deforestation in pakistan essay

The green emergency: deforestation in Pakistan

Rahat jabeen.

Last winter, my family and I decided to visit Nathia Gali, a picturesque town nestled amongst the lush green mountains in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. As we drove towards our destination, we came across several women collecting firewood by the roadside. Speaking with one of the young ladies, she told me that the women of the family collect this firewood for daily use  .

What is striking is the extent of families’ dependency in a relatively advanced region, still having to rely on basic methods of energy generation. Approximately 68% of Pakistan’s population depends on firewood as the main source of energy in households  .

With almost three-quarters of the population using Pakistan’s forest resources daily, the impact is dire.

Every year, Pakistan loses almost 27,000 hectares of natural forest area

Based on this, Pakistan is in a state of ‘Green Emergency’.

This state of emergency has negatively impacted the rural population that relies on Pakistan’s forests for their livelihoods.

Along with changes in the ecosystem, this dependency has made them extremely vulnerable to the further degradation of forests – a large number of households and workers in this region could lose their vocation, skillset and habitat.

With a declining supply of raw materials from Pakistan’s own forest ecosystems, forest-based industries and their employees are at risk from the Green Emergency.

Industries such as tourism and agriculture have also been affected. Though these sectors are not directly impacted by deforestation, their operations in part rely on the benefits of Pakistan’s forestry.

Although afforestation sounds like the obvious solution, there are several areas that need immediate attention

First, regulations for Pakistan’s natural resources must be reformed to support sustainable management. Existing regulations have so far hindered governmental sectors tasked with forest and parkland management.

The first step is to construct a policy framework that is conducive to forest investments and sustainable forest management practices  .

Secondly, for a solid basis for scientific management of forest resources, monitoring and reporting must be upgraded and expanded with technical infrastructure. With a more comprehensive, efficient data system, the federal and provincial levels can work together to support the effective development and implementation of forest policies.

Lastly, while the government’s afforestation initiatives have made important progress, public sector agencies more widely must improve the accountability and transparency of their operations.

Such efforts will encourage domestic and international partners and restore their confidence in the forest sector. Investment in the forest sector is critical to restore and manage Pakistan’s forest ecosystem.

Public and private investment are key to efforts to revert the deforestation trend and forest degradation before it becomes irreparable  .

Looking ahead, I hope that my country can transform the Green Emergency into a Green Revolution. I hope to return to a greener Nathia Gali and hope to see those families able to use clean energy instead of firewood  .

For more information, see the Pakistan Forest Note: Forests for Green Pakistan report here .

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Deforestation hampering Pakistan’s climate policy

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Today we live in what scientists have termed the “Anthropocene” age , a geological period wherein collective human activities have altered the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and nutrient cycle.

With the dawn of the Anthropocene age, it’s not only the survival of the fittest but of the wisest given the nature of challenges unleashed by climate change. The heap of troubles lying before developing countries seems unsurmountable.

In Pakistan’s case, it remains prone to challenges that have thwarted its efforts to create a climate-friendly environment. In 2018, Pakistan was ranked on the Global Climate Risk Index as the fifth most vulnerable country to long-term climate-change effects. Pakistan suffered a significant loss to climate change from 1998 to 2018 – 9,986 people lost their lives while the economic loss was US$3.8 billion.

Of the multiple climate-related challenges, rapid deforestation is one the gravest issues faced by the country today. Pakistan loses 27,000 hectares of natural forest area annually. At the time of independence, Pakistan’s total forest cover was 33% . By 2015 it had dropped to 5%. Moreover, in 2010, tree cover in Pakistan was 648,000 hectares, or just 0.74% of total land area.

In 2020, Pakistan lost 69.2 hectares of tree cover, equal to 19.6 kilotons of carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions.

Among the daunting factors that cause deforestation, dependency on firewood, urbanization, and commodity-driven demands are the leading factors. A big chunk of the population (68%) depends on firewood. From 2001 to 2019, urbanization and commodity-driven deforestation accounted for 15% of tree-cover loss .

There is ample evidence that deforestation is interlaced with climate change. Deforestation enhances release of CO2 into the atmosphere. This happens when carbon-dioxide-absorbing trees are cut down. Apart from this, during heavy rainfalls, the absence of trees strengthens the risk of massive landslides.

Studies show that the the loss of forests has been responsible for up to 40% of the global climate warming since 1850. According to one study, deforestation will contribute 1.5 degrees Celsius to global warming by 2100 even if the world shuns dependency on fossil fuels. Yet another study reveals that deforestation has a strong linkage with an increase in human diseases.

Measures taken to stop deforestation in Pakistan

In 2019, in Farooq vs Federation of Pakistan , the Lahore High Court observed that Pakistan had the highest deforestation rate in the world. The petitioner had sought clarification from the government about implementation of laws enacted to control deforestation and achieve 25% land cover with forests.

In 2012, Pakistan achieved a milestone by adopting a comprehensive National Climate Change Policy . The government expressed its resolve to take consolidated steps to reverse deforestation on a war-footing basis. Yet the policy lacked the political will to implement it.

In addition to the National Climate Change Policy, Pakistan, during the Paris Agreement of 2015, joined the ranks of countries that resolved to take measures to mitigate CO2 emissions in order to keep the temperature rise beyond pre-industrial levels below 2.5 degrees Celsius.

Pakistan submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). According to the data shared in the INDC, emissions of greenhouse gases have increased in the country consistently, with a rapid increase in GHG since 1994.

Although Pakistan’s contribution to global GHG emissions is merely 0.8% of the total, it remains high and costly at home given the leading factors (agriculture and industrial growth), that contribute to GHG, accounting for more than 90%.

