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• Master’s vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

Master's vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

Published on November 27, 2020 by Lauren Thomas . Revised on June 1, 2023.

The two most common types of graduate degrees are master’s and doctoral degrees:

• A master’s is a 1–2 year degree that can prepare you for a multitude of careers.
• A PhD, or doctoral degree, takes 3–7 years to complete (depending on the country) and prepares you for a career in academic research.

A master’s is also the necessary first step to a PhD. In the US, the master’s is built into PhD programs, while in most other countries, a separate master’s degree is required before applying for PhDs.

Master’s are far more common than PhDs. In the US, 24 million people have master’s or professional degrees, whereas only 4.5 million have doctorates.

Table of contents

Master’s vs phd at a glance, which is right for you, length of time required, career prospects, costs and salaries, application process, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about master's and phd degrees.

The table below shows the key differences between the two.

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A PhD is right for you if:

• Your goal is to become a professor at a university or some other type of professional researcher.
• You love research and are passionate about discovering the answer to a particular question.
• You are willing to spend years pursuing your research even if you have to put up with a lot of dead ends and roadblocks.

A master’s degree is the better choice if any of the following apply:

• You want to continue studies in your field, but you’re not committed to a career as a professional researcher.
• You want to develop professional skills for a specific career.
• You are willing to pay a higher upfront cost if it means finishing with your degree (and thus being able to work) much faster.
• You want the option to study part-time while working.

The length of time required to complete a PhD or master’s degree varies. Unsurprisingly, PhDs take much longer, usually between 3–7 years. Master’s degrees are usually only 1–2 years.

Length of a master’s

Master’s degrees are usually 2 years, although 1-year master’s degrees also exist, mainly in the UK.

Most of the degree consists of classes and coursework, although many master’s programs include an intensive, semester-long master’s thesis or capstone project in which students bring together all they’ve learned to produce an original piece of work.

Length of a PhD

In the US, a PhD usually takes between 5 and 7 years to complete. The first 2 years are spent on coursework. Students, even those who choose to leave without finishing the program, usually receive a master’s degree at this point.

The next 3–5 years are spent preparing a dissertation —a lengthy piece of writing based on independent research, which aims to make a significant original contribution to one’s field.

Master’s degrees tend to prepare you for a career outside of academia, while PhDs are designed to lead to a career in research.

Careers for master’s graduates

There are two types of master’s degrees: terminal and research-intensive. The career prospects are different for each.

Terminal master’s degrees are intended to prepare students for careers outside of academia. Some degrees, known as professional degrees, specifically prepare students for particular professions; these include the Master of Public Policy (MPP), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), Master of Fine Arts (MFA), and Master of Public Health (MPH) degrees.

Other master’s degrees, usually Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Sciences (MS or MSc) degrees, do not necessarily lead to a specific career, but are intended to be a final degree. Examples include an MS in Communications or MS in Data Analytics.

In research-intensive master’s programs, students take coursework intended to prepare them for writing an original piece of research known as the master’s thesis . Such programs are usually intended to prepare for further study in a doctoral program.

Careers for PhD graduates

As research degrees, PhDs are usually intended to lead to an academic career. A PhD can be thought of like an apprenticeship, where students learn from professional researchers (academics) how to produce their own research.

Most students aspire to become a university professor upon the completion of their degree. However, careers in academia are highly competitive, and the skills learned in a doctoral program often lend themselves well to other types of careers.

Some graduates who find they prefer teaching to producing research go on to be teachers at liberal arts colleges or even secondary schools. Others work in research-intensive careers in the government, private sector, or at think tanks.

Below are a few examples of specific fields and non-academic careers that are common destinations of graduates of those fields.

• Computer Science
• Lab Sciences

Many government jobs, including economists at a country’s central bank, are research-intensive and require a PhD. Think tanks also hire economists to carry out independent research.

In the private sector, economic consulting and technology firms frequently hire PhDs to solve real-world problems that require complex mathematical modeling.

Graduate students from the humanities are sometimes hired by museums, who can make use of their research and writing skills to curate exhibits and run public outreach.

Humanities PhDs are often well-suited to research and grant-writing roles at nonprofits. Since so much of research is funded by grants, PhD students often gain a lot of experience applying for them, which is a useful skill in the nonprofit sector.

There are a wide range of non-academic research jobs for lab scientists with doctorates in subjects like chemistry, biology, ecology and physics.

Many PhD graduates are hired by pharmaceutical companies that need to perform research to create and test their products. Government agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), also hire lab scientists to work on research projects.

Job prospects after graduation vary widely based on the field. In fields like management, computer science, statistics, and economics, there’s little underemployment—even graduates from less well-known programs can easily find jobs that pay well and use the skills they’ve gained from the PhD.

However, in other fields, particularly in the humanities, many PhD graduates have difficulty in the job market. Unfortunately, there are far more PhD graduates than assistant professor roles, so many instead take on part-time and low-paid roles as adjunct instructors. Even non-academic careers can sometimes be difficult for PhDs to move into, as they may be seen as “overqualified”  or as lacking in relevant professional experience.

