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India’s Struggle for Independence: Indian Freedom Movement

Last updated on April 8, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

In the  6-part framework to study modern Indian History , we have so far covered:

• India in 1750 .
• British Expansion .
• The changes introduced by the British .
• Popular Uprisings and Revolts against the British
• Socio-religious movements in India .

In this article (6th part), we discuss the emergence of Indian nationalism and India’s struggle for independence.

Table of Contents

Indian Nationalism

India has been unified under many empires in its history like the Mauryan Empire and Mughal empire. A sense of oneness has been there for ages – even though most of the centralised administration in India didn’t last long.

With the end of Mughal rule, India broke into hundreds of princely states.  The British – which were instrumental in the fall of the Mughal Empire – held control over the princely states and created the British Indian Empire .

However, most Indians were extremely dissatisfied with the exploitative foreign rule.

The educated Indians realised that the British always gave priority to their colonial interests and treated India only as a market.

They advocated for the political independence of India.

Foundation of Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885

The late nineteenth century witnessed the emergence of many political organisations in British India.

Indian National Congress (also known as Congress Party) founded in 1885 was the most prominent one.

Initially, its aim was to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between Indians and the British Raj and thus obtain a greater share of government for educated Indians.

Later, under the leaders like Mahatma Gandhi , Jawarhal Nehru , Subhas Chandra Bose , and Sardar Vallabhai Patel , the Congress party played a central role in organising mass movements against the British.

Partition of Bengal (1905)

Indian nationalism was gaining in strength and Bengal was the nerve centre of Indian nationalism in the early 1900s.

Lord Curzon, the Viceroy (1899-1905), attempted to ‘dethrone Calcutta’ from its position as the centre from which the Congress Party manipulated throughout Bengal, and indeed, the whole of India.

The decision to partition Bengal into two was in the air from December 1903.

Congress party – from 1903 to mid-1905 – tried moderate techniques of petitions, memoranda, speeches, public meetings and press campaigns. The objective was to turn to public opinion in India and England against the partition.

However, Viceroy Curzon 1905 formally announced the British Government’s decision for the partition of Bengal on 19 July 1905. The partition took effect on 16 October 1905.

The partition was meant to foster another kind of division – on the basis of religion. The aim was to place Muslim communalists as a counter to the Congress. Curzon promised to make Dacca the new capital.

This resulted in a lot of discontent among the Indians. Many considered this as a policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ by the British.

This triggered a self-sufficiency movement popularly known as the Swadeshi movement.

Also read: Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Architect of the Indian Republic

The Swadeshi Movement (1905-1908)

From conservative moderation to political extremism, from terrorism to incipient socialism, from petitioning and public speeches to passive resistance and boycott, all had their origins in the movement.

Swadeshi is a conjunction of two Sanskrit words: swa (“self”) and desh (“country”).

The movement popularised the use and consumption of indigenous products. Indians started ditching British goods for Indian products.

Women, students, and a large section of the urban and rural population of Bengal and other parts of India became actively involved in politics for the first time with Swadeshi Movement.

The message of Swadeshi and the boycott of foreign goods soon spread to the rest of the country.

The militant nationalists led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lajpat Rai and Aurobindo Ghosh were in favour of extending the movement to the rest of India and carrying it beyond the programme of just Swadeshi and boycott to a full-fledged political mass struggle. For them, the aim was Swaraj.

In 1906, the Indian National Congress at its Calcutta Session presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, declared that the goal of the Indian National Congress was ‘self-government or Swaraj like that of the United Kingdom or the Colonies.

There were differences in the ideologies of the congressmen who were popularly known by the names Moderates and the Extremists. They had differences of opinion regarding the pace of the movement and the techniques of struggle to be adopted. This came to a head in the 1907 Surat session of the Congress where the party split (the two factions re-joined later).

This period also saw a breakthrough in Indian art, literature, music, science and industry.

It was, perhaps, in the cultural sphere that the impact of the Swadeshi Movement was most marked. The songs composed at that time by Rabindranath Tagore, Rajani Kanta Sen etc became the moving spirit for nationalists of all hues.

In art, this was the period when Abanindranath Tagore broke the domination of Victorian naturalism over Indian art and sought inspiration from the rich indigenous traditions of Mughal, Rajput and Ajanta paintings.

In science, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray, and others pioneered original research that was praised the world over.

The Swadeshi period also saw the creative use of traditional popular festivals and melas as a means of reaching out to the masses. The Ganapati and Shivaji festivals, popularized by Tilak, became a medium for Swadeshi propaganda not only in Western India but also in Bengal.

Another important aspect of the Swadeshi Movement was the great emphasis given to self-reliance or ‘Atmasakti’in various fields meant the re-asserting of national dignity, honour and confidence.

Self-reliance also meant an effort to set up Swadeshi or indigenous enterprises. The period saw a mushrooming of Swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories etc.

One of the major features of the programme of self-reliance was Swadeshi or National Education. In 1906, the National Council of Education was established. The vernacular medium was given stress from the primary to university level.

Corps of volunteers (or samitis as they were called) were another major form of mass mobilization widely used by the Swadeshi Movement. The Swadesh Bandhab Samiti set up by Ashwini Kumar Dutt was the most well-known volunteer organization of them all.

Reasons for the failure of the Swadeshi Movement

• The main drawback of the Swadeshi Movement was that it was not able to garner the support of the mass. The British use of communalism to turn the Muslims against the Swadeshi Movement was to a large extent responsible for this.
• During the Swadeshi phase, the peasantry was not organized around peasant demands. The movement was able to mobilize the peasantry only in a limited way.
• By mid-1908 repression took the form of controls and bans on public meetings, processions and the press.
• The internal squabbles, and especially, the split in the Congress (1907), the apex all-India organization, weakened the movement.
• The Swadeshi Movement lacked an effective organization and party structure.
• Lastly, the movement declined because of the very logic of mass movements itself — they cannot be sustained endlessly.

However, the movement made a major contribution in taking the idea of nationalism, in a truly creative fashion, to many sections of the people. The peasant participation in the Swadeshi Movement even though less, marked the very beginnings of modern mass politics in India.

Also read: Ghadar Party

The Split in the Congress (1907)

The main public leaders of the two wings, Tilak (of the Extremists) and Gokhale (of the Moderates) were aware of the dangers of disunity in the nationalist ranks.

A split was avoided in 1906 by choosing Dadabhai Naoroji as president of INC in the Calcutta session. Also, four compromise resolutions on the Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education, and Self-Government demands were passed. However, the hope of a united Congress was short-lived.

The Extremists wanted to extend the Swadeshi and the Boycott Movement from Bengal to the rest of the country but the Moderators opposed it.

The Extremists were fumed by the rumours that the Moderates wanted to scuttle the four Calcutta resolutions. This created friction among them which led to the split at the Congress session was held on 26 December 1907 at Surat, on the banks of the river Tapti.

The Indian National Congress split in December 1907. By 1907, the Moderate nationalists had exhausted their historical role. They failed to meet the demands of the new stage of the national movement and even failed to attract the younger generation.

Almost at the same time, revolutionary terrorism made its appearance in Bengal.

Britain’s policy towards  INC

• The British had been suspicious of the National Congress from its inception but they were not overtly hostile either.
• In 1888 Viceroy Dufferin ridiculed INC as representing only the elite — ‘a microscopic minority’.
• Lord Curzon said: “The Congress is tottering to its fall, and one of my greatest ambitions while in India is to assist it to a peaceful demise.”
• The intimidating policies of the British towards INC changed once the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement began. The strengthening of the militant nationalist trend alarmed the British.
• A new policy, known as the policy of the carrot and the stick was invoked. It was three-pronged. It was described as a policy of r epression-conciliation-suppression .
• The Extremists were repressed, though mildly in the first stage. The purpose is to frighten the Moderates. The British also tried to pacify Moderates through some concessions and promises if they disassociated themselves from the Extremists. However, the British always wanted to suppress Extremists.

Minto-Morley constitutional reforms (1909)

The Government of India which was headed by Lord Minto as Viceroy and John Morley as the Secretary of State offered fresh reforms in the Legislative Councils. They began discussions with Moderates within Indian National Congress regarding this. However, when the decision was taken, not just Moderates but the country as a whole were disappointed.

Major Provisions:

• The Indian Councils Act of 1909 increased the number of elected members (but most of them were still indirectly elected) in the Imperial Legislative Council and the provincial legislative councils.
• An Indian was to be appointed a member of the Governor-General’s Executive Council.
• The Act permitted members to introduce resolutions; it also increased their power to ask questions.
• Voting on separate budget items was allowed.

The real purpose of the Morley-Minto Reforms was to divide the nationalist ranks and encourage the growth of Muslim communalism. For the latter, they introduced the system of separate electorates under which Muslims could only vote for Muslim candidates in constituencies specially reserved for them.

The Ghadar Movement (1914)

The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 gave impetus to the nationalist feelings of Indians. The Home Rule League by Lokmanya Tilak and Annie Besant were formed during First World War.

At the same time, a revolutionary movement gained popularity – The Ghadar Movement. (Note: The word Ghadar means ‘revolt’)

The Ghadar Movement was an international political movement founded by expatriate Indians to overthrow British rule in India.

The early membership was composed mostly of Punjabi Indians who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada. The movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world.

The main leader initially was Bhagwan Singh, a Sikh priest who had worked in Hong Kong and the Malay States.

Later Har Dayal took leadership and played a crucial role in the Ghadar movement. He issued a Yugantar Circular praising the attack on the Viceroy. He urged Indians in the USA not to fight against the US but use their freedom in the US to fight the British.

The Ghadar militants toured extensively, visiting mills and farms where most of the Punjabi immigrant labour worked. The Yugantar Ashram became the home and headquarters and refuge of these political workers.