Subsequently, Pakistan’s Climate Change Act (2017) was warmly welcomed by many policymakers. It was perceived to be more comprehensive in terms of its approach to mitigating climatic effects. The law helped establish the Climate Change Council, the Climate Change Authority, and the Climate Change Fund. More important, experts believe that the act will help fulfill the commitments put forward in the INDC.

The way forward

Former prime minister Nawaz Sharif initiated the Green Pakistan Program during his term in office. Worth 3.7 billion rupees (about $24 million), the program aimed at planting 100 million trees to sustain and conserve ecosystem through afforestation.

On a similar scale, the government adopted a National Forest Policy in 2015, which proved to be efficacious. Replicating the Green Pakistan Program, the government announced a “Billion Tree Tsunami” after assuming office, which was a much-needed initiative.

Under the program, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province initiated a massive tree-planting drive, planting around 750 million trees by 2018. This led to some gains . For instance, besides increasing tree cover, the KPK provincial government was able create 50,000 jobs.

Nevertheless, achieving sustained biodiversity, reducing CO2 emissions while reducing agricultural and industrial dependency, and initiating and maintaining afforestation, is a hard target for Pakistan.

A recent study suggests that if the global temperature rises by 2 degrees over pre-industrial levels, people in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh will experience 774 million exposures to deleterious heat stress events by 2050.

According to the study, even if collective efforts worldwide keep the temperature rise below 1.5 degrees by 2050, still people will experience 423 million exposures to deadly heat-stress events in those three countries.

Deforestation is a double-edged sword. It’s one of the factors that have landed human beings in the Anthropocene Epoch. For Pakistan, its geographical location poses many challenges. A “Billion Tree Tsunami” might be workable in few provinces. But Balochistan and Sindh are arid regions, the most water-stressed provinces. Given this, afforestation will be a daunting process in these provinces.

Initiating massive afforestation and controlling deforestation to confront rampant climate-change effects in future have put Pakistan’s climate-related policies to the test. Nevertheless, a community-based awareness approach is a feasible option. Yet it is missing from Pakistan’s afforestation initiatives.

Ayaz Khan is a journalist and researcher from Pakistan. He covers climate change across the region and Pakistan. He tweets at @Ayaz_Jurno

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How Pakistan is leading efforts to stop deforestation

Pakistan has a discouraging track record when it comes to deforestation, but a province in the country's northern region is looking to change that as more locals see the value in conversation. 

• By Story Hinckley Staff @storyhinckley

May 18, 2016

After years of deforestation, the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), one of Pakistan's four provinces, is focused on large-scale "afforestation."

Under KP's ruling party Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), "The Billion Tree Tsunami" project has been working to save Pakistan's forests since June 2015 through a two-pronged approach: prevent future deforestation and rectify past damage by planting 1 billion saplings by the end of 2017. 

In the past year, 250 million saplings have been planted in KP – far exceeding the typical annual count of 20 million.

When Pakistan gained its independence in the late 1940s, 33 percent of the country was covered in forests. But according to figures released by the Ministry of Climate Change in 2015, only 5 percent of the country now has tree cover. Some nongovernmental reports suggest current forest cover is actually lower at 3 percent .

"Much of the cutting is due to poverty – lacking other resources and fuels, Pakistanis have resorted to clearing their forests to cook their food and boil water for tea," explains Climatewire's Nathanial Gronewold in 2010. "But most attribute deforestation to Pakistan's famous 'timber mafia,' a shadowy network of politically connected individuals and firms that chop down trees at will and cart them away under the cover of darkness, with bribes to local and national officials guaranteeing that forest managers look the other way."

In recent years, heavy rainfall in Pakistan has caused a number of dangerous landslides and mountainside erosions. Hundreds of Pakistanis have already died this year from at least three separate landslides in the northern region of the country.

And state officials say they believe climate change is responsible for the fatalities: Such erosion is caused by heavy rainfall, which is only encouraged by rising temperatures. A warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture, so scientists believe the total volume of precipitation likely increases by 1 to 2 percent for each degree of warming.

Not only does deforestation contribute to climate change by reducing the number of carbon dioxide-absorbing trees, but it also amplifies the strength of landslides . Without trees to hold the soil and absorb water, excess rain can easily push exposed soil down a mountainside.  

"Along with the crackdown on the timber mafias, we have started the large scale afforestation project called 'The Billion Tree Tsunami' to reverse this trend and save future generations," Malik Amin Aslam, a Pakistani environmentalist and adviser to the PTI party in KP, tells The Third Pole , a partner of the Earth Journalism Network focused on preserving the Himalayan watershed. "The KP government has committed to not only reversing the high rate of deforestation, but also shifting the current philosophy of treating forests as "revenue" machines towards preserving them as valued 'natural capital.' "

Although 750 million saplings still have to be planted for the KP government to fulfill its goal, Mr. Aslam says the hardest part of the project is over. The infrastructure for "massive nurseries" is already in place, so this year's process will simply be replicated to add 300 million saplings to the 2016 target.

And the remaining 450 million saplings are being grown naturally on the sites of felled forests, protected by the local communities who seek a profitable – yet sustainable – return from the trees. Households are realizing the economic potential of a sustainably managed nursery, which can bring in an extra 20,000 rupees (equivalent to $190) each month by selling saplings to government plantations.

"Last year no one was asking us for private nurseries and this year so many people are approaching us for private nurseries," Raees Khan, the District Forest Officer for Haripur tells Dawn News , "we have far less than is the demand of the communities."

And as Imran Kahn, chairman of the PTI, tells The Third Pole , the Billion Tree Tsunami project is about more than sapling count.

"The project is aimed at not only planting a billion trees by 2018 but also shifting mindsets in the province and in Pakistan from environmental destruction towards valuing, conserving, and preserving our precious natural resources."

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Energy-efficient solutions to reduce deforestation in Pakistan's Pine Forests

Promoting energy-efficient stoves and gasifiers to reduce deforestation in the highly degraded pine forest ecosystem in Pakistan.