Because career options post-PhD vary so much, you should take the time to figure out what the career prospects are in your field. Doctoral programs often have detailed “placement” records online in which they list the career outcomes of their graduates immediately upon leaving the program. If you can’t find these records, contact the program and ask for them—placement information should play an important role in your choice of PhD program.

Although PhDs take far longer to complete, students often receive a living stipend in exchange for being a teaching or research assistant. Master’s degrees are shorter but less likely to be funded.

Both master’s degrees and PhDs lead to increased salaries upon graduation. While PhDs usually earn a bit more than those with a master’s degree, in some fields, the wages are identical, meaning that no financial benefit is gained from going on to a PhD.

Cost of a master’s

The upfront cost of a master’s degree is usually higher than a doctoral degree due to the lower amount of financial aid available. However, increased salaries also arrive faster than with a doctoral degree, because people graduate much earlier from a master’s program.

Some master’s students do receive stipends for their degrees, usually as compensation for being a teaching or research assistant. In addition, many people complete master’s degrees part time while working full-time, which allows them to fund their living costs as well as tuition.

The cost varies significantly by school and program. Public schools are usually cheaper than private ones. Some master’s degrees, such as MBAs, are notoriously expensive, but also result in much higher wages afterwards that make up for the high cost.

The master’s wage premium , or the extra amount that someone with a master’s degree makes than someone with just a high school diploma, is 23% on average. Many universities provide detailed statistics on the career and salary outcomes of their students. If they do not have this online, you should feel free to contact an administrator of the program and ask.

Cost of a PhD

PhDs, particularly outside the humanities, are usually (though not always) funded, meaning that tuition fees are fully waived and students receive a small living stipend. During the last 3–5 years of a PhD, after finishing their coursework (and sometimes before), students are usually expected to work as graduate instructors or research assistants in exchange for the stipend.

Sometimes students can apply for a fellowship (such as the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Program in the United States) that relieves them of any obligations to be a teaching or research assistant. Doctoral programs in the US tend to be better funded than in the rest of the world.

Sometimes, PhD degrees can be completed part-time, but this is rare. Students are usually expected to devote at least 40 hours a week to their research and work as teaching or research assistants.

The main cost of doctoral programs comes in the form of opportunity cost—all the years that students could be working a regular, full-time job, which usually pays much better than a graduate school stipend.

The average wage premium for PhDs is 26%, which is not much higher than the master’s degree premium.

In the US, the application process is similar for master’s and PhD programs. Both will generally ask for:

• At least one application essay, often called a personal statement or statement of purpose .
• Letters of recommendation .
• A resume or CV .
• Transcripts.
• Writing samples.

Applications for both types of programs also often require a standardized test. PhDs usually require the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), which tries to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative, critical thinking , and analytical writing skills. Many master’s programs require this test as well.

Applying for a master’s

Master’s degrees programs will often ask you to respond to specific essay prompts that may ask you to reflect upon not just your academic background, but also your personal character and future career ambitions.

Northwestern University’s Kellogg Business School requires Master’s of Business Administration (MBA) applicants write two essays, one about a recent time they demonstrated leadership and the second about their personal values.

Who you should ask for your letters of recommendation varies by program. If you are applying to a research-intensive master’s program, then you should choose former professors or research supervisors. For other programs, particularly business school, current work supervisors may be a better choice.

Some professional master’s programs require a specific test. For example, to apply to law school, you must take the Law School Admissions Test, or LSAT. For business school, you must take either the GRE or the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT).

Applying for a PhD

When applying for a PhD, your resume should focus more on your research background—you should especially emphasize any publications you’ve authored or presentations that you’ve given.

Similarly, your statement of purpose should discuss research that you’ve participated in, whether as an assistant or the lead author. You should detail what exactly you did in projects you’ve contributed to, whether that’s conducting a literature review, coding regressions, or writing an entire article.

Your letters of recommendations should be from former professors or supervisors who can speak to your abilities and potential as a researcher. A good rule of thumb is to avoid asking for recommendations from anyone who does not themselves have a PhD.

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A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

This depends on the country. In the United States, you can generally go directly to a PhD  with only a bachelor’s degree, as a master’s program is included as part of the doctoral program.

Elsewhere, you generally need to graduate from a research-intensive master’s degree before continuing to the PhD.

This varies by country. In the United States, PhDs usually take between 5–7 years: 2 years of coursework followed by 3–5 years of independent research work to produce a dissertation.

In the rest of the world, students normally have a master’s degree before beginning the PhD, so they proceed directly to the research stage and complete a PhD in 3–5 years.

A master’s degree usually has a higher upfront cost, but it also allows you to start earning a higher salary more quickly. The exact cost depends on the country and the school: private universities usually cost more than public ones, and European degrees usually cost less than North American ones. There are limited possibilities for financial aid.

PhDs often waive tuition fees and offer a living stipend in exchange for a teaching or research assistantship. However, they take many years to complete, during which time you earn very little.