Komagatamaru Incident

• The Komagata Maru incident involved the Japanese steamship Komagata Maru, on which a group of people from British India attempted to immigrate to Canada in April 1914. Most of the ship passengers were denied entry and forced to return to Calcutta (present-day Kolkata). There, the Indian Imperial Police attempted to arrest the group leaders. A riot ensued, and they were fired upon by the police, resulting in the deaths of 22 people.
• British Government passed orders that no passenger be allowed to disembark anywhere on the way — not even at the places from where they had joined the ship — but only at Calcutta.
• It triggered off a wave of resentment and anger among the Indian community and became the occasion for anti-British mobilization.
• A number of Ghadar leaders, like Barkatullah and Tarak Nath Das, used the inflammatory passions surrounding the  Komagata Maru incident as a rallying point and successfully brought many disaffected Indians in North America into the party’s fold.

Ghadar’s weakness

• Ghadar leaders completely underestimated the extent of preparation needed at every level — organizational, ideological, strategic, tactical, and financial — that was necessary before an armed revolt could be organized.
• An almost non-existent organizational structure; the Ghadar Movement was sustained more by the enthusiasm of the militants than by their effective organization.
• The movement failed to generate an effective and sustained leadership that was capable of integrating the various aspects of the movement. Har Dayal’s ideas did not form a structured vision but remained a shifting amalgam of various theories that attracted him from time to time.
• Lacking a mass base, despite the remarkable heroism of the individual revolutionaries who operated in small secret groups, the movement could not withstand suppression by the strong colonial state.
• The Ghadar Movement came to an abrupt end with the arrest of Har Dayal.

The Home Rule Movement (1916-1918)

The Home Rule Movement under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an important political movement that set the stage for India’s struggle for independence.

Annie Besant, who was a proponent of Free Thought, Radicalism, Fabianism and Theosophy, had come to India in 1893 to work for the Theosophical Society.

In 1914, she decided to enlarge the sphere of her activities. She started a movement for Home Rule on the lines of the Irish Home Rule League.

She realized that she needs the cooperation of both Moderates and Extremists. In the annual session of the Congress 1915, it was decided that the Extremists be allowed to rejoin the Congress along with the Moderates.

Tilak set up the Home Rule League in the Bombay Province.

The two leagues worked in different areas.

Tilak promoted the Home Rule campaign which linked the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of linguistic states and education in the vernacular medium.

Members of Gokhale’s Servants of India Society, though not permitted to become members of the League, encouraged the demand for Home Rule by undertaking lecture tours and publishing pamphlets.

During the Lucknow session of the Congress in December 1916, the famous Congress-League Pact was declared. Both Tilak and Annie Besant had played a role in bringing about this agreement between the Congress and the League, much against the wishes of many important leaders, including Madan Mohan Malaviya. This pact is popularly known as the Lucknow Pact where separate electorates for Muslims were accepted.

The turning point in the home rule movement came with the decision of the Government of Madras in 1917 to place Mrs Besant and her associates, B.P. Wadia and George Arundale, under arrest.

Montague Declaration was introduced by the British government as a sign of a conciliatory effort. Henceforth, Home Rule or self-government movement was not treated as a seditious activity. However, this did not mean that the British were ready to grant self-government.

In 1920 All India Home Rule League changed its name to Swarajya Sabha.

The main achievement of the Home Rule Movement was that it created a generation of ardent nationalists who formed the backbone of the national movement. In the later years, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , the Indian freedom struggle entered its truly mass phase.

Champaran movement in Bihar (1917)

Mahatma Gandhi, after his struggle against apartheid in South Africa (racial discrimination against blacks) for almost twenty years, returned to India in 1915.  On Gokhale’s advice, he spent a year travelling around British India to understand the problems of Indians.

He initially maintained a distance from political affairs, including the Home Rule Movement that was gathering momentum at this time.

Mahatma Gandhi began his experiments with Satyagraha against the oppressive European indigo planters at Champaran in Bihar in 1917.

Champaran issue had actually begun in the early 19th century when European planters made agreements with Indian farmers that forced them to cultivate indigo on the 3/20th of their holdings (known as the Tinkathia system).

Resistance kept surfacing within planters and cultivators, because of the exploitation measures adopted by the British behind the indigo cultivation.

In 1908 Raj Kumar Shukla, a local man persuaded Gandhiji to come to Champaran to investigate the problem. Gandhi reached Champaran but faced resistance from the Commissioner who ordered him to immediately leave the district. Gandhiji refused. He preferred to take the punishment for his defiance of the law. This step was unusual because even Home Rule leaders used to obey the Government.

The British Indian government didn’t want to create a controversy and ordered the local Government to retreat. They allowed Gandhiji to proceed with his enquiry and even nominated him as one of the enquiry members of the Government.

Meanwhile, Gandhiji started investigating the grievances of peasants along with Brij Kishore, Rajendra Prasad and other members of the Bihar intelligentsia. J.B. Kripalani toured the villages and recorded the statements of peasants.

Gandhiji had little difficulty in convincing the Commission that the Tinkathia system needed to be abolished and that the peasants should be compensated for the illegal enhancement of their dues. The Commission founder planters guilty of exploitation.

The commission of enquiry decided to make refunds to the peasants. Gandhi asked for 50%. But the representative of planters offered to refund to the extent of 25%. In order to break the deadlock, Gandhiji agreed to a 25 per cent refund to the farmers. For Gandhi, it was not the money but the principles that were of utmost importance. In his belief, the submission of British landlords was more significant than the percentage of refunds.

Ahmedabad Satyagraha in Gujarat (1918)

In Ahmedabad, a dispute was brewing between workers and mill owners over the question of a ‘plague bonus’.

The employers wanted to withdraw the bonus once the epidemic had passed but the workers insisted it stay.

The British Collector asked Gandhiji to work out a compromise. Gandhiji persuaded the mill owners and the workers to agree to arbitration.

The workers demanded a 50% wage hike while the mill owners offered only a twenty per cent wage hike. They threatened to dismiss all workers who did not accept it.

Gandhiji advised the workers to go on strike. He himself started fasting for workers.

Gandhiji was peculiar in that workers should get at least a thirty-five per cent increase in wages.

Finally, the strike was withdrawn after mill owners agreed to a thirty-five per cent increase the workers had demanded.

Anasuya Behn was one of the main lieutenants of Gandhiji in this struggle.

Kheda Satyagraha in Gujarat (1918)

The Kheda district of Gujarat was on the verge of famine owing to the failure of the crops.

The yield had been so low that the cultivators were unable to pay the revenue. But the government insisted that the cultivators should pay the tax.

Gandhi saw the justice of the cause of the cultivators. Enquiries by members of the Servants of India Society and Vithalbhai Patel too confirmed the genuineness of the peasants’ case.

Gandhiji advised the withholding of tax payments, and asked the peasants to ‘fight unto death against such a spirit of vindictiveness and tyranny’.

The peasants of Kheda, already deprived because of plague, high prices and drought, were showing signs of weakness when Gandhiji came to know that the Government had issued secret instructions directing that revenue should be recovered only from those peasants who could pay.

The Government said that if well-to-do cultivators paid up the poorer section would be granted suspension. This was agreed to and the campaign ended.

The Kheda Satyagraha marked the beginning of an awakening among the peasants of Gujarat, the beginning of their true political education. In addition, it gave the educated public workers the chance to establish contact with the actual life of the peasants.

Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919)

During the First World War of 1914-18, the British instituted censorship of the press and permitted detention without trial.

The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act, was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on 18 March 1919, indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First World War.

It was enacted in light of a perceived threat from revolutionary nationalists to organisations of re-engaging in similar conspiracies as during the war which the Government felt the lapse of the Defence of India Act would enable.

This act was passed on the recommendations of the Sedition Committee chaired by Sir Sidney Rowlatt.

Gandhiji launched Satyagraha against the inhuman Rowlatt Act.

The protests were particularly intense in the Punjab Gandhiji was detained while proceeding there.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919)

The passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 resulted in large-scale political unrest throughout India.

A large peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab to protest against the arrest of pro-Indian independence leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satya Pal.

In response to the public gathering, the British Brigadier-General R. E. H. Dyer surrounded the Bagh with his soldiers.

General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the nationalist meeting killing hundreds. The brutality at Jallianwala Bagh stunned the entire nation.

This event caused many moderate Indians to abandon their previous loyalty to the British and become nationalists distrustful of British rule.

Non-cooperation Movement (1920)

Gandhiji called for a campaign of “non-cooperation” with British rule. Indians who wished colonialism to end were asked to stop attending schools, colleges, and law courts. They were asked to not pay taxes. In sum, they were asked to adhere to a “renunciation of all voluntary association with the British Government”.

Gandhiji said that if non-cooperation was effectively carried out India would win swaraj within a year.

When Congress met for its annual session at Nagpur, C.R. Das moved the main resolution on non-cooperation. Many groups of revolutionary terrorists, especially in Bengal, also pledged support to the movement.

The goal of the Congress, by this time, changed from the attainment of self-government by constitutional means to the attainment of Swaraj by peaceful means.

Khilafat Movement (1919-24)

The Khilafat movement was a political protest campaign launched by Muslims of British India to restore the caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate, who was considered the leader of the Muslims.

To further broaden the Indian freedom struggle, Gandhiji joined hands with the Khilafat Movement.

The movement collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained a more favourable diplomatic position and moved towards Nationalism. By 1924, Turkey abolished the role of the caliph.

However, the tremendous participation of Muslims in the Non-Cooperation Movement and the maintenance of communal unity, despite the Malabar developments, was in itself no mean achievement.

Chauri Chaura incident (1922)

On 4 February 1922, at Chauri Chaura (a place in modern Uttar Pradesh), the British police opened fire at a large group of people who were participating in the Non-cooperation movement.

In retaliation, the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants. The incident led to the death of three civilians and 22 policemen.

Mahatma Gandhi, who was strictly against violence, halted the non-cooperation movement on the national level on 12 February 1922, as a direct result of the Chauri Chaura incident.

In spite of Gandhi’s decision, 19 arrested demonstrators were sentenced to death and 14 to imprisonment for life by the British colonial authorities.

Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Bose, and many others recorded their disagreement on Gandhiji’s views.

Bardoli Satyagraha in Gujarat (1928)

In January 1926, the officer charged with the duty of reassessment of the land revenue demand of the taluq had recommended a 30% increase over the existing assessment.