Pine forest in Sherani, Pakistan.

Fuel-efficient stove in Sherani, Pakistan.

The TRI Pakistan project is helping to improve local livelihoods through increased productivity and enhanced services and functions of chilgoza forests.

The chilgoza forests in Pakistan are situated in dry temperate areas, which are primarily among rugged mountains. These forests are either pure stands of chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) , or mixed stands with other coniferous species. Chilgoza pine is native to northern Pakistan and a high-value tree best known for its edible pine nuts, which are rich in carbohydrates and proteins. In addition to providing various environmental services, this species plays an important role in the livelihoods of communities living close to the forest. Harvested pine nuts are one of the major NTFPs of Pakistan and are primarily traded internationally. 

Around the world, high-value forests like the chilgoza pine forests are under threat, which puts these benefits in jeopardy. The threats in the form of deforestation and forest degradation are evident in Pakistan. Deforestation is a particular concern in Sherani Balochistan, as 100 000 mature trees consisting of approximately 21 200 m 3 (cubic metres) of timber, were cut down for timber between 1994 and 2014, and around 21 percent of forest cover has been lost in 20 years. Deforestation in all four regions is particularly rampant near more populated areas, roads and rivers, but even remote areas have been encroached upon during dam construction and oil and gas explorations.

Traditionally, in communities’ rights to hold forests, the control of deforestation and forest degradation always remains an issue. The provincial forest departments in all selected regions, except Chitral, have limited reach; limited administrative control; and limited financial, legal and scientific decisions. On the other hand, due to traditional and unsustainable harvesting of NTFPs, existing gaps in the value chain and issues with marketing, the communities of high-value forests remain below the poverty line.

To address these issues on the request of the MoCC and the provincial forest departments, FAO launched the project “Reversing Deforestation and Degradation in High Conservation-Value, Chilgoza Pine Forests in Pakistan” funded by the GEF. This project, part of TRI, aims to improve local livelihoods through increased productivity and enhanced services and functions of chilgoza forests in Pakistan. The project is operative in the Sherani District of Balochistan, the South-Waziristan District of the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas, the Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and Diamer District of Gilgit-Baltistan, and focuses on the FLR approach. The project aims to restore ecological integrity while improving human well-being through multifunctional landscapes. Building upon the definition by AFR100, FLR is more than just planting trees, it is restoring a whole landscape to meet present and future needs and to offer multiple benefits and land uses over time. 

The FLR approach can provide valuable models of how to integrate biodiversity conservation, cultural heritage protection and sustainable use of resources. It is an approach that brings conservation “home” to places where people live and work. An approach like this, which emphasizes lived-in landscapes, should not be seen to diminish the importance of strictly protected areas, nor should it be viewed as a rejection of other conservation models. Instead, it is a complementary model, part of a range of strategies for achieving conservation objectives. This approach is particularly appropriate in settings where biodiversity and cultural practices are linked and management must accommodate traditional uses, land ownership patterns and the need to sustain local livelihoods. To showcase the potential of forest restoration in tackling the multiple challenges, both environmental and developmental, the FLR approach was selected to be demonstrated in the project landscape through the implementation of TRI in Pakistan.

Using the FLR approach, four options were identified and prioritized: a) assisted natural regeneration enclosures; b) agroforestry and farm forestry; c) communities’ engagement in conservation and protection, and development of linkages with provincial forest departments; and d) value chain development of goods and services produced from chilgoza forests.

Due to the lack of alternate energy sources in the remote mountainous areas, there is heavy pressure on the use of trees and vegetation for fuelwood. According to a survey from Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), 85 percent of the forests were damaged due to fuelwood collection, and only 15 percent for illicit timber harvesting.4 In this regard, the project provided fuel-efficient stoves to the community, which has resulted in reduced fuelwood consumption, and thus a lesser number of trees cut.

"The use of improved fuel-efficient stoves is important to save forests. By promoting fuel-efficient stoves we can save thousands of trees," said Dr Faizul Bari, Natural Resources Manager Adviser, FAO Pakistan.

Wood consumption for fuel, timber and livelihoods plays a role in forest degradation. To minimize this effect, the project focuses on two types of activities: agroforestry (which copes with fuelwood, livelihoods and timber issues) and innovative fuel-efficient technologies (fuel-efficient stoves and gasifiers). So far, agroforestry interventions have been promoted over 953 ha (in total, 1.12 million plants) in all four regions to support families dependent on forest services, and 2 100 fuel-efficient stoves and gasifiers, and 6 tonnes of pellets have been provided. An average family of 8–10 people consume 18 580 kg (kilograms) of wood for domestic use annually, while the average weight of a tree in the chilgoza forest ecosystem is about 1 tonne. Thus, each year, an average family consumes the equivalent of 18.5 trees.

In normal conditions, an improved stove consumes 49 percent less energy than a traditional stove. These improved stoves function very well with small bushes and do not need hardwood. As such, the 2 100 stoves provided in the last 3 years saved 18 900 trees from ash. Therefore, not only has the fuelwood consumption been reduced, but so has the workload on women and children, while health, hygiene and living standards have improved. On average, this provides an overall benefit to the chilgoza forest ecosystem equivalent to about 4 306 ha of forest. According to one of the energy-efficient stove recipients in the valley in Chitral, while enjoying heating and warm water, there has been a saving of 35 percent on fuelwood when cooking.

To expand the TRI project in Pakistan, the community identified four key areas for improvement of their livelihoods, which will be addressed via ongoing small grants in 2023. These priority areas include Rhode Grass Demo Plots, honeybee keeping (apiculture) and medicinal plant harvesting techniques (including the provision of tool kits and techniques). Overall, 425 grants will be distributed among beneficiaries (including 150 honey beekeeping kits, 200 fodder demonstration plots and 75 medicinal plant harvesting tool kits).

