zip code assignment

How Are ZIP Codes Assigned?

By chris higgins | aug 20, 2007.

I have often wondered how ZIP codes were laid out across the US -- what's the logic behind my Portland, Oregon address having a ZIP starting in 9, while New York addresses start with 1?

Well, the web has tons of resources to help you figure out ZIP codes. First is Ben Fry's zipdecode , an interactive web site that lets you type in a ZIP code and watch the map narrow down as it searches for that code. (Try it -- it's neat and educational.) You can also use this interactive map to see the logic in the nationwide layout of ZIP codes -- start by typing a 0, then backspace, and type 1, and so on...up through 9, you'll see the ZIP codes laid out from northeast to the west. Also check out Robert Kosara's US ZIPScribble Map , which connects the various numbered zones via colored scribbles. (Thanks to Geo Lounge for these pointers.)

Wikipedia has a great page on ZIP codes , detailing the history and logic behind the system. Be sure to consult the awesome pop culture section for some serious ZIP code trivia.

And finally, here are some ZIP codes I found interesting:

And that little guy pictured above, encouraging us to use ZIP codes? He's Mr. ZIP ! For a bit of fun, check out this All Things Considered story (an April Fools' joke) on 'Vanity' ZIP codes .

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Changing Postal ZIP Code Boundaries

June 23, 2006 – February 2, 2011 RL33488

The 112th Congress may address issues related to the application and modification of ZIP Codes. This report assists members in addressing concerns about the use of ZIP Codes as well as offers an overview of the boundary review process that can lead to changes in ZIP Code assignment.

Since the ZIP Code system for identifying address locations was devised in the 1960s, some citizens have wanted to change the ZIP Codes to which their addresses have been assigned. Because ZIP Codes are often not aligned with municipal boundaries, millions of Americans have mailing addresses in neighboring jurisdictions. The result can be higher insurance rates, confusion in voter registration, misdirected property and sales tax revenues for municipalities, and changes in property values. Some communities that lack delivery post offices complain that the need to use mailing addresses of adjacent areas robs them of a community identity.

Because ZIP Codes are the cornerstone of the U.S. Postal Service’s (USPS’s) mail distribution system, USPS has long resisted changing them for any reason other than to improve the efficiency of delivery. Frustrated citizens frequently have turned to members of Congress for assistance in altering ZIP Code boundaries. In the 101st Congress, a House subcommittee heard testimony from members, city officials, and the General Accounting Office (GAO, now the Government Accountability Office) that USPS routinely denied local requests for adjusting ZIP Code boundaries.

Since then, USPS has developed a “ZIP Code Boundary Review Process” that promises “every reasonable effort” to consider and, if possible, accommodate municipal requests to modify the last lines of an acceptable address or modify ZIP Code boundaries. The process places responsibility on district managers, rather than local postmasters, to review requests for boundary adjustments, to evaluate costs and benefits of alternative solutions to identified problems, and to provide decisions within 60 days. If a district manager rejects the request, the process provides for an appeal to the manager of delivery at USPS headquarters, where a review based on whether or not a “reasonable accommodation” was made is to be provided within 60 days.

The boundary review process enhances the possibility of accommodating communities that desire ZIP Code changes. One accommodation that can often be made is to allow the use of more than one city name in the last line of an address, while retaining the ZIP Code number of the delivery post office. This can help with community identity problems, though not with problems such as insurance rates or tax remittances that are determined by ZIP Code.

A congressional constituent desiring a ZIP Code accommodation may not be aware of the boundary review process requirements. Any proposal for change must be submitted in writing to the district manager. The district manager is to work with the local postal managers, headquarters delivery, and headquarters Address Management System to evaluate the request and determine if an accommodation can be made.

ZIP Codes Are Widely Used Outside USPS

Problems caused by misalignment with municipal boundaries, congressional hearing registers concern, postal service attempts to resolve problems, current usps process for realigning zip codes, process for considering requests from a community or municipality, what the process requires, possible accommodations to resolve zip code complaints, what can a member of congress do.

The 112 th Congress may address issues related to the application and modification of ZIP Codes. This report assists members in addressing concerns about the use of ZIP Codes as well as offers an overview of the boundary review process that can lead to changes in ZIP Code assignment.

Because ZIP Codes are the cornerstone of the U.S. Postal Service's (USPS's) mail distribution system, USPS has long resisted changing them for any reason other than to improve the efficiency of delivery. Frustrated citizens frequently have turned to members of Congress for assistance in altering ZIP Code boundaries. In the 101 st Congress, a House subcommittee heard testimony from members, city officials, and the General Accounting Office (GAO, now the Government Accountability Office) that USPS routinely denied local requests for adjusting ZIP Code boundaries.

Since then, USPS has developed a "ZIP Code Boundary Review Process" that promises "every reasonable effort" to consider and, if possible, accommodate municipal requests to modify the last lines of an acceptable address or modify ZIP Code boundaries. The process places responsibility on district managers, rather than local postmasters, to review requests for boundary adjustments, to evaluate costs and benefits of alternative solutions to identified problems, and to provide decisions within 60 days. If a district manager rejects the request, the process provides for an appeal to the manager of delivery at USPS headquarters, where a review based on whether or not a "reasonable accommodation" was made is to be provided within 60 days.