The Congress leaders were quick to protest against the increase and set up the Bardoli Inquiry Committee to go into the issue.

In July 1927, the Government reduced the enhancement to 21.97 per cent. But the concessions were too meagre and came too late to satisfy anybody.

The constitutionalist leaders now began to advise the peasants to resist by paying only the current amount and withholding the enhanced amount.

Gradually as the limitations of constitutional leadership became more apparent, Vallabhbhai Patel was invited to lead the campaign.

The government ignored Vallabhai’s request which resulted in the start of Bardoli Satyagraha.

The no-tax movement was launched in Bardoli taluq of Surat district in Gujarat in 1928.

The main mobilization was done through extensive propaganda via meetings, speeches, pamphlets, and door-to-door persuasion. Special emphasis was placed on the mobilization of women and many women activists were recruited for the purpose.

Members of the Bombay Legislative Council like K.M. Munshi and Lalji Naranji, the representatives of the Indian Merchants Chamber, resigned their seats.

The government was forced to conduct an inquiry. The inquiry was done by a judicial officer, Broomfield, and a revenue officer, Maxwell. They came to the conclusion that the increase had been unjustified. The government later reduced the enhancement to 6.03 per cent.

The boycott of the Simon Commission (1927)

On 8 November 1927, an all-white, Simon Commission was appointed to recommend whether India was ready for further constitutional reforms.

Indian National Congress boycott Simon Commission because no Indian was present in the commission. There were protests in many places.

In Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai, the hero of the extremist days and the most revered leader of Punjab was hit. He succumbed to the injuries in November 1928.

Bhagat Singh and his comrades sought to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. They killed the white police official, Saunders, in December 1928.

Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose emerged as the leaders during the Simon Commission boycott movement.

Nehru Report (1928) and the attempt to draft the Indian Constitution

Britain did not acknowledge the right of Indians to frame their own constitution.

British policy, until almost the end of the Raj, was that the timing and nature of Indian constitutional development were to be decided exclusively by the British Parliament, but it was assumed that Indians would be consulted as appropriate.

In December 1927, at its Madras session, the Indian National Congress took two major decisions in response to the setting up the Simon Commission: first, it decided to not cooperate with the Commission; second, it set up an All Parties Conference to draft a Constitution for India.

The committee of the All Parties Conference to draft the Constitution was chaired by Motilal Nehru  with his son  Jawaharlal Nehru acting as a secretary. There were nine other members in this committee.

The report submitted by the committee in 1928 was called the Nehru Report – which was actually a memorandum to appeal for dominion status and a federal set-up of government for the constitution of India.

The Nehru Report also rejected the principle of separate communal electorates on which previous constitutional reforms had been based. Seats would be reserved for Muslims at the Centre and in provinces in which they were in a minority, but not in those where they had a numerical majority.

The Nehru Report also recommended universal adult suffrage, equal rights for women, freedom to form unions, and dissociation of the state from religion in any form.

However, Jinnah withdrew his support to the report and proposed his ‘Fourteen Points’ which were basically a reiteration of his objections to the Nehru Report.

Young and radical nationalists led by Jawaharlal Nehru had objections to the Nehru Report of Motilal Nehru. Their slogan was ‘Complete Independence.’

Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence Campaign (1929)

In the Lahore session in 1929, Jawaharlal Nehru was made the President of INC. He declared ‘Purna Swaraj’ or Complete Independence as the only honourable goal Indians could strive for.

On the banks of the river Ravi, at midnight on 31 December 1929, the tricolour flag of Indian independence was hosted.

The first task that the Congress set itself in the new year was that of organizing all over the country public meetings at which the Independence Pledge would be read out and collectively affirmed on 26 January.

Civil Disobedience Movement and Dandi March (1930)

The Lahore Session of Congress (1929) authorized the Working Committee to launch a programme of civil disobedience including non-payment of taxes.

Gandhi’s ultimatum to Lord Irwin, stating the minimum demands in the form of 11 points, had been ignored, and there was now only one way out: civil disobedience. Gandhi selected salt as his main tool of disobedience.

In every Indian household, salt was indispensable; yet people were forbidden from making salt even for domestic use, compelling them to buy it from shops at a high price. The state monopoly over salt was deeply unpopular. By making salt his target, Gandhiji hoped to mobilise a wider discontent against British rule.

Gandhi, along with a band of seventy-eight members of the Sabarmati Ashram started to march from Ahmedabad to the coast at Dandi. There he broke the salt laws by collecting salt from the beach.

On 6 April 1930, by picking up a handful of salt, Gandhi inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement – a movement that was to remain unsurpassed in the history of the Indian national movement for the country-wide mass participation it unleashed.

Like other parts of India, the civil disobedience movement was also launched in North-West Frontier Province (Khyber–Pakhtoonkhwa). The local Congress sought help from the Khudai Khidmatgars, the most popular socio-political organization in the province.

Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan’s Khudai Khidmatgars, popularly known as the Red Shirts,  played an extremely active role in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The city came under the control of the masses for at least a week and the soldiers of the Garhwali regiment refused to fire at the unarmed crowds of Peshwar demonstrations.

Nehru’s arrest on 14th April was followed by public protests in Madras, Calcutta and Karachi.

The Salt March was notable for at least three reasons:

• It was this event that first brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention.
• It was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay had persuaded Gandhi for this issue.
• It was the Salt March that forced upon the British the realisation that their Raj would not last forever, and that they would have to devolve some power to the Indians.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) and the Round Table Conferences (1930-32)

British convened a series of “Round Table Conferences” in London to discuss constitutional reforms in India.

The first meeting was held in November 1930. However, without the pre-eminent political leader in India, it was an exercise in futility.

Gandhi was released from jail in January 1931. In the following month, he had several long meetings with the Viceroy. These culminated in what was called the “Gandhi-Irwin Pact’.

The terms of the agreement included the immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted for violence, the remission of all fines not yet collected, the return of confiscated lands not yet sold to third parties, and lenient treatment for those government employees who had resigned. The Government also conceded the right to make salt for consumption to villages along the coast. They also gave the right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing.

The Congress’s demand for a public inquiry into police excesses was not accepted, but Gandhiji’s insistent request for an inquiry was recorded in the agreement.

Congress, on its part, agreed to discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM).

A second Round Table Conference was held in London in the latter part of 1931. Here, Gandhiji represented the Congress. Gandhi opposed the demand for separate electorates for “lower castes”. For him, separate electorates to the “Untouchables” will ensure their bondage in perpetuity. He thought this would prevent their integration into mainstream society and permanently segregate them from other caste Hindus.

But Ambedkar was in favour of separate electorates for depressed classes. He believed it is the only path for a community so handicapped to succeed in the struggle for life against the organised tyranny of higher castes.

During the second Round Table Conference in London, Winston Churchill, leader of the right wing, strongly objected to the British Government negotiating on terms of equality with the ‘seditious fakir’. He demanded a strong government in India.

The discussions with Gandhi failed as the British Government refused to concede the basic Indian demand for freedom. Gandhiji resumed Civil Disobedience after reaching back

The government launched its strike against the national movement by arresting Gandhi. British government promulgated ordinances that gave the authorities unlimited power – the ‘Civil Martial Law.’ Civil liberties no longer existed and the authorities could seize people and property at will.

In 1934 the inevitable decision to withdraw Civil Disobedience Movement was taken by Gandhi.

However, many political activists were not in favour of stopping the movement. They included Jawaharlal Nehru who was critical of Gandhiji’s decisions regarding the timing of the withdrawal of CDM.

The support that the movement had garnered from the poor and the illiterate, both in the town and in the country, was remarkable indeed.

Nevertheless, the participation of Muslims in the Civil Disobedience Movement was certainly nowhere near that of the Non-cooperation movement 1920-22.

For Indian women, the movement was the most liberating experience to date and can truly be said to have marked their entry into the public space.

The Communal Award (1932)

After the Third Round Table Conference, in November 1932, the then Prime Minister of Britain Ramsay McDonald gave an order which is known as the Communal Award.

It was part of Britain’s policy of ‘Divide and Rule.

The award granted separate electorates in British India for the Forward Caste, Lower Caste, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans and Untouchables (Dalits) etc.

The Congress Party was unhappy at the extension of communal representation but became particularly outraged at the British offer of separate-electorate seats for “depressed classes”.

Gandhi viewed the McDonald Award as a nefarious British plot to wean more than 50 million Hindus away from their higher-caste brothers and sisters.

The idea of a separate electorate for Muslims had been accepted by Congress as far back as 1916 as a part of the compromise with the Muslim League. Hence, Congress took the position it was opposed to separate electorates but not in favour of changing the Award without the consent of the minorities.

Gandhi demanded that the representatives of the Depressed Classes should be elected if possible by the universal, common franchise. At the same time, he did not object to the demand for a larger number of reserved seats for the Depressed Classes. He went on a fast unto death on 20 September 1932 to enforce his demand.

In the end, political leaders succeeded in bringing an agreement, known as the Poona Pact.

In this pact, the idea of separate electorates for the Depressed Classes was abandoned but the seats reserved for them in the provincial legislatures and Central Legislature were increased.

After being released from prison Gandhiji shifted to Satyagraha Ashram at Wardha after abandoning Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad for he had vowed in 1930 not to return to Sabarmati till Swaraj was won.

Government of India Act (1935)

The growing demand for constitutional reforms in India led the British Parliament to enact the Government of India Act 1935.

The Act promised some form of representative government.

The Act provided the establishment of an All-India Federation based on the union of British Indian provinces and the Princely States.

Defence and foreign affairs would remain outside the control of the federal legislature, while the Viceroy would retain special control over other subjects.

Governors, appointed by the British Government, retained special powers. They could veto legislative and administrative measures, especially those concerning minorities, the rights of civil servants, law and order, and British business interests.

The Governor also had the power to take over and indefinitely run the administration of a province.

The Act of 1935 was condemned and unanimously rejected by Congress. The Congress demanded the convening of a Constituent Assembly elected on the basis of adult franchise to frame a constitution for an independent India.

