general prohibition on discrimination.

Financial services - risk exemptions on all grounds, except gender

Difference in treatment on any of the grounds, except for the gender ground, in relation to the provision of annuities, pensions, insurance policies or any other matters related to the assessment of risk , is permitted if the difference in treatment is effected by reference to:

• actuarial or statistical data, or other relevant underwriting or commercial factors; and
• is reasonable having regard to the data or, other relevant factors.

Exemptions on all grounds

Wills/gifts

The Equal Status Acts do not apply to the disposal of goods by will or by gift.

Specialised need

The Equal Status Acts permit difference in treatment where the goods or service could reasonably be regarded as being suitable only to the needs of certain persons.

General exemptions

Action required by or under law

A general exemption provides that nothing in the Equal Status Acts shall prohibit the taking of any action that is required under:

• statutory provision or court order;
•  any act done or measure adopted by the EU; or
• any international treaty which imposes an obligation on the State.

Only actions that are mandatory are covered. Where the measure leaves some discretion the anti-discrimination provisions do apply.

Certain nationals of other countries

Public authorities can treat certain nationals of other countries differently, on the basis of their nationality, who are outside the State or unlawfully present in it (for the purposes of the Immigration Act 2004) or in accordance with any provision or condition made by or under any enactment, and arising from his or her entry to or residence in the State.

Risk of criminal or disorderly conduct

A provider of goods or services, or a person providing accommodation or related services, can refuse a service or accommodation to a person if a reasonable individual, having the knowledge and experience of the provider, would form the belief that the provision of service or accommodation to

the customer would produce a substantial risk of criminal or disorderly conduct or behaviour, or damage to property in or around the area where the service or accommodation is provided.

Clinical judgment

Treating a person differently does not constitute discrimination where a person is treated differently solely in the exercise of a clinical judgement in connection with a diagnosis of illness or her/his medical treatment.

Capacity to enter into a contract

Treating a person differently does not constitute discrimination if a person is incapable of entering into an enforceable contract or, is incapable of giving informed consent and for that reason the treatment is reasonable.

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What's next, make a complaint to the workplace relations commission.

The Workplace Relations Commission (WRC) is the body that hears discrimination complaints under Ireland’s equality laws. The WRC deals with both employment and service/goods related claims. There is no fee to bring a case to the WRC and complaints can be made online.

Learn more about the WRC process

We, the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission, have a statutory role to fight discrimination and provide information on equality and human rights in Ireland. Please note however that we are not a court and we do not decide on discrimination claims.

Learn more about how to contact us

• Contact another organisation

You may find that another organisation could better help you with your issue.

Employment rights / Equal treatment in services

Workplace relations commission.

Phone: 059 9178990 | Lo-call: 1890 80 80 90 * (09.30 - 17.00, Monday to Friday)

Web: https://www.workplacerelations.ie/en/contact_us/contact-details/

Social welfare information

Department of employment affairs and social protection.

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 071 919 3302

Web: https://services.mywelfare.ie/en/

Social welfare appeals

Social welfare appeals office.

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 1890 74 74 34 01

Web: www.socialwelfareappeals.ie/

Unfair treatment by a public body

Office of the ombudsman.

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 1890 223 030

Web: https://www.ombudsman.ie

Standards in health and social care services

The health information and quality authority (hiqa).

Email: [email protected]

Web: https://www.hiqa.ie/

One-parent families

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 01 662 9212 |

Web: www.onefamily.ie

Information for unmarried parents

Treoir - national federation of services for unmarried parents and their children.

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 01 6700 120

Web: www.treoir.ie

Legal advice

Free legal advice centres.

Phone: Lo-Call: 1890 350 250

Web: https://www.flac.ie/

The Legal Aid Board

Consumer and competition rights, competition and consumer protection commission.

Phone: 1890 432 432

Web: https://www.ccpc.ie

Declined insurance

Declined insurance cases of insurance ireland.

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (01) 676 1820

Citizen's Information Centres

Citizen's information.

Phone: 0761 07 4000

Web: https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/

Browse the database of organisations working on human rights and equality issues in Ireland.

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• Your Rights
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• Select a Reason: Age Civil Status Disability Family Status Gender Housing Assistance Payment Membership of the Traveller Community Race Religion Sexual Orientation
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Civil Status

In this section.

• Different kinds of discrimination in the workplace
• What categories of people are covered by the Employment Equality Acts
• General exemptions to the law on discrimination in the workplace
• Exemptions which apply to one, or more, of the nine grounds
• Exemptions which apply to particular kinds of employment
• Before you make a complaint under the Employment Equality Acts
• What happens when you make a complaint under the Employment Equality Acts
• What happens if you succeed or, fail in the Workplace Relations Commission?
• Different kinds of discrimination in relation to services
• What categories of people are covered by the law on discrimination in relation to services?
• General exemptions to the law on discrimination in relation to services
• Specific exemptions which apply to goods and services
• What happens when you make a complaint to the Workplace Relations Commission under the Equal Status Acts
• What happens if you succeed or fail in the Workplace Relations Commission
• Human Rights Law in Ireland

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