In the US, the graduate school application process is similar whether you’re applying for a master’s or a PhD . Both require letters of recommendation , a statement of purpose or personal statement , a resume or CV , and transcripts. Programs in the US and Canada usually also require a certain type of standardized test—often the GRE.

Outside the US, PhD programs usually also require applicants to write a research proposal , because students are expected to begin dissertation research in the first year of their PhD.

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Pros and Cons of Earning a Master's Degree Before a PhD

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As a potential applicant to graduate school you have a great many decisions to make. The initial decisions, such as what field to study , may come easily. However, many applicants struggle with choosing what degree to pursue, whether a master’s degree or PhD is right for them. Others know what degree they want. Those who choose a doctoral degree sometimes wonder if they should first complete a master’s degree. Do you need a master’s degree to apply to a doctoral program?

Is a master’s degree an essential prerequisite for gaining admission to a doctoral program? Usually not. Does a master’s degree improve your odds of admission? Sometimes. Is it in your best interest to earn master’s before applying to PhD programs? It depends.

Pros and Cons of Earning a Master's Before Applying to PhD Programs

There are both advantages and disadvantages to earning a master’s before applying to PhD programs. Below are some of the pros and cons:

Pro: A master’s degree will introduce you to the process of graduate study.

Without a doubt, graduate school is different from college. This is especially true at the doctoral level. A master’s program can introduce to you the process of graduate study and help you understand how it is different from undergraduate study. A master’s program can help you make the transition to graduate school and prepare you for making the transition from college student to graduate scholar. 

Pro: A master’s program can help you see if you are ready for doctoral study.

Are you ready for graduate school? Do you have the right study habits? Are you motivated? Can you manage your time? Enrolling in a master’s program can help you see if you have what it takes for success as a graduate student – and especially as a doctoral student.

Pro: A master’s program can help you see if you are interested enough to undertake a PhD

The typical college survey courses present a broad view of a discipline, with little depth. Small college seminars present a topic in more depth but it will not come close to what you will learn in graduate school. It is not until students are immersed in a field that they truly come to know the depth of their interest. Sometimes new grad students realize that the field is not for them. Others complete the master’s degree but realize that they have no interest in pursuing a doctorate.

Pro: A masters may help you get into a doctoral program.

If your undergraduate transcript leaves much to be desired, a master’s program may help you improve your academic record and show that you have the stuff that competent graduate students are made of. Earning a master’s degree shows that you are committed and interested in your field of study. Returning students may seek a master’s degree to obtain contacts and recommendations from faculty.

Pro: A master’s degree can help you change fields.

Are you planning on studying a different field than your college major ? It can be hard to convince a graduate admissions committee that you are interested and committed to a field in which that you have little formal experience. A master’s degree can not only introduce you to the field but can show the admissions committee that you interested, committed, and competent in your chosen field. 

Pro: A master’s degree can offer a foot in the door to a particular graduate program.

Suppose you hope to attend a specific graduate program. Taking a few graduate courses, nonmatriculated (or nondegree-seeking) can help you learn about the program and can help faculty learn about you. This is even more true for master’s students. In many graduate programs, master’s and doctoral students take some of the same classes. As a master’s student, you’ll have contact with graduate faculty – often those who teach in the doctoral program. Completing a thesis and volunteering to work on faculty research can help faculty get to know you as a competent and promising researcher. A master’s degree might offer you a foot in the door and a better chance of gaining admission to the department’s doctoral program. However, admission is not guaranteed. Before you choose this option, be sure that you can live with yourself if you don’t gain admission. Will you be happy with a terminal master?

Con: A master’s degree is time-consuming.

Typically a full-time master’s program will require 2 years of study. Many new doctoral students find that their master’s coursework doesn’t transfer. If you enroll in a master’s program recognize that it will likely not make a dent in your required doctoral coursework. Your PhD will likely take an additional 4 to 6 years after earning your master’s degree.

Con: A master’s degree is usually unfunded.

Many students find this a big con: Master’s students usually do not receive much funding. Most master’s programs are paid for out-of-pocket. Are you prepared to potentially have tens of thousands of dollars of debt before you begin your PhD.? If you choose not to seek a doctoral degree, what employment options accompany your master’s degree? While I’d argue that a master’s degree is always of value for your intellectual and personal growth, if the salary-return of your degree is important to you, do your homework and think carefully before enrolling in a master’s program prior to seeking your PhD.

Whether you seek a master’s degree before applying to doctoral programs is a personal decision. Also recognize that many PhD programs award master’s degrees along the way, typically after the first year and completing exams and/or a thesis.

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Is it Possible to Get a PhD Without a Master’s Degree?

Featured Expert: Dr. Abha Sood, PhD

Do you need a master’s to a get a PhD? No! A master’s degree is not a universal requirement for all PhD programs, and there are some types of programs which waive the master’s degree. If you’re interested in how to get a PhD but you want to shorten the time it takes to graduate, you do have options. While they are not numerous, there are excellent, accredited PhD programs in almost every field which do not require a master’s degree. In this blog, learn how you can get a PhD without a master’s, what your program options are and what you need to do to get accepted.