Constituents often turn to members of Congress for assistance in securing changes to ZIP Code boundaries, usually because their mailing addresses do not correspond to the geographic and political boundaries of their municipalities' jurisdictions. This report explains why ZIP Code boundaries often are not aligned with geographic political jurisdiction boundaries, describes some problems that may occur because of the misalignment, and discusses efforts by the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) and Congress to address these problems.

The Post Office Department (now the U.S. Postal Service) began dividing large cities into delivery zones in 1943, inserting two digits between the city and the state in the lower address line. In 1963, the whole country was divided into five-digit postal delivery codes—termed ZIP Codes by the Post Office. These codes corresponded to the post offices where final sorting of mail was done and from which letter carriers were dispatched to make deliveries. The term ZIP Code, originally trademarked and always capitalized, was an acronym for "Zoning Improvement Plan." Mass mailers were first required to use ZIP Codes in 1967, and today their use is ubiquitous.

Almost all mail is sorted by machines, and the basis for this sorting is a ZIP Code. ZIP Codes have expanded through the years to 9 digits (ZIP+4) in 1983 and to 11 digits in 1991. Most customers know only their five-digit ZIP Codes. The first number in the ZIP Code represents a general geographic area of the nation—moving from a "0" for places in the east to a "9" for locations in the west. 1 The second and third numbers indicate regions of the United States, while the fourth and fifth digits route the mail to specific post offices. For example, the ZIP Code for Alturas, the county seat of Modoc County in the northeastern corner of California, is 96101. The 9 directs the mail to the west. The 61 directs mail to the processing facility in Reno, NV, which is the distribution point for some California post offices such as Alturas, Cedarville (96104), Fort Bidwell (96112), and Likely (96116). Reno is also the processing facility for ZIP Codes in Nevada beginning with 894, 895, and 897. The four final ZIP Code numbers, which were added in 1983 "allow mail to be sorted to a specific group of streets or to a high-rise building." 2

The Postal Service has contended that the ZIP Code system's only purpose is to facilitate the efficient and orderly delivery of the mail. Nevertheless, ZIP Code information is readily available to the public, and both private and governmental entities have found it a convenient and accessible tool for many purposes unrelated to mail delivery. Postal Service competitors like FedEx and UPS use the ZIP Code. The ZIP Code also has been adopted for non-delivery purposes, such as providing a convenient, yet sometimes imperfect means of targeting populations for performing demographic research, setting insurance rates, estimating housing values, remitting state tax revenues back to localities, and directing advertising messages. USPS works with state and local authorities as well as private companies to better align ZIP Codes with both postal and non-postal needs.

Because ZIP Codes are based on the location of delivery post offices, they often do not correspond to political jurisdiction boundaries. This means that millions of Americans receive their mail from post offices in adjacent towns, villages, or neighborhoods. Their mailing addresses may not reflect the name and ZIP Code of the jurisdictions where they actually live. This situation was not uncommon when ZIP Codes were first assigned nearly 50 years ago, and it has become more common since then—particularly in rapidly growing suburban areas. The boundaries of many jurisdictions have changed with growth, annexation, and the incorporation of new communities. At the same time, USPS has sought to reduce rather than expand the number of post offices as its retail business model has changed.

The widespread use of ZIP Codes for non-postal purposes has exacerbated problems for those postal patrons whose mailing addresses do not match their actual towns or cities of residence. The following is a sample of the problems that have been brought to congressional attention:

• higher automobile insurance rates for drivers who live in the suburbs but are charged city rates based on their ZIP Codes;
• residents who are confused about where to vote in municipal elections because they do not distinguish between their voting and mailing addresses;
• sales tax revenues rebated by states to the cities where they are collected often being misdirected because they are collected by merchants with ZIP Codes in different jurisdictions, or by merchants who mail their products to customers knowing only their ZIP Codes;
• individuals being sent jury duty notices when they are not eligible to serve based on their actual residences;
• emergency service vehicles being misdirected by confusion over what town a call has come from, based on mailing address information; and
• homeowners in expensive neighborhoods complaining that their housing values are diminished because their mailing addresses place them in less prestigious communities.

In addition, a community may lack a delivery post office and complain that the need to use mailing addresses from neighboring towns robs them of their community identity. For example, even though Haddon Township, NJ, is an incorporated municipality with a 2009 estimated population of 14,368 people, 3 it has no delivery post office, and its residents receive mail from the Camden, Haddonfield, Gloucester City, and Mount Ephraim post offices—each with a different ZIP Code.

A host of ZIP Code misalignment problems were aired in a 1990 hearing of a House postal subcommittee. 4 Ten members of Congress described ZIP Code alignment problems in their districts, and similar statements were received from many local governments, as well as the National League of Cities. The hearing in the 101 st Congress considered three bills ( H.R. 2380 , H.R. 2902 , and H.R. 4827 ) that would have allowed local governments, rather than the Postal Service, to determine local addresses or ZIP Code boundaries as a solution to the widespread problems.