This story is from  TRI Year in Review 2022

Related content

The Restoration Initiative (TRI) project in Pakistan focuses on the restoration, protection and…

The Ministry of Climate Change and Environmental Coordination (MoCC&EC), in collaboration with…

A pine nut value chain is saving threatened chilgoza forests in Pakistan

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Identifying the socio-economic factors of deforestation and degradation: a case study in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan

• Published: 11 November 2020
• Volume 87 , pages 1657–1670, ( 2022 )

Cite this article

• Saif Ullah 1 ,
• Tian Gang 1 ,
• Tariq Rauf 1 ,
• Furqan Sikandar 1 ,
• Jia Qi Liu 1 &
• Rana Shahzad Noor 2  

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Deforestation remains a major ecological problem in most developing countries especially, Pakistan has a very high deforestation rate. Various socioeconomic factors determine deforestation and degradation. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the causes of deforestation in Basho forest, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. This study collected data on factors of deforestations and degradation resulting in environmental problems such as air pollution, soil erosion, temperature rise and to recommend practices for sustainable forests. A questionnaire survey of 220 respondents was conducted including; educated locals of different age group and forest officials (forest engineers, civil servants and workers) in Forestry service division. Descriptive statistics and a logistic regression model were applied on the collected data and Likert scale method to determine the mean score of socio-economic factors encouraging deforestation. More than 70% respondents were below 30 years old, while 14.6% and 12.6% respondents from 31–40 to 41–50 age groups, respectively. 65.9% and 34.1% of the respondents were male and female respectively. Only 26.8% of the respondents were university graduates, while below 50% (48.6%) of respondents were primary school graduates. According to the analysis, the respondents were completely dependent on the forest for their livelihood needs. The socioeconomic factors such as rapid population growth, livelihood activities, lack of education, Poor forest management, Fuel wood consumption and Period of residence were found to be the prominent factors for deforestation. Results of the logit regression established reward socioeconomic factors were statistically significant variable at ( p  < 0.05). Based on study results, the deforestation activities cannot be entirely eradicated but it can be reduced to the level of sustainable forest through convenient forest conservation policies and application of efficient and energy conservation technologies. Adequate economic incentives and applied technologies for locals could be a productive approach to reduce deforestation rate.

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Ullah, S., Gang, T., Rauf, T. et al. Identifying the socio-economic factors of deforestation and degradation: a case study in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. GeoJournal 87 , 1657–1670 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10332-y

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Deforestation in Pakistan – Effects & Solution

The Forestry Sector Master Plan has estimated that Pakistan is suffering an annual loss of 2.3 billion rupees as a result of flooding, erosion of fertile soil from upland watersheds and siltation of reservoirs and irrigation system.

It is well-known that global warming is being caused largely due to emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, what is not known quite as well is that deforestation has a direct association with carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.

Table of Contents

Forest as Carbon Sinks

Forests act as a major storage depot for carbon and they represent the most significant terrestrial carbon stock as they contain 77% all carbon stored in vegetation and 39% of all carbon stored in soils.

It has also been estimated that forests sequester and store more carbon (per hectare) than any other type of land cover since they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is then used to produce carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that makeup trees.

Effects of Deforestation

Increasing co2 concentration.

When deforestation occurs, many of the trees are burnt or they are allowed to rot, which results in releasing the carbon that is stored in them as carbon dioxide. This, in turn, leads to greater concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Imbalance in Nature

This dissolute actions of deforestation by mankind are causing an intolerable imbalance in nature, and are a major factor leading to climate change, extinction of rare animals, desertification, and displacement of the population.

Deforestation is also one of the major causes of a disturbed water cycle, global warming, and soil erosion.

SEE ALSO: The Forests of Pakistan will disappear after 50 Years?

Deforestation in Pakistan

Forest cover in pakistan.

Presently, Pakistan serving as a forest-poor country. The Worldwide recommended level for forests is 20-25 per cent of land area whereas in our country only about 4.34 million ha (4.8 per cent) of its total land area is under forests, out of which 3.44 million ha are state-owned; tree cover on farmlands and private forests is 0.781 million ha (0.887 per cent).

Natural Forests, Irrigated Plantation, and Rangelands

Natural forests accounted for 4.2 million ha (4.8 per cent), irrigated plantations occupied 103,000 ha (0.117 per cent) and rangelands covered 28.507 million ha (32.4 per cent) out of the total land area of 87.98 million ha (879,800 km2).

Forest Cover in Provinces

The fraction of land area under forest cover in different parts of the country also varies a great deal: Balochistan: 0.7%, Punjab: 2.8%, Sindh: 2.8%, Northern Areas: 9.5%, KP: 16.6%, Azad Jammu and Kashmir: 20.7%.

Effects of Deforestation on Pakistan

The Forestry Sector Master Plan has estimated that the country is suffering an annual loss of 2.3 billion rupees as a result of flooding, erosion of fertile soil from upland watersheds and siltation of reservoirs and irrigation system.

Despite having miserably low forest cover, the deforestation and forest degradation have reached levels which society considers unacceptable; as past trends and the current state of forests and forestry indicate that large-scale deforestation and degradation of natural forests have occurred.

It continues unabatedly at the rate of 0.75 per cent per year (FAO 2007) due to many direct and underlying causes. These facts about deforestation are leading the country towards devastation and desolation.

READ NEXT: World Forest Area Still on the Decline

The Solution to Deforestation in Pakistan

As it is a need of the hour to keep a check on such activities before it is too late to act so here is a solution that can help save our country from the harmful effects of deforestation.

REDD and REDD+

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is a programme, attempts to recognize the role of forests in climate change mitigation. It aims to create financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development.

REDD+ goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.