>> Want us to help you get accepted? Schedule a free strategy call here . <<

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Article Contents 9 min read

Do you need a master’s to get a phd.

The short answer: No . It is possible to get a PhD without a master’s degree, as there are programs which accept applicants who have not completed a master’s degree first.

We’ll explore these in more detail below, but first we’ll look at whether a PhD is the right path for you and why you might want to skip the master’s.

If you’re weighing your options for graduate school and deciding between a master’s or PhD , you’re probably wondering which one is the best choice for you and how to complete your studies in the fastest way possible. If your end goal is a PhD, you might be looking at a very long educational commitment. How long does it take to get a PhD? On average, 4-7 years, and this timeline doesn’t include the time it takes to get a master’s degree, another 1 or 2 years.

Chances are, you’ve finished 4 years of an undergraduate degree or you’re still earning your bachelor’s degree and thinking ahead a few years. The idea of 5+ more years of schooling can be a little intimidating, so you may be wondering how to get a PhD without a master’s.

There are few different types of PhD programs that do not require a master’s degree first. Note that all of these programs DO require a complete bachelor’s degree to apply! We’ll explain what your options are for completing a PhD without a master’s below.

1. Direct Entry PhD Programs

Direct Entry PhD programs allow students with a Bachelor’s degree to apply directly for a PhD in their field, without first completing a master’s degree. They are typically 4-5 years long, so they are appealing for students who want to earn a graduate degree and shave a few years off their timeline to graduation. Many of the top colleges in the US and the universities in Canada offer these types of programs. However, these programs are far from the easiest PhD programs to get into ! They are quite competitive and require specific admission requirements you’ll need to meet in order to be considered.

2. Online PhD Programs

Online PhD programs are growing in both number and popularity. Online PhD programs offer students greater flexibility while also shortening the time it takes to get a PhD. Most online PhD programs are between 2 and 3 years, although there are 4-year programs and even 1-year online PhD programs out there. Depending on your area of study, an online PhD may not be an option, but there are fully accredited options out there. And, some online PhD programs don’t require a master’s degree.

Curious about whether a Master’s or PhD is right for you? Check out this video:

Direct Entry PhD Programs

Direct entry PhD programs can be a great option for students who want to jump straight from a bachelor’s degree to a PhD. This type of program is available in almost all disciplines, including business, computer science, education and nursing. These are also sometimes called accelerated PhD programs, designed to be 4-5 years and on your way to graduation sooner. As long as you meet all the admission requirements, you can apply to direct entry PhD programs without a master’s degree.

Universities with Direct Entry PhD Programs

Here are a few examples of top universities with direct entry PhD programs. This is not an exhaustive list, as there are many similar programs across the US and Canada!

Pros and Cons of Direct Entry PhD Programs

Since direct entry PhD programs accept students with a bachelor\u2019s degree only, the admission standards are naturally a little higher. Your academic record needs to be above average, and the minimum GPA to apply is usually 3.0 or even higher in some cases. On top of a stellar GPA, you also need to write the GRE, complete an application package and demonstrate you are ready for intense graduate level study without having completed a master\u2019s degree. ","label":"Cons","title":"Cons"}]" code="tab1" template="BlogArticle">

Admission Requirements for Direct Entry PhD Programs

Along with the usual PhD admission requirements, direct entry PhD programs may only admit students with only a bachelor’s degree if they demonstrate exceptional academic ability and extensive prior research experience. Here are some of the additional requirements you can expect for direct entry PhD programs:

• 4-year undergraduate degree (minimum GPA may be required)
• GRE (or GMAT, program-dependent)
• Research Experience
• Previous publications
• Excellent letters of recommendation
• Letter of Intent
• Research interest statement
• Grad school career goals statement
• Research Proposal
• Grad school interview

There are dozens of different online PhD programs out there, ranging from 1 to 4 years long. The length of time it takes to complete an online PhD program depends on the discipline. Online PhD programs are more common in fields like nursing, health sciences, business, education, criminology, engineering and computer science, though there are many more.

Many online PhD programs also have a hybrid learning option, where students can learn both online and in-person at the university. This gives you a little more flexibility and allows you to get the best of both worlds from an online PhD and a traditional one.

Online PhDs are also a good option if you want to do a PhD without dissertation or thesis, since a few of them don’t require it.

Universities with Online PhD Programs

Here’s a short list of universities that offer online PhD programs, but keep in mind there are many more out there.

Pros and Cons of Online PhD Programs

Lack of funding and networking : 100% online programs of course, lack the opportunities for in-person interaction and have fewer opportunities for professional networking in your field. There\u2019s also fewer funding options for online PhDs, if the program is not fully funded. ","label":"Cons","title":"Cons"}]" code="tab2" template="BlogArticle">

Admission Requirements for Online PhD Programs

Online PhD programs, or hybrid programs, will have the same admission requirements as most graduate school programs. On top of these, you will typically need a GPA of 3.0 and above, and you may need to complete specific prerequisite coursework.