USPS expressed strong opposition to these bills and said that depriving USPS of control over "the most basic tool of the postal trade—the mailing address" would be "disastrous." 5 A USPS boundary survey found that more than 11 million deliveries 6 were served by carriers who cross municipal boundaries, and estimated that if delivery boundaries were realigned to match municipal boundaries, 1,600 new postal facilities and 10,500 new carriers would be needed. 7 Also to be considered was the availability of additional ZIP Codes in certain large areas. At of the end of 1989, 924 of the 1,000 possible three-digit combinations already had been assigned; in 20 areas, 90 or more of the 100 possible ZIP Codes already had been assigned; and in Houston, all 100 possible ZIP Codes had been used. 8

These arguments may have proved persuasive because the legislation never advanced, and neither have similar bills introduced in later Congresses. At the hearings, however, USPS also earned some criticism because of its "peremptory denials" of local suggestions or requests for ZIP Code changes that were variously characterized as "cold and haughty," "cursory," "unresponsive," "stonewalling," and "uncaring." 9 The Government Accountability Office (GAO, then the General Accounting Office) examined postal case files on 26 municipal requests for ZIP Code changes, only 2 of which were approved by USPS. GAO reported that USPS not only could do a better job of providing facts and reasoning to explain its decisions in individual change requests, but also could "do more to ... resolve problems caused by conflicts between municipal and ZIP Code boundaries." 10

In the years since the 1990 hearing and GAO's investigation, USPS has made a concerted effort to develop a process for the regular review of ZIP Code boundaries. Under Section 439 of the Postal Operations Manual , 11 the manager of the District Office's Address Management System (AMS) is responsible for reviewing "and monitoring delivery growth patterns, facilities planning, and any other factors" that may affect ZIP Code boundaries. 12 Increased growth in a geographic area is the most common precipitating factor in such USPS-initiated ZIP Code changes. USPS has established criteria and thresholds for ZIP Code changes, which include, but are not limited to, the establishment of 25,000 new deliveries 13 or more than 55 carrier routes. 14 ZIP Code changes are invariably sensitive locally, and often involve considerable coordination and investment, so USPS requires approval from the district manager, the manager of operations programs support, the manager of processing and distribution, and the district manager of customer service and sales before a proposal can be sent to the Area (regional) Office for approval.

Most of the required ZIP Code change request analysis is based on operational considerations internal to USPS. One of the questions a manager of the District Office's AMS must address, however, is whether municipal boundaries will be crossed. The manager must also consider whether municipal officials have been asked to comment on the revised boundaries. The new boundary review process requires that "officials should consider municipal boundaries and customer interests in all zone splits. If a ZIP Code that is being considered for adjustment crosses municipal boundaries, consult municipal offices before submitting the proposal, and consider all reasonable solutions." 15

The process for considering requests from municipalities and community groups for ZIP Code changes dates to March 1991—not long after the congressional hearing referenced above. It has taken some time for the process to become a settled practice, and for USPS to adopt a willingness to consider requests for boundary adjustments that are based solely on "community identity" concerns. A key event was a November 18, 1999, directive to the vice presidents in charge of each of the nine postal areas from John E. Potter (who later served as Postmaster General, but then served as senior vice president for operations) and Deborah Wilhite, senior vice president for government relations and public policy. The memorandum noted that a review of correspondence with the public on the issue of ZIP Code changes "has indicated a need for general improvement." The memorandum then emphatically reemphasized the expectation that USPS would give careful, objective consideration to community wishes, even if they were based solely on "identity" considerations.

As indicated when the Review Process was first implemented in 1991, "just saying no" does not make identity issues go away. In fact, growth and the increasing use of ZIP Codes as database links and demographic tools tend to make them worse over time. If you receive a municipal identity request and a reasonable means of full or partial accommodation can be identified, offer it, apply the customer survey process, and move on. Requests can be denied, but only based on appropriate, objective reasons that are consistent with the Review Process....

(P)ostal policy is to offer any reasonable administrative or operational accommodation that can correct, or alleviate, the municipal identity concerns. The objective is to find ways to say " yes, " not excuses for saying " no. " Do not deny a request out of concern that "other communities will want the same thing." Others will make requests.... In the case of identity, customers measure the Postal Service by its impact on their daily lives. When mailing identities generate negative effects on our customers' properties, households and associations, even when caused by third-party actions, they are perceived as "bad service" and intrusive bureaucracy (emphasis in original). 16

The boundary review process requires any municipality and community group seeking a ZIP Code change to submit the request in writing to the manager of the district, with any rationale and justification. After a community has submitted a ZIP Code request change to USPS, "the District Office forwards the request to the Area Office for review and approval." If the request is approved at the area level, "the proposal is sent to Headquarters Address Management System (AMS) for review and approval." The local postmaster is not the decision maker in this process. The district manager is to identify all relevant issues and potential solutions to them, quantify the specific operational impacts and feasibility of the request, meet with the group of proponents to discuss issues and explain potential alternatives, and provide a determination within 60 days.

The district manager must notify the proponent group in writing if their ZIP Code change request was denied. The notification must include specific justifications for the denial, must be based on the results of the analysis, and must advise the proponent group of the appeal process.

If the request is feasible, the process then requires a formal survey of all of the customers who would be affected by the proposed change. This is an important step, because it might reveal that the proponent group was an activist minority and most customers would prefer not to notify correspondents, change magazine subscriptions, replace stationery, go to a different post office to pick up left-notice mail, or perhaps to adopt a different "community identity." A simple majority of the survey respondents is adequate for approval.

Finally, there is a process in place for customers to appeal to headquarters if USPS determines it will not change ZIP Code boundaries in a case prompted by "municipal identity" issues. Any proponent may appeal an adverse decision to the manager of delivery operations, except in cases where a potential accommodation was not implemented because a majority of affected customers did not support it in the survey.

Within delivery operations at headquarters, an operations specialist who works full time on boundary review appeals determines whether the district provided "reasonable accommodation" to the proposed change. Having knowledge of situations all over the country, and of various accommodations that have been implemented, the operations specialist is in a unique position to judge whether the district manager has fully applied the spirit and letter of the 1999 guidance (made available to a proponent on request) to "find ways to say 'yes.'" The manager of delivery operations must make a final decision on the appeal within 60 days.