Pakistan has already joined the UN-REDD Programme in 2011, but still, there is a dire need of the hour to launch a more REDD+ project in Pakistan because these would not only help to conserve biodiversity and secure vital ecosystem services but contribute to increased resilience to climate change.

Thus it can be argued that the benefits from ecosystem services will far exceed the income from logging, however strong political commitment and complete transformation of the forestry sector will be necessary for REDD to be a success in Pakistan.

READ NEXT: How Climate is Changing and How Underprepared We are as a Country?

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Essay on Deforestation

List of essay on deforestation in english, essay on deforestation – essay 1 (150 words), essay on deforestation – essay 2 (250 words), essay on deforestation – essay 3 (300 words), essay on deforestation: causes and drawbacks – essay 4 (400 words), essay on deforestation: with causes and solution – essay 5 (500 words), essay on deforestation: introduction, impact, control and conclusion – essay 6 (650 words), essay on deforestation: causes and effects – essay 7 (750 words), essay on deforestation: with solution – essay 8 (1000 words).

Introduction:

Deforestation is the process of clearing trees and forest for other uses. Deforestation usually occurs due to city expansion. As habitats increase in cities, there is a need to create more space the for homes, organizations, and factories. This, however, has a damning effect on our environment.

Effect of Deforestation on the Environment:

Deforestation means fewer trees and more land. This has a serious adverse effect on our environment. On one hand, deforestation makes some animals homeless. Animals that survive in the forest might go extinct with less forest. On the other hand, deforestation is also the biggest cause of climate change around the world.

Preventing Deforestation:

Reducing or preventing deforestation is easier said than done. This is because trees are cut down because there is a pressing need to do so. Thus, to prevent deforestation we must try to reduce that need by making smarter choices in paper usage, city planning, migration, etc.

Conclusion:

The essence of plant life in the forest is unquestionable. To ensure a greener environment we must all join the efforts in reducing deforestation.

Deforestation is definitely one of the most troubling of all problems which has plagued our environment. It is important more than ever to take care of the green cover or else it can jeopardize the existence of life on Earth. It is owing to the presence of green trees that we get the oxygen needed to breathe in.

However, because of excessive exploitation by humans, it has been seen that the trees are being cut down mercilessly. This act of cleaning the green cover is known as deforestation.

Educate people:

The best way to handle the problem of deforestation is by making sure that we educate the masses regarding the importance of green cover. When people understand as to how deforestation is leading to grave consequences, they will get the incentive to plant trees rather than uproot them.

Protect the Environment:

As we have continued to exploit the environment in a way that it is hard to get things back to normal, it is now important to immediately start protecting the environment. A lot of natural calamities are occurring these days because the ecosystem balance has been disturbed. Deforestation alone is responsible for a major amount of problems.

So, you need to understand as to how you can come up with ways to excite people about planting more trees and doing their bit for the sake of the environment. Think of your children and grand children. If we continue with our aggressive deforestation campaigns, they are not likely to have a healthy environment for survival. Is that what we really want?

Deforestation can be defined as the removal of trees and clearing of forests for the personal and commercial benefits of human beings. Deforestation has emerged as one of the biggest man-made disasters recently. Every year, more and more trees and vegetation are being erased just to fulfill the various needs of the human race.

Deforestation happens for many reasons. The growing population is one of them. Rising human population needs more area for residential purpose. For this, forests are either burned down or cut to make space for constructing homes and apartments.

Deforestation is also done for commercial purposes. This includes setting up of factories, industries, and towers, etc. The enormous requirements of feeding the human race also create a burden on the land. As a result, clearing land for agricultural purposes leads to deforestation.

Deforestation impacts our earth in several ways. Trees are natural air purifiers. They absorb the carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen into the atmosphere. Deforestation results in uncontrolled air pollution. When there are fewer trees, there is lesser absorption of carbon dioxide and other pollutants.

Deforestation also disturbs the water cycle. Forests absorb the groundwater and release the water vapors to form clouds, which in turn cause rains. Roots of trees hold the soil intact and prevent floods. But when there are no trees, different kinds of natural calamities are bound to happen.

With deforestation, chances of floods, drought, global warming, and disturbed weather cycle all come into the play. Not only that, the disappearance of forests means the extinction of wild animals and plants, which are highly important parts of our ecosystem.

In order to curb these disasters, we must plant more trees. Restoration of existing vegetation is equally essential. Population control is another indirect method to save trees and forest areas.

Deforestation is the process of cutting down of trees and forests completely or partially for different reasons like manufacturing different products with various parts of the tree as raw material, to build structures and other buildings, etc. Deforestation in recent days has become the curse of our world that resulted in the destruction of nature and the environment.

Cause and Drawbacks:

Deforestation is mainly done for making better living assets for humans and this one side thought is the biggest drawback of this issue. Instead of doing only the cutting part humans should practice forestation along with deforestation. Whenever a tree or a forest is cut, another one should be planted at the same place or on other lands to promote the forestation.

Deforestation is the main cause for many natural deficiencies and the destruction of many animal, plant and bird species. If the practice of cutting down trees continues, then eventually even the world may get destructed along with the extinction of the human race.

It’s not like trees shouldn’t be used for any kind of production and urbanization or industrialization shouldn’t be done for the development, but the main factor is to compensate for every minus done. Through this, there will be a balancing between the reduction and plantation which will help, to an extent, in the rectification of problems faced by the world due to deforestation.

Deforestation has also affected the atmospheric air combination. The carbon content in the atmosphere has considerably increased over years due to many human activities like uncontrolled fuel combustion.

Forest has played a massive function of inhaling the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and exhaling oxygen during the daytime while they prepare food for themselves. This process is the reason for maintaining a balanced oxygen and carbon level in the atmosphere and that makes the life of us humans to breathe free.