Resignation of Congress ministries (1939)

Congress won the elections to the provincial assemblies held in February 1937. Its election manifesto reaffirmed its total rejection of the 1935 Act.

One of the first acts of the Congress Government was to release thousands of political prisoners and to cancel deportation orders on political workers.

The difference between the Congress provinces and the non-Congress provinces of Bengal and Punjab was most apparent in this realm. In the latter, especially in Bengal, civil liberties continued to be curbed and they never released prisoners.

However, Congress could not attempt a complete overhaul of the agrarian structure by completely eliminating the Zamindari system .

Later the Second World War broke out. Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru promised Congress support to the war effort if the British, in return, promised to grant India independence once hostilities ended. The offer was refused. Gandhi withdrew support to the British in War.

The Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939, in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow’s action of declaring India to be belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people.

The resignations brought the Left and the Right in Congress closer because of a common policy on the question of participation in the war.

Crisis at Tripuri (1939)

Subhas Bose had been a unanimous choice as the President of Congress in 1938. In 1939, he decided to stand again — this time as the spokesperson of militant politics and radical groups.

However, with the blessings of Gandhiji, Sardar Patel, Rajendra Prasad, J.B. Kripalani other leaders put up Pattabhi Sitaramayya as a candidate for the post.

Bose accused Patel and other top leaders of Congress as ‘rightists’. He openly accused them of working for a compromise with the Government on the question of the federation. Bose had, therefore, appealed to Congressmen to vote for a leftist and ‘a genuine anti-federationist.’

Nevertheless, in reality, the difference between ‘right’ and ‘left’ was not very vivid within the Congress and most Congressmen were anti-federationist.

Subhas Bose won the election on 29 January on the popularity of his militant politics but only by a narrow margin – 1580 votes against 1377.

But the election of Bose brought the brewing crisis to a head at the Tripuri session of the Congress.

Gandhiji declared that Sitaramayya’s defeat was ‘more mine than his.

Bose argued in his presidential address at Tripuri for a programme of immediately giving the British Government a six-month ultimatum to grant the national demand for independence and of launch a mass civil disobedience movement if it failed to do so.

Subhas Bose believed that the Congress was strong enough to bunch an immediate struggle and that the masses were ready for such a struggle.

However, Gandhi’s perceptions were very different. Gandhi believed the time was not yet ripe for an ultimatum because neither Congress nor the masses were yet ready for struggle.

The internal strife reached its climax at the Tripuri session of the Congress, held from 8 to 12 March 1939.

Bose had completely misjudged his support and the meaning of his majority in the presidential election. Congressmen had voted for him not because they wanted to have him as the supreme leader of the national movement – but mainly because of his policies and militant politics. They were not willing to reject Gandhi’s leadership or his views.

Bose resigned from the presidency. This led to the election of Rajendra Prasad in his place.

Subsequently, Subhas Bose and his followers formed the Forward Bloc as a new party within Congress.

As Bose planned a protest against an AICC resolution, the Working Committee removed Bose from the presidentship of the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee and debarred him from holding any Congress office for three years.

Individual Satyagraha (1940)

Gandhiji decided to initiate a limited satyagraha on an individual basis by a few selected individuals in every locality. The demand of a satyagrahi was for the freedom of speech to preach against participation in the War.

The satyagrahi would beforehand inform the district magistrate of the time and place where he or she was going to make the anti-war speech. If the Government did not arrest a satyagrahi, he or she would not only repeat the performance but move into the villages and start a trek towards Delhi, thus participating in a movement that came to be known as the ‘Delhi Chalo’ (onwards to Delhi) movement.

Vinoba Bhave was to be the first satyagrahi on 17 October 1940 and Jawaharlal Nehru the second.

Individual Satyagraha served a dual purpose — (1) it gave expression to the Indian people’s strong political feelings, (2) it gave the British Government another opportunity to peacefully accept the Indian demands.

Cripps Mission (1942)

The Cripps Mission was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II.

The mission was headed by a senior minister Sir Stafford Cripps, traditionally sympathetic to Indian self-rule.

However, he was also a member of the coalition War Cabinet led by Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who had long been the leader of the movement to block Indian independence.

Churchill was persuaded to send Sir Stafford Cripps, to India to try and forge a compromise with Gandhiji and the Congress.

The Declaration promised India Dominion Status and a constitution-making body after the War. He proposed that the Constitutional Assembly members would be elected by the provincial assemblies and nominated by the rulers in the case of the princely states.

At that time, the demand for a separate nation for Muslims – Pakistan – also got momentum.

The Pakistan demand was accommodated by the provision that any province which was not prepared to accept the new constitution would have the right to sign a separate agreement with Britain regarding its future status.

Talks broke down, when, Congress objected to the provision for Dominion Status rather than full independence.

Congress insisted that if it was to help the British defend India from the Axis powers, then the Viceroy had first to appoint an Indian as the Defence Member of his Executive Council.

After the failure of the Cripps Mission, Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch the “Quit India” campaign also known as the ‘August Revolution’.

Quit India Movement (1942)

The Quit India Movement was launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by  Mahatma Gandhi  on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India.

In this struggle, the common people of the country demonstrated unparalleled heroism and militancy.

However, the repression that they faced was the most brutal that had ever been used against the national movement.

At the historic August meeting at Gowalia Tank in Bombay, Gandhiji was particular about complete freedom and no more piece-meal approach from the British.

He proclaimed: ‘Do or Die’ – which meant either free India or die in the attempt.

Gandhi asked government servants to openly declare their allegiance to congress and not to resign.

In the meantime, underground networks were consolidated in various parts of the country. The prominent members of underground activities were Achyut Patwardhan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia, and Sucheta Kripalani.

The pattern of activity of the underground movement was that of organizing the disruption of communications by blowing up bridges, cutting telegraph and telephone wires, and derailing trains.

Congress Radio operated clandestinely from different locations in Bombay city, whose broadcast could be heard as far as Madras. Usha Mehta was an important member of the small group that ran the Congress Radio.

A significant feature of the Quit India Movement was the emergence of what came to be known as parallel governments in some parts of the country. Satara (Maharashtra) emerged as the base of the longest-lasting and most effective parallel government.

A significant feature of peasant activity was its total concentration on attacking symbols of British authority and a total lack of any incidents of anti-zamindar violence.

In February 1943, Gandhiji declared the fast in Aga Khan Palace where he was held in detention, as this was his answer to the Government which had been constantly exhorting him to condemn the violence of the people in the Quit India Movement. Gandhiji not only refused to condemn the people’s resort to violence but unequivocally held the Government responsible for it.

The resignation of the three Indian members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council, M.S. Aney, N.R. Sarkar and H.P. Mody, who never wished Gandhi to suffer, made a severe blow to the British.

Finally, the Congress leaders were released to participate in the Simla Conference in June 1945. That marked the end of the phase of confrontation that had existed since August 1942.

Simla Conference (1945) and the Wavell Plan

The Simla Conference of 1945 was a meeting between the Viceroy of India (Lord Wavell) and the major political leaders of British India at the Viceregal Lodge in Simla.

Wavell proposed a separate representation of Muslims within a united India. Talks, however, stalled on the issue of the selection of Muslim representatives. The All-India Muslim League claimed to be the sole representative of Indian Muslims. The Indian National Congress opposed this claim as the Congress had more Muslims in its support than the Muslim League.

This scuttled the conference, and perhaps the last viable opportunity for a united, independent India.

On 14 June 1945 Lord Wavell announced a plan for a new Executive Council in which all members except the Viceroy and the Commander in Chief would be Indians. This executive council was to be a temporary measure until a new permanent constitution could be agreed upon and come into force.

RIN Mutiny (1946)

The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) revolt started in February 1946 at Mumbai when the naval ratings on HMIS Talwar protested against the poor quality of food and racial discrimination by British officers.

From the initial flashpoint in Mumbai, the revolt spread and found support throughout India, from Karachi to Kolkata, and ultimately came to involve over 20,000 sailors in 78 ships and shore establishments.

Karachi was a major centre, second only to Bombay. Sympathetic strikes took place in military establishments in Madras, Vishakhapatnam, Calcutta, Delhi, Cochin, Jamnagar, the Andamans, Bahrain and Aden.

A revolt in the armed forces, even if soon suppressed, had a great liberating effect on the minds of people.

The naval mutiny proved to be the last nail in the coffin of British colonial aspirations in India.

India was seen to be on the brink of a revolution. The mutiny witnessed the demoralization of British officials and the changing loyalties of Indian officials.

However, communal unity evident in the RIN revolt was limited despite the Congress, League and Communist flags being jointly hoisted on the ships’ masts. Muslim ratings went to the League to seek advice on future action for Pakistan.

The  Indian National Congress  and the  Muslim League  condemned the mutiny, while the  Communist Party of India  was the only party that supported the rebellion.

The mutiny was suppressed by British troops and Royal Navy warships.

The revolt was called off following a meeting between the President of the Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC), M. S. Khan, and Sardar Vallabhai Patel who had been sent to Bombay to settle the crisis.

Mountbatten Plan (1947)

The legislature representatives of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and the Sikh community came to an agreement with Lord Mountbatten on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan. This plan was the last plan for independence.

The plan announced by the Viceroy Mountbatten on 3 June 1947 included these principles:

• The principle of the partition of British India was accepted by the British Government.
• Successor governments would be given dominion status.
• Autonomy and sovereignty to both countries.
• The successor governments could make their own constitution
• The Princely States were given the right to join either Pakistan or India, based on two major factors: Geographical contiguity and the people’s wishes.

The Mountbatten plan led to the enactment of the India Independence Act of 1947.

India Independence Act (1947)

The Indian Independence Act of 1947 passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom divided British India into two new independent dominions; the Dominion of India ( later to become the Republic of India ) and the Dominion of Pakistan ( later to become the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ).

This Act received Royal Assent on 18 July 1947.

India and Pakistan became independent on August 15th, 1947.

India continues to celebrate August 15th as her Independence day, while Pakistan chose to celebrate August 14th as her Independence day as per their cabinet decisions.

Learn more about India’s Struggle for Independence

Hope you liked the mega article on the Indian freedom struggle.