The specific admission requirements will vary a little by program, but in general there won’t be anything unexpected.

If you’re thinking of applying to a PhD without a master’s degree, there are pros and cons to this decision. You may be wondering if not having a master’s degree will hurt your chances of getting accepted to a PhD program, or if it affects your chances of finding a job after graduate school.

While you can certainly choose to skip the master’s and still achieve your career goals with a PhD only, you should carefully consider your decision before you start applying to be sure it’s the right path for you.

Before you dive into PhD applications, consider the following things:

1. A PhD might not be necessary

Earning a PhD might not actually be necessary or especially helpful to achieving your career goals. A PhD is a research-focused, academic pursuit, so if your aim is to transition from academia to industry or find an industry job after a PhD , you might benefit more from earning years of work experience rather than years of education. There is always a possibility to pursue a PhD after a few years of working in your field if you change your mind.

In other cases, a master’s degree might give you the better mix of education and skill to achieve your career goals. And, a master’s degree is shorter and less expensive than a PhD, not to mention less competitive to get into.

On the other hand, if you are a true academic and want to find a job in academia , fast-tracking your PhD is a good way to do so!

2. A Master’s degree can give you a competitive edge

Having a master’s degree can actually give you a competitive edge for getting into some PhD programs. For example, even a direct entry PhD program that considers exceptional undergraduate students might give preference to a student with a full master’s degree if there is limited space in a program. Not to mention, not all PhD programs accept you without a master’s degree, and the ones that don’t require one will be more challenging to get into.

Completing your master’s first can also give you better and more funding opportunities for your PhD, if your program is not fully funded, since some scholarships and loans are only open to current graduate students.

3. A PhD is a huge commitment

Getting your PhD is a huge commitment of both your time and money, so you need to be certain it is the right choice for you before you put in the effort of applying and completing a program. Jumping from a bachelor’s right into an advanced graduate program is a big shift in the level of academic rigor and expectations, and not every student will be prepared for it.

Undergraduate students normally will not have the research experience or professional skillset that you would develop throughout the course of a master’s program. So the adjustment to a PhD program may prove to be too big a gap.

A master’s program is a sort of test-drive for graduate school study, introducing you to a higher level of education, research and learning. It’s also shorter and less expensive. So, you may not lose a much from changing your mind and dropping out of a master’s program as you will dropping out of a PhD.

Keep in mind that if you want to pursue advanced study in a new field or change jobs after working as an undergraduate, it will be difficult to find a PhD program that will accept you without a master’s degree.

Do you need a master’s to get a PhD? No, it is not strictly necessary. However, there are some advantages to earning your master’s degree first, and the path from bachelor’s straight to PhD is a little more challenging.

For those who are willing to commit and put in the hard work, the benefits of fast-tracking your PhD are definitely worth it, but you should carefully explore all your options and be sure of what requirements you need to meet first.

No. It is possible to get a PhD without a master’s degree. Some PhD programs accept exceptional students with a bachelor’s degree or allow you to earn a master’s and PhD in a combined, accelerated program.

While it is possible to skip your master’s and go straight to a PhD, you should consider what the options are, what the admission requirements are and whether graduate school is the right choice for you. Earning a PhD is a big commitment, so you need to be sure it’s a worthy pursuit!

Yes, direct entry PhD programs are highly competitive and the admission standards are usually quite high. These types of programs usually accept exceptional students who stand out from the crowd.

The shortest PhD programs are 1-year online degrees. While there are not many available, it is possible to earn a PhD in select fields, completely online, in around 12 to 18-months.

Traditional PhDs take between 4-8 years to complete. Direct entry PhD programs are usually 4-5 years, and online or hybrid PhDs can be between 2-3 years. 

Yes, there are dual degree programs that allow you to earn a master’s alongside a PhD, shortening the traditional timeline and saving a bit on tuition costs. 

A master’s degree is a graduate program that focuses on teaching you practical, career-related skills and knowledge. It’s designed for you to learn more advanced skills in your field so you can potentially increase your earnings in the workforce and pursue higher-level positions. A PhD is a heavily research-focused graduate degree. PhD students contribute new knowledge to their field through critical research and writing. 

It can be tough to decide whether to stop at a master’s degree or go forward and pursue a PhD. The decision will come down to your personal choice, the requirements for your chosen career or position, your budget, timeline, and whether you feel you can and want to commit to extensive graduate studies.

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Master’s vs. Ph.D.: What’s the Difference and Which One to Choose?

If graduate school is on your radar, one of the first things to consider is what type of degree you should pursue . While a bachelor’s degree is required for any postgraduate study, many people think you need a master’s to pursue a Ph.D., but that isn’t always the case. While there are benefits to receiving your master’s degree before your Ph.D., it’s not always necessary or required. However, there are important differences to note when deciding which type of program to apply to.