Population growth is undeniably the major factor behind the increased deforestation level. The increased demand for more assets for better living has increased the need for deforestation as well. In such cases forestation should also be made as a follow-up process.

Controlling the overuse of assets can also help in reducing the deforestation rate. If humans start to use products that use a tree as raw material reasonably then it will help in avoiding deforestation as well. Deforestation not only is a life-threatening scenario for many animals and birds, but also the whole human species.

Deforestation refers to the elimination of plants and trees from a region. Deforestation also includes the clearing of jungles and plants from the region due to the numerous commercial motives.

Different Causes of Deforestation:

The below are the different causes of deforestation:

1. Overgrazing:

Overgrazing in jungles finishes recently renewed development. It makes the soil additional compact and invulnerable. The fertility of the soil also reduces owing to the devastation of organic substance. Overgrazing also results in the desertification and the soil erosion. Deforestation results in decreasing the overall soil’s productivity.

2. Shifting Cultivation:

Numerous agriculturalists destroy the jungle for farming and commercial motives and once productiveness of soil is shattered owing to recurrent harvesting, a fresh forest region is devastated. Hence, farmers must be recommended to utilize a similar area for agriculture and use some upgraded farming techniques and stop the deforestation.

3. Fuel Wood:

The maximum amount of forest is destroyed for the fuel wood. Around 86% of the fuel wood is utilized in rural regions in comparison to the 14% in urban parts and hence lead to more deforestation.

4. Forest Fires:

Recurrent fires in the forest regions are one of the major reasons of deforestation. Few incidents of fires are minor whereas the maximum of them are huge.

The industries related to the plywood and timber is mostly accountable for the deforestation. In fact, the huge demand for wooden things has resulted in the quick reduction of the forest.

6. Industry Establishment:

At times the industrial unit is constructed after deforestation. It means for a small achievement of few people, all other people have to bear a permanent loss. In this procedure, wild animals, valuable plant, and unusual birds get devastated. In fact, it adversely affects the quality of the environment.

7. Violation of Forest:

One more reason of deforestation is a violation by tribal on the land of forest for cultivation and other motives. Even though such type of land has a virtuous support for agriculture creation but still it creates environmental threats.

8. Forest Diseases:

Numerous diseases are instigated by rusts, parasitic fungi, nematodes and viruses that result in demise and deterioration of jungle. Fresh saplings are devastated owing to the occurrence of nematodes. Numerous diseases like blister rust, heart rot, and phloem necrosis, oak will, and Dutch elm, etc. destroy the jungle in large quantities.

9. Landslide:

The landslide lead to the deforestation in the mountains is a question of worry. It happened largely in the regions where growing actions are proceeding for the previous few years. The building of highways and railways mainly in hilly lands as well as the structure of large irrigation plans have resulted in enough deforestation and speeded the natural procedure of denudation.

Worldwide Solution for the Deforestation:

The jungle is an essential natural reserve for any nation and deforestation slow down a nation’s growth. To encounter the necessities of the growing population, simple resources might be attained only with the help of afforestation. It is actually the arrangement of implanting plants for food and food growth. Moreover, the nurseries have a significant part in increasing the coverage of the forest area.

Deforestation is the cutting down of trees. It is basically changing the use of land to a different purpose other than the planting of trees.

There are many reasons which have led to large levels of deforestation all over the world. One of the major causes is ever growing population of the world. With the growth in population, the need for more land to live has been rising. This has further led to cutting down of trees. Also, with modernisation, there has been a substantial increase in the requirement of land for setting up of industries. This has again contributed to deforestation.

Mining is another activity of humans which has led to large-scale deforestation in many areas. The need to build road and rail network in order to increase connectivity to the mines has led to cutting down of trees. This has altered the climatic conditions in these areas.

Deforestation has had a huge impact on the environment. Lack of trees has led to less release of water vapour in the air. This has, in turn, led to the alteration of rainfall patterns in different regions. India is a country which is dependent on monsoon rains for agriculture. Frequent droughts and floods caused due to deforestation have affected the lives of many in different parts of the country.

Moreover, trees absorb the carbon-dioxide from the air and help to purify it. Without trees around us, the presence of harmful gases in the air has been rising. This has also led to global warming which is again a major environmental concern. Also, the ever-rising pollution level, especially in many cities in India is due to vast deforestation only.

Additionally, trees bind the soil around them and prevent soil erosion. Deforestation has led to the soil being washed away with winds and rain, making the land unfit for agriculture. Also, trees and forests are the homes to different species of wildlife. With shrinking forests, several of the wildlife has become extinct as they were not able to cope with the changing conditions. Also, there have been increased man and wildlife conflicts in recent times as the animals are forced to venture in the cities in search of food. All these are severe effects of deforestation and need urgent attention by all.

The Perfect Example:

New Delhi is the capital of India. There was once a time when Delhi was a beautiful city. But with modernisation, increase in population, deforestation and mining in the nearby Aravalli hills, Delhi has been reduced to a gas chamber. Such is the impact the Delhi has become one of the most polluted cities in the world. What better example can be there to understand what deforestation has led us to?

There are many ways in which we can reduce deforestation. We must protect our forests. Moreover, we must mark adequate land for our farming needs. There are some laws already in place which prohibit people from unnecessary felling of trees. What needs to be done is the proper execution of the rules so that everyone abides by it. Also, stricter punishments need to be in place for violators so as to deter other people from disobeying the laws. Alternatively, people need to ensure that for every tree felled, equal numbers of trees are planted so that the balance of nature can be maintained. Summarily, it has to be a collective duty of all and just the governments alone, if we really need to reduce deforestation.