There is some evidence that the boundary review process is having some positive effect. USPS has not kept statistics on resolutions in recent years, but it did report that in 1991, the first year of the new policy's implementation, accommodations were reached in 64% of the first 28 reviews completed. 17

The most common form of request to the Postal Service (and to members of Congress) is for "a new ZIP Code" for a specific area. Most postal patrons may not realize that a new, unique ZIP Code usually accompanies the creation of a new delivery post office. They also may not realize that a delivery post office (as opposed to a retail station) is a major investment, requiring substantial space, loading docks, sorting equipment, access to major transportation routes, and negotiations with several unions over work assignments. USPS, however, believes that such requests "are fundamentally identity issues" and are made because customers perceive a new ZIP Code as "the only means of achieving postal identity." 18 In fact, other options are often available and much simpler to achieve. Sometimes fairly minor adjustments in carrier routes can be made that will solve at least part of a community's boundary problem.

A compromise solution that does not involve changing USPS delivery structure is to allow customers to use an alternative city name in the last line of their addresses, while not changing the ZIP Code. This situation most often occurs when one or more communities fall within the boundaries of a single ZIP Code.

When a large portion of the mail was sorted manually, the use of an alternate city name could have caused mis-sorting and delayed mail. Today, however, almost all mail is sorted by computerized processing equipment. This alternative can help ameliorate community identity issues, but may not address whether certain non-USPS services—like ambulances—can properly locate a home. USPS advises that an alternate city name should not be written in an address until USPS has added it into the AMS. USPS sorting technology currently reads all lines of the address to obtain the delivery point barcode, and use of an unapproved alternative city name could hinder delivery.

USPS routinely has worked with large-scale mailers to improve their address files, sorting—in most cases—to 11 digits rather than five digits. As noted earlier in the report, in 1983, the ZIP Code was expanded to nine digits (ZIP +4). The 10 th and 11 th ZIP Code numbers, created in 1991, allow mail sent by large-scale mailers to be sorted "directly to a residence or business." 19 If a mailer seeks such USPS assistance, USPS may refine municipal mailing lists to conform to political jurisdictions and eliminate errors based on the less sophisticated use of the five-digit code.

When a member's office receives a request for assistance in persuading USPS to create a new ZIP Code, it may be helpful to ascertain at the outset the underlying reason for the request. If the constituents are complaining about poor delivery service, then the Postal Service is more likely to address the complaints expeditiously, determine if they have merit, and seek solutions. If population growth or obsolescence of a delivery facility is leading to service problems, USPS will attempt to resolve the problems, including those prompted by confusion over ZIP Code boundaries.

Often, the ZIP Code modification request may have little to do with delivery service, but stems from community identity issues. Constituents are frequently unaware of the boundary review process. In many cases, constituents or municipal officials may have approached a letter carrier or local postmaster and been told that an adjustment would be disruptive, costly, and impractical.

USPS internal policies (as described above) quite firmly state that a cursory, negative response to a request for a ZIP Code modification is no longer permissible. Even if an accommodation cannot be reached, USPS officials are required to explain fully the reasons for the refusal, based on a comprehensive review of operational and cost data.

Occasionally, members will be asked to introduce legislation to force USPS to establish ZIP Code boundaries in statute. Only once has such piece of legislation become law. The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 ( P.L. 109-435 ; 120 Stat. 3261) required USPS to assign "a single unified ZIP Code to serve, as nearly as practicable, each of the following communities:

• 1. Auburn Township, Ohio
• 2. Hanahan, South Carolina
• 3. Bradbury, California
• 4. Discovery Bay, California"

Those ZIP Codes are currently active, according to USPS.

Finally, USPS advises that a constituent should not substitute the preferred city name before the ZIP Code in an address line, without receiving USPS approval to do so. USPS mail processing equipment has internal checks that compare the ZIP Code with the proper city name; if the two do not match, default sequences come into play, and mail very likely will be directed to the wrong delivery post office, certainly causing delay and possibly causing the mail to be returned as undeliverable.

Acknowledgments

This report originally was written by [author name scrubbed], who has retired from CRS. Readers may contact [author name scrubbed] with questions on ZIP Code issues.

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ZIP code mapping is a method of analyzing data in relation to ZIP codes. It is usually used in comparison analysis and territory definition. As the most granular boundary dataset, it allows a more exact analysis of business data.

• Comparison analysis: This is done by linking data to ZIP code boundaries and then running a regional heat map analysis. For example, you can visualize the concentration of males aged 35-50 per ZIP code, or the volume of sales per ZIP code.
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2.ZIP code territory maps

3.zip code heat map, color-coded zip code maps.

Color-coded ZIP code maps use a range of colors to illustrate various ranges of data. Each color represents a simple value. For example each individual ZIP code can be assigned a unique color based on a value. You can also save a palette of color styles as templates. This is great when you want to create similar maps on a regular basis. You can then easily reuse these styles as you update and reload new versions of your data. Learn how to create your own color-coded ZIP code maps with our quick how-to guide.

What is a color-coded map?

A color-coded ZIP code map is a map that has different colorized ZIP code areas where each color represents a simple value. For example, each ZIP code could be differentiated and highlighted by an individual color. This makes it easy to see the different independent ZIP codes (their "value") and their geographic boundaries.