Master’s degree

A master’s degree usually takes about two years to complete full time. There are programs that allow a student to attend on a part-time basis, but that of course extends the completion time. Many master’s programs require a thesis to be completed, but not all. A thesis is a research project that is completed during the final year of a master’s program under the guidance of your program chair or advisor.

Under the master’s umbrella, there are quite a few specific degrees you can obtain. Your professional path will determine which of these you pursue.

• Master of Arts (MA) is given for disciplines in the arts and social sciences.
• Master of Science (MS) is given for sciences, health, engineering and statistics.
• Master of Research (MRes) is focused on training students to become researchers. This is advantageous to a student if they’re pursuing a research-based career or planning to apply for a Ph.D. program.
• Master by Research (MPhil) is similar to a MRes but is more advanced and focuses on research topics to be explored in depth. It’s often considered a precursor to a Ph.D. program.

Specialized master’s degrees

There are numerous specialized master’s degrees that are categorized by profession. These are often (not always) preceded by some professional experience prior to undertaking these types of advanced degrees.

• Master of Business Administration (MBA)
• Master of Library Science (MLS, MLIS, MSLS)
• Master of Public Administration (MPA)
• Master of Public Health (MPH)
• Master of Social Work (MSW)
• Master of Laws (LLM)
• Master of Education (MEd, MSEd, MIT, MAEd, MAT)
• Master of Engineering (MEng)
• Master of Architecture (MArch)
• Master of Fine Arts (MFA)
• Master of Divinity (MDiv)

Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy)

There are many Ph.D. programs and, in general, it’s considered the most advanced type of research degree you can obtain. Ph.D. candidates are required to complete a dissertation to obtain their degree. Unlike a thesis, a dissertation is longer and consists of original research conducted throughout the entire doctoral study. In some cases, students may be awarded a stipend, or pay, to complete the doctoral program and dissertation.

Ph.D.’s take a considerably longer time to complete than a master’s, five to eight years on average, and they carry a rather high rate of noncompletion due to time and financial commitments. Many Ph.D. programs have stipends available, so it’s important to inquire about that when researching a particular program.

Specialized doctorate programs

As with master’s degrees, there are several specialized doctorate programs specific to different disciplines and areas of study:

• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Engineering (EngD/PhD)
• Doctor of Education (EdD/D.Ed)
• Doctor of Social Science (DsocSci)
• Doctor of Professional Studies (DProf)
• Doctor of Architecture (DArch)
• Doctor of Theology (Th.D)
• Doctor of Divinity (DD/DDiv)
• Doctor of Science STEM (Dsc/ScD)
• Doctor of Science Arts & Humanities (DLitt/LitD)

When deciding which one to get, consider your immediate or long-term career goals — which degree would serve you best? In some cases, you can obtain a Ph.D. with just a bachelor’s degree, but often it’s recommended you get a master’s first for the research experience that will be required for a Ph.D.

As with anything, there are exceptions. Students in law school obtain a J.D. (Juris Doctor) but can then further obtain a master’s in a sub-specialty like tax or immigration law. The health care occupations of physical therapist and pharmacist are also doctorate programs obtained post undergrad.

Making your choice

As with any decision, weigh your options, list pros and cons, and go from there. Once you’ve narrowed your options , you’ll have a precise list of programs and institutions generated for your specific goals.

Should I Pursue A Master’s or A Ph.D.?

The first step in deciding on the right graduate program for you is to figure out which degree will best serve you—a master’s or a doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.). Here are a few factors to consider.

What are your career goals?

• Professional master’s: A good choice if you want to develop a particular skill set in order to practice a particular profession. This type of degree provides coursework focused on learning and practicing skills.
• Research master’s: A good fit if you want to gain expertise in a discipline and know how to teach it. A research master’s typically includes a research project or thesis and comprehensive exams in addition to coursework and provides experience in research and scholarship.
• Ph.D. (doctor of philosophy): Consider this option if your goal is to ground yourself in a body of research and develop the ability to add to that body of knowledge. Ph.D. study includes a major research project in addition to coursework, and a Ph.D. is the highest scholastic degree awarded by American universities. Contrary to common perception, career paths for Ph.D. graduates are quite varied, not just limited to academia. Ph.D. training helps you hones skills such as writing, research, teaching, data analysis, communicating complex topics—all of which can translate into many sectors, including industry, government, nonprofit, and entrepreneurship.

See career data for Duke graduate programs' alumni

How much time do you have to pursue a graduate degree?

Master’s degrees typically take two years to complete, while Ph.D. programs generally take five to seven years ( see Duke programs' time-to-degree ). That is a significant difference in commitment and opportunity costs. It might also play a key role in deciding which factors take higher priority as you evaluate a program. How does the length of the program fit with your career and family plans? How important is the surrounding community if you are going to be there for seven years instead of two? How long are you able or willing to go on a limited income while in graduate school?

How much can you afford to pay for a graduate degree?