This article on India’s struggle for independence is the 6th part of the article series on Modern Indian History. Click the link to read the  6-part framework to study modern Indian History . This is an easy-to-learn approach to mastering the history of modern India as a story.

Apart from the 6-part approach, we have also published many other articles on  Indian History , which can be accessed from the  ClearIAS Study materials  section.

If you loved this article, please subscribe to ClearIAS and share this post with your friends.

Books referred to prepare this article on India’s Struggle for Independence

• NCERT Books Class 6-12
• History Of Modern India by Bipan Chandra
• India’s struggle for independence by Bipan Chandra
• Modern Indian History by Sonali Bansal and Snehil Tripathi

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Reader Interactions

February 6, 2022 at 9:52 am

Pls allowed to download in pdf form

February 7, 2022 at 11:38 am

@Zizoo – There is a ‘Print PDF’ button that you can use to download the article as a PDF.

July 29, 2023 at 1:02 pm

“India’s Struggle for Independence” on ClearIAS is a comprehensive and enlightening read. The blog beautifully captures the essence of India’s journey towards freedom, providing valuable historical context and key insights. It’s an essential resource for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of India’s rich and inspiring struggle for independence.

December 5, 2023 at 1:49 am

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• The Indian Freedom Movement

India’s independence from the British Raj can be said to be the most significant movement in its modern history. It is very important for us to know about this struggle and learn our lessons to what forms the basis of our country and even our constitution . Let us learn about Indian freedom movement.

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India’s freedom movement.

We all know the father of our nation and the leader of the Indian struggle for independence was Mahatma Gandi . It was his resilience and undeniable support of the masses he enjoyed that really made an impact in this struggle. He had a unique non-violent way to protest the British that was very effective. Let us look at some significant events that he led and which defined our struggle for independence .

Non-Cooperation Movement

It started on 1st August 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi. It was meant to be the largest civil disobedience movements of the time. People were encouraged to give up their titles and boycotting government elections , schools , colleges etc. The public also stayed away from participating in elections.

Civil Disobedience Movement

After the Non-Cooperation movement ended Gandhiji started a bigger movement, the civil disobedience movement. One of the main reasons for this movement was the monopoly the British had on salt in India. Indians were prohibited from collecting and manufacturing salt. Indians had to buy it from the British and also pay heavy tax when buying salt.

Gandhiji hence started his famous Dandi March, a 241-mile journey on foot to the salt mines in Gujarat. His one act of defiance started one of the biggest civil disobedience movements in the world.

Quit India Movement

This was one of the final straws that gave India its independence. During the World War II on the 8th of August 1942, Gandhiji and Indian National Congress launched the Quit India Movement. They had only one demand, that the British rule in India must end completely.

Although the movement itself was unsuccessful, since Winston Churchill refused to withdraw from India, it was effective in its own right. It caused the British to realize that their power in India was waning.

Some Other Significant Movements/Incidents

• Simon Commision: It was a commission to discuss the Indian Constitution. However the entire commission was made my of Englishmen, no Indian members were a part of it. Indian leaders protested with the “Simon Go Back” demonstrations
• Jallianwala Bagh massacre: This occurred on 13 April 1919. General Dyre opened fire on a crowd of unsuspecting villagers, without any notice or warning. 379 people were killed in cold blood.
• Rowlatt Act: The act allowed people to arrested only based on suspicion, without any actual proof.

Solved Examples for You

Q: Which incident caused Mahatma Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation movement?

• Rowlatt Act
• Dandi March
• Chauri-Chaura Riots
• None of the above

Ans: The correct answer is C. On 5 February in 1922, a group of people participating in the Non-cooperation movement were shot at by policemen. In retaliation, these protestors set fire to a police station in the area. The people inside the police station were killed as a result. Gandhiji was absolutely against violence and as a result of this incident he called off the Non-cooperation movement.

Q: Which of the following movements has its origins in Turkey?

• Non-cooperation movement
• Civil Disobedience movement
• Khilafat Movement

Ans; The correct option is D. After the world war, a Khilafa movement was started by Islam followers around the world, to encourage European powers not to dismember the Ottoman Empire. Indian Muslims to support this movement. They were upset about Britians policy and attitude towards Turkey.

Indian Muslims also started a Khilafat movement in India against the British. They even joined the Non-cooperation movement. It is the Khilafat movement which caused the Muslim population in India to become active participants in the Indian freedom movement.

Q: In which year was the Indian National Congress formed?

Ans: The correct answer is B. The Indian National Congress was actually formed by a retired British officer, A. O, Hume on the 28th December 1885. It was formed so that educated Indians could have a forum to have political discussions and debates. Then gradually the feeling of nationalism began to rise among Indians and this was reflected in the INC as well.

Then came the era of Gandhiji and his policies. The new leadership of the Congress which included Nehru, Sardar Patel, Rajendra Prasad etc were all followers of his policies.

Q: Which pact was an agreement to reserve electoral seats for depressed classes?

• Lucknow Pact
• Bombay Pact

Ans: The correct answer is A. The pact was an agreement between Dr Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi made on 24th September 1932. It was an agreement that the depressed classes (schedule caste, scheduled tribes) will have a separate and adequate representation in the new Indian government. It gave the depressed classes a quota of 148 electoral seats.

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Indian Freedom Fighter Struggle Essay - 100, 200, 500 Words

India is a democratic and liberal country. Citizens are expected to uphold their fundamental rights and perform their essential responsibilities. However, this country was not always like this. It was ruled by the Britishers for more than 200 years. India is a free country today because of the countless sacrifices made by the freedom fighters. It was because of their struggle, hard work and determination which made the Britishers leave India. Here are a few sample essays on ‘Indian Freedom Struggle’.

100 Words Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle

We know a lot about India's freedom struggle through books and movies. It's important to recognize the hard work and dedication that gave way to earning India's freedom. For hundreds of years, India and its men and women were colonized and ruled by the Britishers. Before that, India was divided into many princely states. Following the arrival of the Britishers, every Indian citizen, irrespective of class, caste and religion, came together to fight against the oppression. Freedom fighters such as Bhagat Singh, Rani Laxmi Bai, Mahatma Gandhi were some of the leaders who fought on the front lines. After years of struggle, India finally became independent on 15 August 1947.

200 Words Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle

The Indian freedom struggle was a long and arduous journey that lasted for nearly 2 centuries. It was a movement that brought together people from all walks of life, united in their desire for freedom from British colonial rule. The struggle for independence was a defining moment in India's history and had a profound impact on shaping the country's political and social landscape.

Causes Of Indian Freedom Struggle

The Indian freedom struggle was driven by a number of factors, including economic exploitation, political repression, and cultural oppression. The British East India Company, which controlled India's economy, had a monopoly on trade and imposed high taxes on Indian farmers and merchants, leading to widespread poverty and economic hardship.

In addition, British colonial rule was characterized by political repression and the denial of basic rights and freedoms to the Indian people. The British government imposed a number of laws, including the Indian Penal Code and the Indian Arms Act, which restricted the rights of Indians and curtailed their ability to organize and protest.

Moreover, the British colonial authorities imposed their culture and language on India, leading to a loss of national identity and cultural heritage among Indians. This cultural oppression was a major factor in the growth of Indian nationalism sentiment, which was a driving force behind the freedom struggle.

Indian Freedom Struggle Essay 500 Words

The struggle for Indian independence was a lengthy one that lasted close to 200 years. People from various walks of life joined the movement because they shared a goal to be free from British colonial authority. The fight for independence marked a turning point in Indian history and significantly influenced the political and social climate of the nation. Economic exploitation, political tyranny, and cultural oppression were some of the elements that fueled the Indian freedom struggle, and significant personalities and events were crucial to the country's march toward independence. The Indian freedom struggle is an inspiring reminder of the power of unity and determination in the face of oppression and injustice.

Key Events and Leaders

The Indian freedom struggle was a long and complex process that involved a number of key events and leaders. Some of the key events that shaped the struggle for independence include the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, which was the first major uprising against British rule; the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-22, led by Mahatma Gandhi, which aimed to achieve independence through non-violent civil disobedience; and the Quit India Movement of 1942, which sought to force the British to leave India.

Story Of Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter who played a significant role in the Indian freedom struggle against British colonial rule. He was born in 1907 in a small village in Punjab, India, and from a young age, he was deeply influenced by the idea of freedom and the plight of the Indian people under British rule.

In 1928, Bhagat Singh and his fellow HRA members were involved in a bombing in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. The bombing was intended to be a symbolic act of protest against British rule and was not intended to cause harm to anyone. However, Bhagat Singh and his associates were arrested and charged with murder. During his trial, Bhagat Singh became a popular figure among the Indian people, and his speeches and writings were widely read and admired. He used his platform to call for freedom and justice for the Indian people and to denounce British colonial rule. Despite the widespread public support for Bhagat Singh, he was found guilty and sentenced to death.

He was hanged on March 23, 1931, at the young age of 24. His execution sparked widespread protests and demonstrations across India, and he became a symbol of the struggle for freedom and justice. Bhagat Singh's life and legacy continue to inspire people in India and around the world. He is remembered as a hero of the Indian freedom struggle and as a symbol of resistance against oppression and injustice. His selflessness, fearlessness, and commitment to the cause of freedom are a source of inspiration for many.

In conclusion, Bhagat Singh's story is an inspiring reminder of the power of one person to make a difference and change the course of history. He was a young man who was deeply moved by the plight of his people and was willing to sacrifice his own life for the cause of freedom. He continues to be a symbol of resistance and a source of inspiration for many.

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Corporate Executive

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Quality Controller

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A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

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ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

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Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay

Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay Hello Friend, In this post “ Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay “, We will read about the overview of the Indian Freedom Struggle as an Essay in detail. So…

Let’s Start…

Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India In 500+ Words

Introduction the indian freedom struggle has great importance in the history of india . the people of entire india fought a lot to get the country freedom from the slavery of the british..

For the sake of freedom, our great freedom fighters sacrificed their lives by laughing without worrying about their lives.

If, at that time, the countrymen had not raised their voice against the British, then perhaps even today the country would have been slavery to the British.