Grouping and coding ZIP codes

Alternatively, you could group a number of ZIP codes by color, to represent the same or similar values. An example of this would be a service coverage map where ZIP code regions that are covered by a service team in green versus not covered in red.

Attach spreadsheet data to colored regions

eSpatial allows you to upload Excel data and automatically attach it ("link to boundaries") to each colorized ZIP code. It allows values to be color coded on the map (e.g., covered or not covered) but can also attach additional spreadsheet data to a geographic boundary. In the service coverage map, if a ZIP is selected, an information box could open, revealing additional data such as the number of customers, number of service engineers.

Color code vs. heat map

Color-coded maps are great for simple, clear communication of distinct values that can be expressed in text form. For example, covered and not covered. However, a heat map is the best solution where there is a range of integer values to be expressed. Representing US population density on a map, for example, you could use different shades of red — dark red would indicate high density, while light red/pink would indicate low density. A range of shades that occupy the space between these extreme values would also be expressed on the map.

Layer other data onto a color-coded ZIP code map

eSpatial makes it easy to create a color-coded ZIP code map and also gives you the flexibility to save that map and use it repeatedly for different analyses. In the case of the service coverage map, for example, you could plot the number of competitors in each region.

ZIP code territories

ZIP code territory maps allow territory managers to design territories at a more granular level than county or state territories.

Sales territories are the backbone of many sales teams. Ensuring they are aligned and balanced for an even workload across all sales personnel is key to a motivated team. The eSpatial Territory mapping software can help you start from fresh or upload your existing territories and reassign, realign and balance those too.

eSpatial allows you to balance your ZIP code territories regarding certain data, such as demographics or values. This will help identify whether the distribution of territories is balanced and fair. To get started, sign up for a free trial or log in to your eSpatial account and open the   Territory Map Maker   by clicking the button on the top right of your screen.

Create ZIP code territories from scratch

1. create manually.

After logging into eSpatial and opening the Territory Builder, the next screen you see will give you two options. To > Create Manually or Create from File . Select Create Manually .

2. Select your ZIP code territory file

You will automatically be brought to find your territories file from your laptop or desktop computer. Make sure you have the territory data on the first sheet of your file and that it is saved in CSV or XLS format.

3. Configure your ZIP code territories

Here you need to select the region dataset that your territories are built on (ZIP, counties, states) and tell eSpatial which column of data matches with that dataset. You also need to select the column which will contain territory identifier data such as territory name or sales manager name.

4. Edit your ZIP code territories

Once your territories have been loaded you can now edit, align and balance them as required.

5. Balance your territories

• To add balance criteria, click on Add Balance .
• Select the dataset you want to pull your criteria from. You can pull the most up to date information from your CRM to ensure that you are balancing your territories on the most up-to-date information.
• Select the balance criteria you want to add to your territory builder. You can balance this on your current sales pipeline, your current account values, recent sales performance.
• Click complete and you will see your territories now have balances next to them based on the criteria you set.

ZIP code heat maps

A ZIP code heat map is a regional heat map. It uses graded differences in shading or color in order to indicate the aggregate or average values of some property or quantity in particular areas. For instance, the aggregate value or volume of sales for each ZIP code or sales territory is color coded into a number of ranges, with each color representing a value range. Learn how to create your own regional heat map in our quick and easy how-to guide.

ZIP code heat maps are used to:

• Get an overview of your market performance.
• Quickly identify high and low performing areas.
• Uncover trends in sales of particular products in particular locations.
• Quickly spot areas for further investigation based on the density of sales.

Outside analysis

You can not only identify and analyze the points that lie within your ZIP code boundaries, but you can also identify the data points that lie outside your boundaries. This helps you spot gaps in your coverage.

Ready to create your own ZIP code maps?

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Territory Management Assignments via Zipcode

Territory Management Assignments via Zip code. Note:   Original territory management and Enterprise Territory Management both support territory definition and assignment utilizing zip code. For assignment rules involving zip code, you can use a range with the  Is Greater than  and  Is Less than operators, patterns with the Contains operator, or enumerated zip codes with the Equals operator. When using the enumeration method, be aware that the number of zip codes that can be included is subject to the 1,048 character limit of SoQL. Below are some suggestions for managing territory assignment involving large amounts of zip codes.

1.   Territory assignment rules are accessible through the API, so you could maintain the definitions in these Excel spreadsheets as you're presently done and anytime you need to update, run an update via data loader based on your changes in spreadsheet, eliminating the extra step of cutting and pasting.  2.   Another efficient approach in terms of managing a large volume of zipcodes is to create a custom object that contains these zipcode definitions.  Each entry in the custom object maps a zipcode against a territory name. Create a lookup relationship between the account and the custom object that represents a custom zip code field on the account.  Then create a cross-object formula on the account that references the territory name on the custom object for the corresponding zip code selected, such that every time a user fills out the custom zip code field, the cross-object formula field is automatically populated with the territory name. Instead of defining your territory rules based on zip codes, write your rules based on the territory name in the formula field. A couple of advantages: 

1) Your territory assignment rules are much more concise,

2) You have a table-driven approach to maintaining your zip code definitions (pretty easy to go into your custom object to edit the single zip code-territory mapping entry if you have a realignment of territories). 

3) You don't have to contend with character limits in your assignment rules (zip codes are stored in the custom object, so you can store as many as you need, 4) automatic data quality enforcement (the zip code has to be a valid entry in your custom object). 