It is true that we all need space to live. With the ever-growing population and urbanisation, there has been more than ever need to cut trees and make space. However, we must realise that it is not possible for us to live without having trees around us. Trees bring so many benefits such as giving us oxygen, utilising the harmful carbon dioxide and so many products we need in our daily lives. Without trees around us, there would be no life on the earth. We should all do the needful to protect trees and reduce deforestation.

Deforestation is also known as clearing or clearance of trees. It can be said to mean removal of strands of trees or forests and the conversion of such area of land to a use that is totally non-forest in nature. Some deforestation examples are the converting of areas of forest to urban, ranches or farms use. The area of land that undergoes the most deforestation is the tropical rainforests. It is important to note that forests cover more than 31 percent in total land area of the surface of the earth.

There are a lot of different reasons why deforestation occurs: some tree are being cut down for building or as fuel (timber or coal), while areas of land are to be used as plantation and also as pasture to feed livestock. When trees are removed with properly replacing them, there can as a result be aridity, loss of biodiversity and even habitat damage. We have also had cases of deforestation used in times of war to starve the enemy.

Causes of Deforestation:

It has been discovered that the major and primary deforestation cause is agriculture. Studies have shown that about 48 percent of all deforestation is as a result of subsistence farming and 32 percent of deforestation is as a result of commercial agriculture. Also, it was discovered that logging accounts for about 14% of the total deforestation and 5% is from the removal for fuel wood.

There has been no form of agreement from experts on if industrial form of logging is a very important contributing factor to deforestation globally. Some experts have argued that the clearing of forests is something poor people do more as a result of them not having other alternatives. Other experts are of the belief that the poor seldom clear forests because they do not have the resources needed to do that. A study has also revealed that increase in population as a result of fertility rates that are very high are not a major driver of deforestation and they only influenced less than 8% of the cases of deforestation.

The Environmental Effects of Deforestation:

Deforestation has a lot of negative effects on our planet and environment.

A few of the areas where it negatively affects our environment are discussed below:

i. Atmospheric Effect:

Global warming has deforestation as one of its major contributing factors and deforestation is also a key cause of greenhouse effect. About 20% of all the emission of greenhouse gases is as a result of tropical deforestation. The land in an area that is deforested heats up quicker and it gets to a temperature that is higher than normal, causing a change in solar energy absorption, flow of water vapours and even wind flows and all of these affects the local climate of the area and also the global climate.

Also, the burning of plants in the forest in order to carry out clearing of land, incineration cause a huge amount of carbon dioxide release which is a major and important contributor to the global warming.

ii. Hydrological Effect:

Various researches have shown that deforestation greatly affects water cycle. Groundwater is extracted by trees through the help of their roots; the water extracted is then released into the surrounding atmosphere. If we remove a part of the forest, there will not be transpiration of water like it should be and this result in the climate being a lot drier. The water content of the soil is heavily reduced by deforestation and also atmospheric moisture as well as groundwater. There is a reduced level of water intake that the trees can extract as a result of the dry soil. Soil cohesion is also reduced by deforestation and this can result in landslides, flooding and erosion.

iii. Effect on Soil:

As a direct result of the plant litter on the surface, there is a minimal and reduced erosion rate in forests largely undisturbed. Deforestation increases the erosion rate as a result of the subsequent decrease in the quantity of cover of litter available. The litter cover actually serves as a protection for the soil from all varieties of surface runoff. When mechanized equipments and machineries are used in forestry operations, there can be a resulting erosion increase as a result of the development of roads in the forests.

iv. Effect on Biodiversity:

There is a biodiversity decline due to deforestation. Deforestation can lead to the death and extinction of a lot of species of animals and plants. The habitat of various animals are taken away as a result of deforestation.

The total coverage of forests on the earth’s landmass is 30 percent and the fact the people are destroying them is worrying. Research reveals that majority of the tropical forests on earth are being destroyed. We are almost at half the forest landmass in destruction. How would earth look life without forests? It will be a total disaster if deforestation is encouraged. Deforestation is a human act in which forests are permanently destroyed in order to create settlement area and use the trees for industries like paper manufacture, wood and construction. A lot of forests have been destroyed and the impact has been felt through climate change and extinction of animals due to destruction of the ecosystem. The impacts of deforestation are adverse and there is need to prevent and control it before it can get any worse.

Deforestation is mainly a human activity affected by many factors. Overpopulation contributed to deforestation because there is need to create a settlement area for the increasing number of people on earth and the need for urbanization for economic reasons. Recently, population has greatly risen in the world and people require shelter as a basic need. Forests are destroyed in order for people to find land to build a shelter and then trees are further cut to build those houses. Overpopulation is a major threat to the forest landmass and if not controlled, people will continue to occupy the forests until there is no more forest coverage on earth.

Another factor influencing deforestation is industrialization. Industries that use trees to manufacture their product e.g. paper and wood industries have caused major destruction of forests. The problem with industries is the large-scale need for trees which causes extensive deforestation. The use of timber in industries is a treat to forests all over the world. In as much as we need furniture, paper and homes, it is not worth the massive destruction of our forests.

Fires are also a cause of deforestation. During episodes of drought, fire spreads widely and burns down trees. The fire incidences could result from human activities like smoking or charcoal burning in the forests. Drought due to adverse weather changes in global warming is a natural disaster that claim the lives of people and living things.

Agricultural activities such as farming and livestock keeping also cause deforestation because of the land demand in those activities. Deforestation for farming purpose involves clearing all the vegetation on the required land and using it for and then burring the vegetation hence the name ‘slash and burn agriculture’. The ranches required for cattle keeping among other livestock require a large area that is clear from trees.

Impacts of Deforestation:

Deforestation has a great impact on the ecosystem in different ways. Climate change is influenced by deforestation because trees influence weather directly. Trees usually act to protect against strong winds and erosion but in its absence, natural disasters like floods and storms could be experienced. Also, tree are important in replenishing the air in the atmosphere. Trees have the ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen. Without trees, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will be increased. Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it causes global warming.