The Arrival Of British In India

Initially, the British came to India in the year 1600 with the objective of doing business under the name of East India Company .

Under the guise of silk, tea, and the cotton trade , he started spreading chaos in India and gradually made the country his slave.

And after that, the British took the rule of the entire country into their hands and started persecuting the Indians.

And due to this, gradually the demand for freedom started arising in the country.

The Revolt Of 1857

Fed up with the dictatorship of the British, the countrymen decided to end British rule.

And in the year 1857, the first freedom struggle was started by an Indian soldier Mangal Pandey .

This struggle was a great event against British rule.

This struggle was not accidental but a result of the discontent of the entire century. A great plan was made and implemented for this.

The revolt of 1857 which began with the revolt of military personnel in Meerut soon spread throughout India and posed a serious challenge to British rule.

Along with soldiers, common citizens, large princely states of the country also participated in this struggle.

Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi fought a glorious war against the British and led her forces.

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Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs , and all other brave sons of India fought against the British and resolved to remove British rule from the country.

This revolution was controlled by the British rule within 1 year which started in Meerut on 10 May 1857 and ended in Gwalior on 20 June 1858.

Indian Freedom Struggle During 1857-1947

The British rule gradually began to falter due to the revolution of 1857. One after the other, many movements were started against the British.

During that time, there were many such movements that played an important role in securing independence for India.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was also one of these major movements that were started against the British monopoly on salt.

It was started in 1930 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , which started with Gandhiji’s famous Dandi March.

Meanwhile, Bhagat Singh is hanged for his country at the age of just 23.

The death of Lala Lajpat Rai encouraged him to fight against the British.

Bhagat Singh avenged this by killing Officer John Sanders and he was also prosecuted for the Lahore Conspiracy.

And on the night of 23 March 1931, Bhagat Singh was hanged along with Sukhdev and Rajguru . After this, the Quit India Movement started in 1942.

This movement showed a ray of hope to the people of India, but despite difficult struggles, this movement was not so successful. But it shook the roots of British rule.

Similarly, many freedom fighters like Subhash Chandra Bose, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, etc . struggled a lot to make the country independent.

Soon the British rulers signed an agreement and decided to leave India and India got independence on 15 August 1947 .

In this way, the country got independence after a stiff struggle of Indian soldiers as well as freedom fighters . And with this, many freedom fighters had sacrificed their lives.

Conclusion (Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India)

The history of the Indian freedom struggle is very vast.

Many such incidents like the Rowlatt Act, Simon Commission, Jallianwala Bagh massacre , etc  which played an important role in the independence of India.

All of us should also take inspiration from the struggle for independence and the spirit of dedication towards the country should always be kept in mind.

Thanks For Reading “ Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay “.

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Essay on Freedom Struggle

India’s freedom struggle is a tale of courage, sacrifice, and determination that spanned decades and eventually led to the country’s independence from British rule. In this essay, I will argue why the freedom struggle in India is a significant and inspiring chapter in history, supported by evidence, examples, and expert opinions.

Colonial Rule in India

To understand the freedom struggle, it’s essential to recognize the context. India was under British colonial rule for nearly 200 years, starting in the mid-18th century. The British Empire controlled India, exploiting its resources and people for their own gain.

Early Movements and Leaders

The freedom struggle began with the voices of early leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, who advocated for social reforms, and Dadabhai Naoroji, who stressed economic self-sufficiency for India. These leaders laid the foundation for the larger movement.

Non-Cooperation Movement

Mahatma Gandhi, often called the Father of the Nation, played a pivotal role in the freedom struggle. His non-cooperation movement urged Indians to boycott British goods and institutions, sparking a sense of unity and defiance among the people.

Civil Disobedience and Salt March

Gandhi’s civil disobedience campaign involved acts of peaceful protest, such as the famous Salt March. This movement showcased the power of nonviolence and stirred the world’s attention to India’s plight.

World War II and Quit India Movement

During World War II, India’s support was sought by the British, but the Indian National Congress, under Gandhi’s leadership, demanded immediate independence in exchange for cooperation. The Quit India Movement of 1942 intensified the call for freedom.

Impact of World War II

The global context also played a role in India’s freedom struggle. The weakening of the British Empire after World War II made it increasingly challenging to maintain control over India.

Partition and Independence

As the struggle for freedom continued, a difficult decision was made to partition India into two independent nations, India and Pakistan, in 1947. India finally gained its long-awaited independence on August 15, 1947.

Legacy of the Freedom Struggle

The legacy of India’s freedom struggle is profound. It not only secured India’s independence but also inspired other nations in their quests for freedom. Leaders like Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru became symbols of peaceful resistance and nation-building.

Expert Opinions

Historians worldwide acknowledge the significance of India’s freedom struggle. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a renowned civil rights leader in the United States, drew inspiration from Gandhi’s nonviolent methods in his own fight for equality and justice.

Conclusion of Essay on Freedom Struggle

In conclusion, India’s freedom struggle was a monumental journey that culminated in the end of colonial rule and the birth of an independent nation. The courage and determination of leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, the sacrifices made by countless Indians, and the eventual triumph of nonviolent resistance make this struggle an inspiring chapter in history. India’s path to freedom serves as a reminder that, even in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges, the pursuit of justice, liberty, and self-determination can lead to remarkable achievements. The legacy of the freedom struggle continues to shape India’s identity and inspire movements for justice and equality worldwide. It is a testament to the power of unity, perseverance, and the unwavering belief in the principles of freedom and justice.

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History of the Freedom Movement, Vol. 04

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Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement in India Collected From Bombay Government Records Volume IV: Congress activities (1942-1946)

In January 1953, the Government of India appointed a board of editors for the Compilation of a History of the Freedom Movement in India.

This document obtained from the Maharashtra State Gazetteers Department. The information given in these volumes is based upon the confidential police reports, archival material, articles from old news-papers etc. Through these volumes, for the first time, the historians can get access to the data provided by the confidential documents of the government. Therefore, these volumes prove to be extremely beneficial to the historians.

This item is part of a library of books, audio, video, and other materials from and about India is curated and maintained by Public Resource. The purpose of this library is to assist the students and the lifelong learners of India in their pursuit of an education so that they may better their status and their opportunities and to secure for themselves and for others justice, social, economic and political.

This library has been posted for non-commercial purposes and facilitates fair dealing usage of academic and research materials for private use including research, for criticism and review of the work or of other works and reproduction by teachers and students in the course of instruction. Many of these materials are either unavailable or inaccessible in libraries in India, especially in some of the poorer states and this collection seeks to fill a major gap that exists in access to knowledge.

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The Indian Freedom Movement Essay Example

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Armed Forces , Freedom , War , World , India , Army , Democracy , England

Words: 1200

Published: 06/02/2021

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Introduction

The Indian Freedom movement, is epochal and has probably set a tone for resistance movements across the world. The passivity and non-violence principles including those of paining self in form of going without food for days has set a trend in resistance movements. Truth, honesty, simplicity and dedication were the hallmark of the Indian independence movement. It is strongly believed across the world and definitely in India that it was the dedication of Mahatma Gandhi and the other freedom fighters that led to the freedom of the nation.

There were many others who contributed to the freedom struggle across the nation – Tipu Sultan, Jhansi Laxmi Bhai, Subash Chandra Bose, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Chandra Sekhar Azad and many more whose names have been etched permanently in history. The struggle for freedom was a mass movement, everyone across all the sections of the society participated in this movement. Governance became difficult. The complete governance system broke down. The rulers no longer trusted their own native employees in the police force and the armed forces. Their allegiance to the Throne was questionable. The rulers were no longer in a position to be sure of their orders being diligently executed. All this was created as a result of the pressure exerted by the leadership of Congress, Mahatma Gandhi and other stalwart leaders.

The belief in the Indian sub-continent is that the freedom was earned and rightfully so due to the long and sustained passive freedom struggle. The police batons were quietly borne, blood was shed but not a single stone was thrown. There were macabre incidents like the Jalianwala Bagh, where ruthless General Dyer ordered incessant firing on thousands of innocents. Hundreds died, many more perished, yet there was no retaliation. How much can a perpetrator inflict on innocents? Would it be a repeat of the gas chambers or something close to it? The rulers were human too and they relented and that is what is being believed.

The freedom struggle was far more than mere political struggle, it transformed into a social struggle too. What started as a mere trade relationship, got entrenched too deeply into the internal affairs of the country. By the 1920s the national movement became heated and aggressive. Moderation was not looked kindly to. Gandhiji offered alternate thoughts on the struggle – Non-cooperation movement, Civil Disobedience movement and the Quit India movement. It was during this time that the Muslim League formed out of fear that a free India would have Hindus at the helm of affairs and that they would neglect the welfare of the Muslims. Indian sepoys participated in the World War II in support of the British Army. Did the Second World War influence Indian Independence?

The II World War completed destroyed the economies of the warring countries. The British forces were so completely destroyed and the war had such a ravaging effect on the British that they were barely able to maintain the armed forces. This made them ineffective in their ability to maintain power in the colonies and put down the resistance movements and freedom struggle. This pushed British towards leaving their colonies.

The Cripps mission of 1942 was a clever ploy by Chruchill to buy more time and assuage the anti-colonial feelings in the United States. There was a feeling of a sense of loss of imperialism. The administrators were no longer motivated to create newer ways of maintaining command and control. The Viceroy Wavell said that the town was lost to opponents and the countryside had slipped away like the proverbial sand from the fingers. And finally Wavell reported to the masters back home that India had become “ungovernable.” It is also said Gandhi had no idea of how to bring about Indian independence. In 1927 Madras Congress Session, Nehru and Subash Chandra Bose brought a resolution declaring complete Indian independence, this was later modified to appease Gandhiji requesting a dominion status in the following plenary session in 1928 in Calcutta. So the question that raises its ugly head is whether Gandhiji can be fully credited of brining freedom to the nation. Subash Chandra Bose said, “I began to heap question upon questionThe reply to the first question satisfied meHis reply to the second question was disappointing and his reply to the third question was no betterMy reason told me clearlythat there was a deplorable lack of clarity in the plan which the Mahatma had formulated and that he himself had no clear idea of the successive stages of the campaign which would bring India to her cherished goal of freedom..”