4) Con: You have to use a custom zip code field as opposed to the standard zip code field that's part of the address field.  This design can take on many permutations to fit various scenarios - it depends on the use case.  

3.   This solution builds on the table-driven approach above, but leverages apex, instead of the cross-object formula field and custom zip code field.  Here's the flow:  user fills out standard zip code field as usual, apex triggers are invoked on new account creation and update, performs a lookup against your zip code mappings in your custom object, and updates the custom fields that represent account-territory relationships.  Your territory assignment rules evaluate the custom field on the account that's updated by apex, and assigns the account accordingly.  All the advantages above, in addition to being able to continue using the standard zip code field.  And it's pretty easy to have custom validation via apex so that a user can only use a zip code that you've defined in your custom object.  

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All Zip Codes, Map And Demographics Of Moscow, Id

• Zip-Codes.com
• Idaho Zip Codes
• Latah County

83843 & 83844 (Unique) are the only ZIP Codes for Moscow, ID

Enter an Address to find the ZIP+4 : The ZIP+4 code is an extension of the five-digit ZIP code used by the USPS. The four extra digits are added after a hyphen. The ZIP+4 identifies a specific geographic segment within the five-digit delivery area, such as a city block, a group of apartments, or a post office box. The ZIP+4 can also indicate the side of the street on which a building is located. Using the full ZIP Code with the extra four digits when mailing via the USPS ensures the fastest, most accurate mailing possible. It enables mail to arrive faster, as it reduces the need for human interaction in a mail center. The ZIP+4 code is also known as a "plus-four code", "add-on code", or "add-on". and ensure faster mail delivery, or check out the Demographic Profile .

Download ZIP Code Database

Moscow, ID Demographic Profile

Important moscow, id information.

Moscow, ID has only 1 Standard (Non-Unique) ZIP Code. It covers a total of 119.56 square miles of land area and 0.04 square miles of water area.This includes the Universityarea. A full list of ZIP Codes is below, including type, population and aliases for each.

The combined population for all ZIP Codes in Moscow, ID is 28,904. Population Density is 240.87 persons per square mile. Average Household Size is 2.22 persons and Average Family Size is 3.18 persons. The Census Designated Place population for Moscow city; Idaho is 25,435. More Demographics are available below, including charts showing racial comparison, gender breakdown, population over time, average income, average house value, income over time, and more.

Latah County is the only county which covers this area. There are 2 area codes serving this area including 208 and 986 . Moscow is also located in the Pacific (GMT -08:00) timezone and the current local time is shown above.

Unique ZIPs are assigned to businesses, government agencies, universities, and other entities which receive a large volume of mail. Moscow has 1 of these which is assigned to University Of Idaho.

Moscow is part of the Moscow, ID Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA). Its CBSA Code is 34140.It is classified as a micro area, which means it has an urban core of at least 10,000 but less then 50,000 people.

CBSAs are defined by the OMB as geographic areas that have at least one core with a population of 10,000 or more and adjacent territory with a high degree of social and economic integration. CBSA codes are commonly used to accurately file Medicare claims and to verify applicable incentives using a patient's ZIP Code.

ZIP Codes in Moscow, ID have 12,152 Residential mailboxes and 776 Business mailboxes.There are 747 businesses with a total of 8,136 employees. That is an average of 10.9 employees per business. Annual payroll for these businesses is $290,864,000. Other Demographics

Moscow, ID has 2 ZIP Codes

Moscow, id demographic information.

There are two kinds of demographics shown in the charts for Moscow, ID. Each covers a different geographic boundary and has different criteria for what is included. Learn More

Data labeled as "All ZIP Codes" is a total (or average) for every ZIP Code in Moscow, ID. The U.S. Postal Service provides a name (and aliases) for every ZIP Code which can include cities, towns, villages, and other incorporated names. A ZIP Code is included in the total when it's primary name or an alias matches Moscow, ID.

Data labeled as "Place" or "U.S. Census Place" includes only the data for the U.S. Census Place Moscow city; Idaho (Place FIPS: 1654550). The U.S. Census Bureau defines census places as geographic areas that include both incorporated places and census designated places (CDPs). Incorporated places are defined by the laws of the states in which they are contained. CDPs are defined by the Census Bureau for statistical purposes only. CDPs are closely settled, unincorporated communities that are locally recognized and identified by name. Census places can be thought of as: Municipalities, Cities, Towns, Villages, and Boroughs.

Place Data can generally be analogous to the "City Limits" or "Town Limits" (unless denoted as a CDP). The All ZIP Codes data is analogous to the wider area known by the same name, just including areas outside the incorporated city/town limits. The USPS created ZIP Codes for the expedient delivery of mail. Their boundaries are based on mail routes and delivery points rather than geographic factors or jurisdiction boundaries.

All ZIP Codes assigned this City name by the USPS.

Data for the U.S. Census Place.

Population by Race

Gender breakdown, population by age & gender.

Median Age: The Median Age of the Total Population from the 2020 Census for this geographic area. Median age is the middle age of the population. Half the people area older than the average age and half are younger. Median Age can relate how young or old a geographic area is compared to others. 24.9

Male Median Age: The Median Age of all Males from the 2020 Census for this geographic area. The Male Median Age is the actual average from the 2020 Census, not an estimate or future projection. Median Age is the average age of the population. Half of the population is older and the other half is younger. Gender is self-reported by individuals when asked about their sex at birth. 24.7

Female Median Age: The Median Age of all Females from the 2020 Census for this geographic area. The Female Median Age is the actual average from the 2020 Census, not an estimate or future projection. Median Age is the average age of the population. Half of the population is older and the other half is younger. Gender is self-reported by individuals when asked about their sex at birth. 25.1

Average Income per Household

Income estimate over time, average house value, population estimate over time, employment status, gross rent paid, health insurance, other moscow demographics, cities near moscow, id.