Consider your personal financial situation (e.g., how much savings and student loans do you have), as well as how much financial aid you can get. Master’s and Ph.D. programs differ greatly in the amount of financial aid available. Ph.D. programs tend to offer significantly more financial support than master’s programs (but often will have research or teaching requirements). 

A typical Ph.D. financial aid package usually includes coverage of tuition and fees, a living stipend, and some level of support for health insurance for a set number of years. For instance, Duke’s standard Ph.D. package covers tuition, mandatory fees, and a stipend for five years, as well as health insurance premiums for six years. 

Within an institution, the level of financial support often differs across programs, so be sure to ask your specific program about the financial aid it offers. There are also many national organizations that provide competitive fellowships and scholarships for graduate students.

Know which degree you want to pursue? Here are some key things to look for in a program .

Do You Need a Master’s to Get a PhD?

August 14, 2023

Once you’ve decided that you want the glories that graduate school has to offer , the next question is: Master’s vs. PhD. And if you want a PhD, does that mean you need a Master’s first? Getting a PhD is the highest level of education possible. Once you finish, you get to be addressed as Dr. on your mail, you can ascend to the highest positions in your field, and you get to be a know-it-all at family dinners. Fittingly, applying to PhD. programs is intimidating, and you’ll want to prepare as much as you can before. So do you need a Master’s to get a PhD?

If you’re reading this in the United States, then the short answer is no, you don’t need a Master’s degree to apply for a PhD.

If you’re reading this pretty much anywhere else in the world, the short answer is: it’s complicated.

Most PhD programs outside the US require a Master’s degree to apply. This is because programs outside the US take 3-4 years to complete, while in the United States, a PhD program can take 6-8 years. Or, in some cases , up to 53 years.

First, we’ll help solve the puzzle of Master’s vs. Ph.D. Then, we’ll talk about the pros of getting a master’s first, or a PhD. on its own.

Master’s Degree Programs

What is a master’s degree? In brief, this is a graduate-level degree where students pursue specialization within a specific topic. These courses tend to be 1-2 years, and are not terminal degrees (with some exceptions). This means that it is not the highest course of study, and therefore not necessarily qualifying to find a job in the field. (Although it often helps with job prospects, and increases salary offers.)

For example, there are a wide range of great Master’s programs in Psychology , but you can’t become a certified Clinical Psychologist with a Master’s because it’s not a terminal degree. You’ll need a Ph.D. for that.

In other words, a Master’s is a high-level course of study that can enhance job prospects and deepen your knowledge at an expert level.

PhD Programs

No matter where they take place, PhD. programs are the highest-intensity training programs to become experts in a course of study. To understand the point of a PhD, it’s helpful to think of the following hierarchy of knowledge: reading a Wikipedia article, taking a course (or reading several books), majoring as an undergraduate (multiple courses), working in the field, getting a Master’s (2 years of specialized courses). And then there’s the Boss level: learning how to do cutting-edge research, change the field itself, and write the books and Wikipedia articles you once read.

In practice, that means that PhD programs involve independent research, eye-bulging amounts of reading or coursework, and a thesis or dissertation. They are often extremely competitive in the application process and in the experience alike. For this reason (and the, ahem, sizeable length of time), it’s best to start thinking about PhDs early. As early as high school, you can prepare for a PhD by attending a top feeder school .

As a kind of gift for all that intensity, a Master’s degree is often built into a US PhD program. Basically, if you complete the first two years of a PhD, you earn a Master’s degree for free. Literally: since most PhD.s are fully-funded, that means the Master’s costs you zero dollars. Remember this point for later!

Pros of Getting a Master’s Before A PhD

1) specialization.

A Master’s degree is a great way to begin specializing in your field. If you still need time to explore, a master’s will be helpful to formulate your proposed PhD research interest. The time spent in a Master’s program can also help build knowledge of other programs in your field, so you can choose the best PhD. program for you. (There’s nothing worse than discovering during Year 3 that you actually would have done way better at a completely different school.)

2) Lower Time Commitment

There is a big, big difference between 1-2 years and 6-8 years. At its maximum, a PhD is double the length of college. A Master’s can be completed in the lifespan of a hamster, and a PhD in the lifespan of an opossum. Whether you’re an indecisive Gemini sign or a prudent Virgo, it may be worth doing a “trial run” of graduate study. That way, if you decide that you don’t like the academic life after all, you still have an advanced degree. (In other words: higher salary and street cred, but no mail that says Dr.)

Do You Need a Master’s to Get a PhD? (Continued)

3) a phd application booster.

As any writer of a graduate school Statement of Purpose can tell you, major achievements go a long way. And what’s more impressive than showing up as a master of the topic at hand? Research labs might want you on their team, professors may be impressed by your skills. A Master’s is not a silver bullet for PhD entrance, but it’s definitely helpful.

4) General Academic Preparation: PhD level work is intimidating. It’s extra intimidating if you didn’t major in your proposed course of study, or if you’re undergoing a career change. A Master’s can be a great way to cut your teeth on grad-level coursework: from writing papers to advanced research.