The British Prime Minister Clement Atlee when granting the independence went on record saying that the Gandhiji’s non-violence movement had next to zero impact on the British. Is it Hitler that should be credited for the Indian Independence. So did India earn their freedom or was it given to them?

It was reported that Subash Chandra Bose had died in 1945, and many did not believe it. Bose had collaborated with the Germans and the Japanese against the British army using his own Indian Nationalist Army or the INA. At the end of the war, three officers of INA General Shah Nawaz Khan (Muslim), Colonel Prem Sehgal (Hindu) and Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon (Sikh) werer tried at the Red Fort in New Delhi for waging a war against the King Emperor. While Nehru publicly defended these three, there was a reported secret pact between Nehru, Gandhi, Mohd. Ali Jinnah and Moulana Abul Kalam Azad to hand over Subash Chandra Bose to the Britishers if he ever entered into India!

The trial being public only ensured the three major communities – Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims got together that generated unprecedented sympathy for them and also seeded the Naval Mutiny. Riots broke out all over the country. Britishers were forced to shout “Jai Hind!” The mutiny led to uprising unknown before. The soldiers rebelled against their masters. In midst of all this the main stream political leaders including Gandhi were only concerned about their hold on the masses “to see themselves being upstaged by a bunch of young upstarts with romantic patriotism in their eyes was unnerving,” and even the fact that the religion was no longer a matter of concern for an ordinary Indian was forgotten without any machination, a golden opportunity was lost. So the question remains did India get its freedom or was it given to them?

Bibliography

Hopkins, P J Cain and A G. 2002. British Imperialism 1688-2000. Harlow: Pearson Education. India Abroad (India). 1997. Netaji and Gandhi, 2 Titans of the Independence Struggle. New Delhi. India Folks. 2009. How did India get Independence? – A Brief History. 12 March. Accessed October 8, 2014. http://www.indiafolks.com/history-and-culture/how-did-india-got-independence-brief-history/. Kumar, Susmit. 2012. Hitler, NOT Gandhi, Should Be Given Credit for the Independence of India in 1947. 2012. Accessed October 8, 2014. http://www.susmitkumar.net/index.php/hitler-not-gandhi-was-the-reason-for-the-1947-indian-independence. Raj, James L. 1997. Making and unmaking of British India. Abacus.

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• Government Exam Articles
• List Indian Freedom Movements [1857 -1947] - For General Awareness

List of Important Events During The Indian Freedom Struggle [1857-1947]

When studying for competitive exams, one of the many important subjects to cover is History. Being a lengthy subject, it frequently terrifies many aspirants, but when studied in an engaging way, it may be simple to remember and understand. The topic of the Indian National Movement, which is a significant phase in the freedom struggle of India, is one of the most important topics that cover the broad history of India.

The list of Indian freedom movements should be prepared well by candidates studying for upcoming government exams like SSC, RRB, Bank and more because general awareness is a requirement for many of these exams. Even the candidates who are preparing for the IAS Exam will find the questions related to the Indian Freedom Struggle in both the UPSC Prelims and GS 1 Mains exams.

Indian Freedom Struggle

Indian nationalism began to take shape in the late nineteenth century. The rebellion of 1857 marked the conscious beginning of the fight for independence from the British empire’s colonial oppression. The 1857 uprising went by many names, including the Sepoy Mutiny and India’s First War of Independence. Although the revolt of 1857 started as a mutiny, soon it spread all over the country to overthrow the foreign domination. The revolt of 1857 was not successful but it sparked the fire for independence, which ultimately resulted in a series of Indian national movements with the ultimate goal of bringing an end to the British rule in India.

This article gives a detail of the major Indian Freedom Movements post-1857, that contributed to achieving Independence on 1947. The list of Indian freedom struggles will be available for candidates to download in PDF format for the convenience of use during the preparation.

Candidates willing to check more topics for the general awareness section of various competitive exams can visit the SSC General Awareness page. The topics covered are common for all government examinations.

Overview of the Indian Freedom Movements

• Also called India’s first war of independence, it began at Meerut on May 10, 1857, and slowly spread across Delhi, Agra, Kanpur and Lucknow.
• It was the first significant uprising against the East India Company. Although the Revolt was unsuccessful, it had a significant impact on the masses and inspired India’s entire Independence Movement.
• It was the revolt of 1857 which gave a clear message to the British Crown that the East India Company had failed to exercise control over the country, demonstrating its incapacity.
• The British East India Company’s control came to an end with this fight for independence.
• After the British Crown seized control of India from the East India Company in 1858, it became a British colony in law. Following this, India was directly governed by the British government through governors general.

Read about the Social Causes of Revolt of 1857 , in the linked article.

British India saw the rise of numerous political organisations in the late nineteenth century. The most notable one was the Indian National Congress , popularly known as the Congress Party, which was established in 1885 . Its initial goal was to establish a platform for civil and political discussion between Indians and the British Raj in order to secure a larger political role for educated Indians. Later, under the leadership of individuals like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawarhal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose and Sardar Vallabhai Patel, the Congress party was instrumental in organising large-scale movements against the British government.

• The Swadeshi Movement was a consequence of Lord Curzon’s announcement for the partition of Bengal in 1905, on the grounds that the population of Bengal as a whole would be difficult to govern over.
• However, the British declared the division of Bengal into two provinces with the intention of undermining nationalist unity.
• The “Boycott” resolution was adopted at a conference held at the Calcutta Town Hall on August 7, 1905, thus establishing the Swadeshi movement and bringing its previously fragmented leadership under one leadership.
• The goal of the Swadeshi movement was to encourage the usage of local goods and services while denouncing their British counterparts. This raised India’s economic standing and demonstrated to the British that Indians could live independently.
• When British products were openly torched, this movement became violent. The British started detaining the agitators to address this issue, and ultimately Bengal was partitioned.
• The Swadeshi Movement was a turning point in Indian history because it demonstrated the nation’s unity and helped people see that they could defeat the British if they united.

Read more about the Swadeshi Movement , in the linked article.

• The Ghadar Movement was a significant turning point in India’s quest for independence. Early in the 20th century, a number of stringent immigration laws based on racial discrimination were put in place to reduce the number of Indian immigrants coming to Canada in search of employment.
• Komagata Maru Incident: A ship from Canada by the name of Komagatamaru that was carrying immigrants from India was sent back. Several of the ship’s passengers were killed or detained in a clash with the British police as it headed back to India. The Komagata Maru episode attracted worldwide attention and condemnation for the violation of human rights and racism. The episode further inspired the Ghadar party to engage in its struggle against colonial rule, and therefore it indirectly gave a fillip to the Indian struggle for freedom.
• After the brutal British repression, the Ghadar Movement started to wane. 1917 saw the Ghadar Party split into a Communist and a Socialist faction following the end of World War I.
• The Ghadar movement might be characterised as a story of extraordinary bravery, labour and toil that affected every Indian living in foreign countries.
• The powerful speeches by its leaders did shape the expatriate opinion against the misrule of the British in India.
• It truly qualifies as a major struggle which aroused the people to fight for freedom and sowed seeds for any other future course of action.

Learn more about the following:

• Komagata Maru Incident
• Ghadhar Party
• Home Rule Movement served as the country’s response to the First World War and a powerful means to express opposition to British rule.
• Home Rule Movement was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak at Belgaum in April 1916 and later by Annie Besant in Madras in September 1916.
• This movement was targeted at achieving self-rule, without the interference of the British Government.
• Movement sought to demonstrate the strength of India and its people by raising political awareness and assembling a bigger political representation for the nation in opposition to British Rule.
• This movement resulted in the 1917 Montague Declaration , which said that there would be a greater representation of Indians in the administration, fostering the growth of institutions for self-governance and finally bringing about responsible governments in India.

Read more about the Home Rule Movement in the linked article.

• Champaran Movement was Mahatma Gandhi’s first act of civil disobedience during the struggle for independence, which took place in the Bihar region of Champaran in 1917.
• Gandhi was persuaded by an indigo farmer, Rajkumar Shukla, to visit Champaran to look into the plight of the farmers, who were subjected to oppressive regulations and high taxes. Under the tinkathia system , they were compelled to grow indigo by the British colonists.
• Gandhi gathered support from the local farmers and masses to organise nonviolent protests against planters and landlords, and as a result, the government decided to do away with the oppressive tinkathia system. Additionally, the peasants were compensated with a part of the money taken from them.
• Gandhi organised three protests in Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda during the years 1917 and 1918, before beginning the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
• Although the Champaran Satyagraha was the first to be organised, the term ‘Satyagraha’ was first used during the anti-Rowlatt Act protest, which means, a non-violent method of protest.

Read the following articles for more details:

• Gandhi’s Early Movements in India
• Champaran Satyagraha
• The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, passed by the British Indian government, was more often known as the Rowlatt Act.
• The Act granted the government the authority to imprison anyone accused of engaging in terror activities for up to two years without a trial. The freedom of the press was likewise severely restricted by the Rowlatt Act.
• Mahatma Gandhi began a non-violent Satyagraha on April 6, 1919, to protest against the British government’s unfair Rowlatt Act, which was called the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
• A nationwide hartal was declared and people were asked to hold meetings against the repressive act and refrain from going to work.
• While the hartal was successful in Delhi, violence was witnessed in Punjab and a few other places. Therefore, Gandhi suspended the hartal in the wake of the violence.
• The infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre, which took place in Amritsar on 13th April 1919, was also the result of the protest against the Rowlatt Act. This incident was a great reason for Indians to struggle for India’s independence even harder.

Read more about the Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre , in the linked article.