• Troy, ID (~9.33 miles)
• Viola, ID (~10.13 miles)
• Genesee, ID (~10.32 miles)
• Princeton, ID (~13.89 miles)
• Juliaetta, ID (~14.34 miles)
• Pullman, WA (~14.80 miles)
• Palouse, WA (~15.48 miles)
• Uniontown, WA (~17.59 miles)
• Colton, WA (~17.62 miles)
• Potlatch, ID (~18.87 miles)
• Kendrick, ID (~20.27 miles)
• Garfield, WA (~21.86 miles)
• Lapwai, ID (~21.97 miles)
• Deary, ID (~22.66 miles)
• Harvard, ID (~23.00 miles)
• Desmet, ID (~26.04 miles)
• Colfax, WA (~26.05 miles)
• Farmington, WA (~26.45 miles)
• Lenore, ID (~26.52 miles)
• Belmont, WA (~27.28 miles)
• U.S. Postal Service [Last Updated: 4/1/2024], https://www.usps.com
• ZIP-Codes.com Internal Data Creation [Last Updated: 4/1/2024], https://www.zip-codes.com
• U.S. Geological Survey [Updated as needed], https://www.usgs.gov
• U.S. Census [Updated Yearly], https://www.census.gov
• U.S. Census 2020 [Decennial] [Last Updated: 5/25/2023], https://www.census.gov

• Grand Rapids/Muskegon
• Saginaw/Bay City
• All Michigan

Tigers injuries: Infielder set for rehab assignment with Toledo

• Published: Apr. 24, 2024, 9:08 a.m.

Detroit Tigers' Andy Ibáñez runs to first during the fourth inning of a baseball game against the Oakland Athletics, Friday, April 5, 2024, in Detroit. (AP Photo/Carlos Osorio) AP

• Evan Woodbery | [email protected]

Detroit Tigers infielder Andy Ibáñez is about to start a rehab assignment with Triple-A Toledo.

Ibáñez, on the injured list since April 8 with a left hamstring strain , should be in the lineup for the Mud Hens on Thursday.

Assuming no setbacks, it wouldn’t be a surprise if Ibáñez is ready to rejoin the Tigers by the end of the month.

Fellow infielder Gio Urshela, on the shelf with a mild right hamstring strain, is eligible to return from the injured list on April 30. Such a quick return is unlikely, but Urshela isn’t expected to be out for long.

In any case, the return of Ibáñez and Urshela will present some decisions for the Tigers.

Their replacements, Wenceel Perez and Buddy Kennedy , have played well in limited action. Do they get sent back to Toledo or do the ongoing struggles of youngsters Colt Keith and Parker Meadows force the Tigers to make a more difficult decision? Stay tuned.

Right-hander Sawyer Gipson-Long, who underwent Tommy John surgery on Tuesday, is the only other player on the Tigers’ big-league injury list. He can be transferred to the 60-day injured list, removing him from the 40-man roster, whenever the Tigers need a spot.

Minor leagues

The injuries to two big-league infielders have coincided with injuries to two infielders in Toledo.

The Tigers provided updates on those players and many others in their minor-league medical report, which was released Tuesday night.

Ryan Kreidler broke his right index finger when he was hit by a pitch on April 4. He underwent surgery on April 11. Kriedler underwent surgery on the same hand in 2022.

The team said he is completing rehab daily.

Infielder Eddys Leonard, out since April 7 after spraining his left oblique on a swing, could begin a baseball progression program next week, the team said.

Right-hander Garrett Hill, who spent parts of the last two seasons on the Tigers’ big-league roster, threw two scoreless innings for Class A Lakeland on Tuesday night as he completes his recovery from a right lat strain.

Among new injuries on the list is outfielder Seth Stephenson, a seventh-round pick in 2022. He injured his left big toe during a game with Class A (advanced) West Michigan on April 18. He was diagnosed with turf toe and is undergoing further evaluation.

The rest of the Tigers’ minor-league medical report is listed below:

RHP Jaison Brete (right lat strain) is completing rehab daily.

C Colin Burgess (left meniscus tear) is completing his rehab daily.

RHP Blair Calvo (right shoulder impingement) is completing rehab daily and will be reevaluated to begin a throwing progression on Thursday.

RHP Ulices Campos (illness) is throwing to hitters twice weekly.

C Brady Cerkownyk (right UCL reconstruction) is completing rehab daily.

RHP Jatnk Diaz (right triceps strain) completed his first bullpen session today.

LHP Blake Dickerson (concussion) is throwing bullpens twice weekly.

RHP Wilmer Fenelon (right elbow sprain) is currently throwing bullpens twice weekly.

RHP Aaron Haase (right elbow sprain) is currently throwing five times per week.

C Bennett Lee (right hamstring strain) is completing rehab daily and is currently completing a game progression with extended spring training in Lakeland.

RHP Jordan Marks (right UCL reconstruction) is completing rehab daily.

RHP Tyler Mattison (right UCL reconstruction) is completing rehab daily.

RHP Eliseo Mota (right middle finger blister) is throwing bullpens twice weekly.