Global warming is a serious environmental issue that causes adverse climatic changes and affects life on earth. Extreme weather conditions like storms, drought and floods. These weather conditions are not conducive for humans and other living things on earth. Natural disasters as a result of global warming are very destructive both to animate and inanimate objects in the environment.

Loss of species due to deforestation has negatively affected biodiversity. Biodiversity is a highly valued aspect of life on earth and its interruption is a loss. There is a loss of habitat for species to exist in as a result of deforestation and therefore species face extinction. Extinction of some rare species is a threat we are currently facing. Animals that live and depend on forest vegetation for food will also suffer and eventually die of hunger. Survival has been forced on animals of the jungle due to deforestation and that is why human wildlife conflict is being experienced.

The water cycle on earth is negatively affected by deforestation. The existence of water vapor in the atmosphere is maintained by trees. Absence of trees cause a reduced vapor retention in the atmosphere which result in adverse climate changes. Trees and other forest vegetation are important in preventing water pollution because they prevent the contaminated runoff into water sources like rivers, lakes and oceans. Without trees, pollution of water is more frequent and therefore the water will be unsafe for consumption by human and animals.

Solutions to Deforestation:

Based on the serious impact of deforestation, it is only safe if solutions are sought to end this problem. The ultimate solution is definitely restoration of the forest landmass on earth. The restoration can be done by encouraging the planting of trees, a process called reforestation. Although reforestation will not completely solve the impacts of deforestation, it will restore a habitat for the wild animals and slowly restore the ecosystem. Major impacts like concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere require another approach. Human activities that contribute to carbon dioxide gas emission to the atmosphere have to be reduced through strict policies for industries and finding alternative energy sources that do not produce greenhouse gases.

Another solution is public awareness. People have to be made aware that deforestation has negative effects so that they can reduce the act. Through awareness, people can also be taught on ways of reducing the population e.g., family planning. On World Environment Day, people are encouraged to participate in activities like tree planting in order to conserve environment and that is how the awareness takes place.

In conclusion, deforestation is a human activity that is destructive and should be discouraged. Environmental conservation is our responsibility because we have only one earth to live in.

Deforestation , Environment , Forests

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Forests are essential for the environmental health and well-being of Pakistan. They provide various ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, soil erosion control, water regulation, and climate moderation. One of the significant environmental issues in Pakistan is deforestation, which refers to the loss of forest areas that occurs when humans cut down trees to obtain wood and fuel but do not replant them. Urbanization, growing population, and rapid expansion of cities are also among the leading causes of deforestation in Pakistan.

According to the Global Forest Watch, Pakistan had 648 thousand hectares of tree cover in 2010, extending over 0.74% of its land area. In 2022, it lost 49 hectares of tree cover, equivalent to 19.3 kilotons of CO₂ emissions. Deforestation negatively impacts the environment by increasing greenhouse gas emissions, reducing biodiversity, degrading soil quality, disrupting water cycles, and exacerbating natural disasters such as floods and droughts.

Another environmental issue related to forests in Pakistan is forest degradation, which refers to the decline in the quality and quantity of forest resources due to human activities such as overgrazing, overexploitation, illegal logging, mining, and encroachment. Forest degradation reduces the ability of forests to provide ecosystem services and support livelihoods. For example, forest degradation affects the habitat and population of the Markhor, a near-threatened goat and Pakistan’s national animal. The Markhor depends on the pine forests in the Sulaiman Mountains for food and shelter. However, these forests have been decimated by deforestation and degradation over the years.

To address these environmental issues, there is a need for conserving and restoring the forests in Pakistan. Conservation refers to protecting and managing existing forests to prevent further loss and damage. Restoration refers to reestablishing forest cover and function in degraded or deforested areas. Both conservation and restoration can enhance the environmental benefits of forests and contribute to sustainable development. For instance, a successful example of forest conservation and restoration in Pakistan is the case of the Chilghoza pine, a once-threatened tree that is staging a comeback in Balochistan. The Chilghoza pine is a valuable species that produces edible nuts and resin. It also helps to stabilize the soil and regulate the water flow in the arid region. A Pakistani researcher named Ashiq Ahmed Khan launched a campaign to conserve and restore the Chilghoza pine forests with the help of local communities who were once responsible for felling the trees. Today, some 260 square kilometres of forest are protected and restored.

In conclusion, I have critically evaluated the significance of the forests in Pakistan’s environmental issues. I have shown that forests are essential for the environmental health and well-being of Pakistan. I have also identified some of the major causes and consequences of forest loss and degradation. I have suggested some possible ways to conserve and restore the forests in Pakistan through innovation and collaboration. I hope that this essay has provided some useful insights into the importance and potential of the forests in Pakistan.

Republic Policy Magazine September 2023

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Deforestation in Pakistan  

Pakistan is one of the largest countries in the world by land, area, copper, gold, gas, and several other products. Pakistan is known to the development of the world. But unfortunately, Pakistan is impacted by deforestation. According to the experts, forests should cover at least 25% of the total area of a country. But unfortunately, in Pakistan, only 45% of the total area is covered with forest.

Deforestation is a major environmental concern in the world. Deforestation includes the cutting down, burning, and destructing of forests. It is the first link in a chain of environmental degradation that includes erosion, climate change, air pollution, and the loss of hardwood and fuel wood.

Forests are being cut down in Pakistan at a petrifying rate. Pakistan is not self-sufficient in wood-based products and spends billions of resources for them. These resources are also shrinking at a rate of one percent which will have dreadful effects on the people of Pakistan. The Main causes of one of the major causes of climate change in Pakistan is deforestation. Due to less supply of Sui gas, people cut down trees for cooling purposes in many areas. Thus, increasing deforestation is decreasing biodiversity.

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