• Khilafat Movement : The Indian Muslims were not happy with the way the British dethroned the Caliph in Turkey. So, in 1919, various protests were held against the Britishers. The Muslim League and Congress came together during this time. Both of these parties worked together to organise numerous political protests. The movement was initially introduced on August 31, 1920, when the Khilafat Committee began a campaign of non-cooperation.
• The Indian National Congress (INC), led by Mahatma Gandhi, began the Non-Cooperation Movement on September 5, 1920. The Non-Cooperation Movement is one of the key movements in India’s independence struggle. It was initiated by Gandhi in support of the Khilafat Movement.
• The aim was to boycott major social programmes, events, offices and schools to resonate with India’s struggle for independence. In his declaration Gandhi, wanted people to adopt Swadeshi principles and work for the eradication of untouchability from society.
• The open, non-violent protest against the government by thousands of Indians was a true mass movement.
• The Indian National Congress called for self-government or Swarajya and only non-violent methods were asked to be used while protesting
• However, following the Chauri Chaura incident in February 1922, where during a fight between the police and protesters a violent crowd set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen, Gandhiji decided to put an end to the movement.

View the linked article to learn more about the Non-Cooperation Movement and its role in India’s independence struggle.

• Mahatma Gandhi led a non-violent Civil Disobedience Movement in colonial India known as the Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, the Dandi March, and the Dandi Satyagraha.
• By 1930, the Congress Party had announced that the only goal of the liberation movement should be Poorna Swarajya or total independence. The 26 January 1930 was declared Poorna Swarajya Day.
• The movement began in 1930 after Indians became angered when the British imposed a tax on the sale and collection of salt, and Gandhiji chose to break the salt tax in defiance of the government.
• On March 12, 1930, Mahatama Gandhi led a large group of people from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a seaside town in Gujarat, where they produced salt from seawater in violation of the law.
• More than 60,000 individuals were detained as the movement swept across the nation, including Mahatma Gandhi.
• When Gandhiji was finally allowed to leave prison in 1931, he met with Lord Irwin, who was keen to put a stop to the civil disobedience movement and the media attention it had garnered.
• The Gandhi-Irwin Pact stipulated that the civil disobedience campaign would be put an end to in exchange for allowing Indians to produce salt for household use. Lord Irwin also consented to the Indians’ detention being lifted. Gandhiji participated in the London Second Round Table Conference as a “equal.”

Read more about the Civil Disobedience Movement in the linked article.

• The leaders of the Indian National Congress (INC) were unhappy with the British government for dragging India into the Second World War in 1939, without the Indian people’s consent.
• Indian backing for the war was highly desired by the British government and as a result, the Viceroy Linlithgow offered a series of recommendations known as the “August offer.”
• After the Indian nationalists demanded an interim government in India in lieu of support in World War II, Indians’ freedom to frame their own constitution was acknowledged for the first time in the August Offer, 1940.
• However, the August Offer said after the war, a representative Indian body would be established to draft India’s Constitution, and it would be given dominion status.
• The INC rejected this offer at its meeting at Wardha in August 1940 and demanded complete freedom from the colonial rule. The Individual Satyagraha was then started by Mahatma Gandhi to uphold the right to free expression.
• Brahma Datt, Vinoba Bhave and Jawaharlal Nehru were the first three satyagrahis. The satyagrahis also started a march towards Delhi, which was called the ‘ Delhi Chalo Movement’ .
• Although the movement failed to pick up steam and was aborted in December 1940, it put the Britishers under immense pressure.

Learn in detail about the August Offer and Individual Satyagraha in the linked article.

• The INC called for a widespread civil disobedience movement when the Cripps Mission , which arrived in India in March 1942, was unable to promise any type of constitutional remedy for India’s issues.
• The idea of an independence movement in India was accepted by the Congress Working Committee at its Wardha meeting on July 14, 1942.
• Gandhi began this movement in August 1942 in an effort to compel the British to leave India. This campaign, known as the “Bharat Chhodo Andolan,” compelled the British colonial authorities to consider leaving India.
• The outcome of the movement was that Congress was declared an unlawful association and its offices all over the country were raided. The leaders were arrested and there rose a chaotic moment with this incident.
• Despite heavy-handed suppression by the government, the people were unfazed and continued their struggle.
• The movement placed the demand for complete independence at the top agenda of the freedom movement.

Read about Quit India Movement in the linked article.

The Indian National Movement is a very relevant topic in Indian History for many government exams, and the significance of this topic can only be appreciated by being aware of the kinds of questions that can be asked in the examination. Hence, candidates should practice enough questions related to the topic.

During the British Colonial Period in the 18th and 19th centuries, social struggles against British atrocities also included the peasant movements. Visit the linked article to go through the important Peasant Movements in Indian History.

Sample Questions On Indian National Movements

The questions below are only provided as a guide, and applicants are advised to check the Previous Year Question Papers with Solution PDF to familiarise themselves with the range and variety of questions asked in the government exams relating to the topic.

Q.1. Which act during the Indian freedom struggle was known as the ‘Black Bill’?

• Government of India Act
• Indian Council Act
• Rowlatt Act
• Child Marriages Restraint Act

Q.2. The provision for a separate electorate for Hindus and Muslims was made in___.

• Minto-Morley reforms
• Government of India Act, 1935
• Mountbatten Plan
• Montague Chelmsford reforms

Q.3. ____ played an important role in the formation of the Indian National Congress. Name the English Officer.

• Sir Stafford Cripps
• Sir John Simon
• Lord Curzon

Q.4. The Rowlatt Act enactment immediately preceeds____.

• Non- Cooperation Movement
• Simon commission Arrival
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• Communal Awards

Q.5. ____ remarked, “Nehru is a patriot while Jinnah is a politician”

• Abdul Gaffar Khan
• Maulana Azad
• Sir Mohammed Iqbal
• Mahatma Gandhi

Q.6. In which session did the Indian National Congress declare Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) to be its goal?

• Lahore, 1929
• Lucknow, 1916
• Tripuri, 1939
• Lahore, 1940

Answer: (1)

Q.7. The Khilafat Movement was started by:

• Muhmmad Ali Jinnah
• Dr Zakir Hussain
• Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
• Ali Brothers

Answer: (4)

Q.8. The Hunter Commission was appointed by the British to probe the:

• Chauri-Chaura incident
• Jallianwala Bagh tragedy
• Khilafat Movement
• Non-Co-operation Movement

Answer: (2)

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Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

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100 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

The birth of a leader.

Mahatma Gandhi was born in India in 1869. He studied law in England before returning to India. He later moved to South Africa, where he first used nonviolent resistance.

Gandhi’s Philosophy

Gandhi believed in ‘Satyagraha’, or truth-force. He thought peaceful protests were the best way to resist unfair laws. This was a new idea in the fight for freedom.

Gandhi and India’s Freedom Struggle

Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He led the Indian National Congress, guiding India towards independence. He organized nonviolent protests against British rule.

Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi’s nonviolent methods inspired many, and India gained independence in 1947. His ideas continue to influence people worldwide.

250 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

Introduction.

Mahatma Gandhi, fondly referred to as the ‘Father of the Nation,’ played an instrumental role in India’s struggle for independence. He employed non-violent civil disobedience methods, setting a unique paradigm for freedom struggles worldwide.

Non-Violent Approach

Gandhi’s primary weapon in the struggle was non-violence or ‘Ahimsa.’ His philosophy was grounded in the belief that moral superiority could not be achieved through violent means. This approach resonated with the masses and enabled widespread participation, thereby intensifying the struggle against the British Raj.

Mass Mobilization

Gandhi’s leadership was marked by his ability to mobilize the masses. His simple lifestyle and empathetic nature helped him connect with the common people. He initiated campaigns like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement, which saw mass participation unprecedented in the history of the Indian freedom struggle.

Championing Swaraj

Gandhi’s concept of ‘Swaraj’ or self-rule was not just political independence but also economic and social self-reliance. He advocated for the boycott of British goods and promoted indigenous industries, enhancing India’s economic independence and providing a blueprint for post-colonial economic development.

Mahatma Gandhi’s role in India’s freedom struggle was transformative. His non-violent approach, ability to mobilize the masses, and vision for Swaraj were instrumental in shaping the course of India’s freedom struggle. His philosophies have left an indelible mark on India’s ethos and continue to inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the globe.

500 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, famously known as Mahatma Gandhi, played a pivotal role in the Indian freedom struggle against British rule. His unique approach of ‘Satyagraha’ (insistence on truth) and ‘Ahimsa’ (non-violence) left an indelible mark on the world and significantly contributed to India’s independence.

Advent of Satyagraha

Gandhi’s principle of Satyagraha was a revolutionary method in the fight for freedom. It was a non-violent resistance against the oppressor, where the oppressed demonstrated their moral superiority. The first significant application of Satyagraha was in South Africa, where Gandhi led the Indian community against racial discrimination. This laid the foundation for his future endeavors in India.

Non-Cooperation Movement

Returning to India in 1915, Gandhi transformed the Indian National Congress from an elitist party into a mass movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was the first large-scale initiative against British rule under his leadership. Gandhi called for a complete boycott of British goods and services, which included schools, courts, and government services. The movement stirred the nation, uniting Indians across regions, religions, and classes. Despite its abrupt end due to the Chauri Chaura incident, the movement marked the beginning of a nationwide struggle for freedom.

Civil Disobedience Movement

The Civil Disobedience Movement, initiated with the Dandi March in 1930, was another milestone in India’s struggle for freedom. Gandhi and his followers marched about 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi, where they made salt, defying the British salt laws. This act was a symbolic defiance of the British monopoly and a peaceful protest against their oppressive regime.

Quit India Movement

In 1942, Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement, demanding an end to British rule in India. His call for ‘Do or Die’ resonated with the masses, leading to widespread protests across the country. The movement was a significant blow to the British, shaking the foundations of their rule in India.

Gandhi’s Philosophy and Its Impact

Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence and truth was not merely a strategy for the freedom struggle, but a way of life. His principles of simplicity, self-reliance, and communal harmony continue to inspire millions around the world. His innovative methods of civil resistance have influenced numerous freedom struggles globally, including the civil rights movement in the U.S. led by Martin Luther King Jr.

Mahatma Gandhi’s role in the Indian freedom struggle was monumental. His non-violent resistance against British rule united the diverse Indian population and instilled in them a sense of national pride. His principles and methods, though criticized by some, proved to be effective in achieving India’s independence. Gandhi’s legacy continues to influence and inspire movements for civil rights and social change worldwide, making him a global icon for peace and justice.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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