RHP Albert Oliva (right forearm strain) is playing catch three times per week.

RHP Freddy Pacheco (right elbow sprain) is currently in a scheduled recovery phase and will resume his throwing program next week.

RHP Cole Patten (low back strain) is completing rehab daily and initiated a throwing program three times per week.

RHP Erick Rodriguez (right elbow sprain) is playing catch five times per week and throwing off the mound twice weekly.

C Alonzo Rubalcaba (right elbow arthroscopy) is completing rehab daily and a game progression with extended spring training in Lakeland.

OF Anibal Salas (right quadriceps strain) is completing rehab daily.

2B Luis Santana (left quadriceps strain) is completing a baseball return-to-play progression and initiated a running program on Tuesday.

LHP Gabriel Sequeira (left hamstring strain) completed a live BP session on Tuesday.

RHP Nick Starr (right lat strain) is completing rehab daily.

C Sergio Tapia (right hamstring strain) is completing a baseball return-to-play progression.

OF Cole Turney (left elbow medial epicondylitis) injured his left elbow while throwing during pre-game on April 19. He is completing rehab daily and is scheduled to undergo further medical evaluation.

LHP Chris Williams (left rotator cuff strain) is completing rehab daily.

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Yankees injury updates: DJ LeMahieu’s new rehab plans, Tommy Kahnle ready for next step

• Updated: Apr. 24, 2024, 12:18 a.m. |
• Published: Apr. 21, 2024, 1:01 p.m.

Yankees infielder DJ LeMahieu says his hitting was compromised late season when he tried playing with a fractured toe. AP

• Max Goodman | NJ Advance Media for NJ.com

NEW YORK — Yankees manager Aaron Boone exchanged texts with Tommy Kahnle earlier this weekend, hearing some good news back from the injured reliever.

“He’s pretty excited about where he’s at now physically,” Boone said before Sunday’s series finale against the Rays at Yankee Stadium. “He feels like he’s getting to where he needs to be which hopefully is a good sign here.”

Kahnle started the season on the injured list, a result of the shoulder inflammation that ended his 2023 season. While Kahnle was expected to be ready for Opening Day — or at least the first week or two of the regular season — his throwing program was delayed again earlier this month.

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RESTORING THE GLORY

Once Kahnle throws one more bullpen — a side session that will take place either Sunday or Monday, per Boone — the next step will be to face live hitters. He’ll need to continue building up from there, eventually embarking on a rehab assignment.

Here are a few more injury updates from Boone:

DJ LeMahieu (non-displaced fracture in right foot)

LeMahieu is scheduled to start his rehab assignment on Tuesday.

At least that’s the plan.

“Monday’s an off day [for minor-league affiliates], so he’ll start Tuesday,” Boone said. “Then again, I thought he was starting this weekend, so that’s the hope, that’s the thought and that’s my sense.”

LeMahieu’s return to in-game action was pushed back a few days ago after a precautionary MRI revealed that the non-displaced fracture in his foot hadn’t healed as much as the Yankees were hoping.

The original plan was for LeMahieu to start his rehab assignment with Double-A Somerset on Friday. The only Yankees’ affiliate that’s playing at home next week is High-A Hudson Valley, although LeMahieu will still probably link up with Double-A Somerset. They’re playing on the road against Double-A Reading (a Phillies affiliate), a two-plus hour drive from Yankee Stadium.

LeMahieu said in Toronto earlier this week that he doesn’t expect his rehab assignment to take longer than five games. It’s unclear if Thursday’s MRI changed that timeline.

Oswald Peraza (right subscapularis strain)

Peraza is “deep” into his throwing program, Boone said Sunday, although the injured infielder isn’t quite ready to start playing in games.

“He’s hitting and doing all that,” Boone said. “I still think he’s a couple of weeks away from playing in games, though.”

Peraza was sidelined with his shoulder strain in early March. The IL stint prevented Peraza from competing for a spot on the big-league roster, an injury that the youngster called devastating at the time. With LeMahieu starting the year on the injured list as well, Peraza could’ve been the Yankees’ starting third baseman to begin the season if he were healthy.

Once Peraza is good to go — with LeMahieu (and Jon Berti) on the mend and Oswaldo Cabrera shining in pinstripes — it’s hard to envision the infielder rejoining the big-league roster. If he did, it would be in a bench role, unless other pieces get hurt before then. Peraza has minor-league options remaining, so he’ll likely end up back in Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre.

Lou Trivino (Tommy John surgery)

Boone was also texting with Trivino recently. He insisted that the right-hander is “doing really well” in his Tommy John rehab.

“Even when we were in spring, a couple of his bullpens that I was able to see were really encouraging,” Boone said. “I believe he’s a couple of weeks from lives, so then you start ramping up from there.”

The Yankees re-signed Trivino in February. The righty underwent elbow surgery early on last season and the expectation is that he’ll be back this summer if he continues to progress smoothly in his throwing program.

Scott Effross (Tommy John surgery, back surgery)

Effross is also working back from Tommy John surgery, but he’s not on the same timeline as Trivino. The sidewinding reliever had his procedure in October of 2022 — so he should be getting close to a return — but back surgery this past winter slowed everything down.

“Effross is still playing catch,” Boone said. “He’s had minor little hiccups here. Obviously dealing with the back and then getting finished off from the Tommy John. He’s doing pretty well, but a little behind those guys.”

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Max Goodman may be reached at [email protected] .

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