Pro of Getting a PhD Without A Master’s

1) lower overall time commitment.

A Master’s is indeed a lower time commitment, but adding those 1-2 years to your 6-8 can keep you in school until you’re suffering from sciatica. If you want to enter the academic job market more quickly, it may behoove you (more on GRE vocab here ) you to start the PhD immediately.

2) Commitment to Your Passion

Starting a PhD directly means you immediately get to study the topic that you’re most excited about. Instead of wasting time in surveys, some programs offer guidance so you can start working towards your dissertation even from year one!

3) Cost Effective

Master’s degrees on their own often cost thousands of dollars per year. If you get a PhD without a Master’s, they’ll pay you a stipend, instead of you paying them. Pretty nice.

4) You Get A Free Master’s Degree

Who doesn’t love a little side perk? While it’s not a good idea to apply to PhD programs with the express purpose of leaving after you get the free Master’s degree (and the sweet, sweet health insurance)…it’s certainly not shameful to leave a PhD program early as a master’s.

Do You Need a Master’s to Get a PhD? — Conclusion

Whether a Master’s degree would be suitable for your career trajectory is a personal question. Applying to graduate school is a great time to check in about your values, and how you want to spend the next chapter of your life. To help choose between a PhD and a Master’s, it may be helpful to consider your long-term career goals, your professional and academic past, and your current desires. Are you absolutely committed to working in the university, or being the top expert in your field? Or do you simply want to have a stable job in a field you love? These and other questions will lead you toward the solution.

Lastly, if you’re still undecided, you can always leave it up to fate: apply to both Master’s and PhD programs in a single application season. That way, hopefully by spring you’ll have the decision made for you. (Or if you’re lucky, even more indecision.)

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Julia Conrad

With a Bachelor of Arts in English and Italian from Wesleyan University as well as MFAs in both Nonfiction Writing and Literary Translation from the University of Iowa, Julia is an experienced writer, editor, educator, and a former Fulbright Fellow. Julia’s work has been featured in  The Millions ,  Asymptote , and  The Massachusetts Review , among other publications. To read more of her work, visit  www.juliaconrad.net

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Master’s vs PhD — These are the Main Differences

Updated: July 18, 2022

Published: October 31, 2019

The consideration between earning a master’s vs PhD is not always an easy choice. While many careers and personal aspirations may be complete with just an undergraduate degree (Associate’s or Bachelor’s), a lot of people continue their higher education to obtain graduate degrees. These include a master’s and/or a PhD.

Neither a master’s degree nor a PhD is considered to be a walk in the park. Therefore, it’s useful to understand why you would earn either and then decide how far to go.

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Definitions: master’s vs phd.

Bost a master’s and PhD are defined as postgraduate degrees, but they require different commitments and styles of learning.

1. Master’s Degree:

Mostly all master’s degrees will require the completion of an undergraduate bachelor’s degree to enroll. They generally all share the same common requirement for a thesis or dissertation to graduate.

Earning a master’s degree through a taught program will result in the completion of a Master of Art (MA), Master of Science (MS), or Master of Philosophy (MPhil). For those who earn their master’s degree through research, they will earn a Master of Research (Mre), in a tailored field of study. There are also degree-specific master’s programs like Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Master of Education (M.Ed).

After earning a master’s degree, the next step is a PhD, which entails both working and performing research at an institution. A PhD is an abbreviation for “Doctor of Philosophy.” It is the highest academic degree one can achieve. As such, it is a time-consuming pursuit that requires a lot of studying and research.

You may be wondering, “Do you need a master’s to get a PhD?”

Technically, the answer is not always. Some students skip a master’s and go straight for their PhD, but they may lack research experience. While it could save money, the transition between a bachelor’s and a PhD is incredibly sharp. It may be harder to complete a PhD without the experience from a master’s.

Yet, some institutions may allow for the possibility to earn both your master’s and PhD in conjunction with one another. This will alleviate the transition between skipping a master’s and going straight to earning a PhD.

Should You Get a Master’s or PhD?

There are many considerations to factor when deciding between a master’s of PhD. For starters, it’s useful to consider the amount of time it will take, the cost, and the benefits and disadvantages of each. It is also of utmost importance to explore your own personal goals and reasons for wanting a graduate degree.

If your desired career of choice requires a PhD, like becoming a university professor, then you have your answer. If you want to start a business and benefit by networking while in school, a Master of Business Administration (MBA) could be a good idea. Consider what you want to pursue as a career and find out the requirements first.

Another useful thing to note is that a master’s degree can be used for a shift in careers. For example, if you attended college and earned a bachelor’s degree in humanities, but now you want to pursue science, you can still earn your master’s degree in a scientific discipline. On the other hand, a PhD is tailored to your field of study and specialty, so it will require that you are sure of your direction when you first earn your master’s degree.

Length of Time

A typical master’s degree program takes about two years full-time. However, there are accelerated programs that can be completed in just a year or so.

A PhD, in general, requires five to six years of studying, teaching, and research. However, it may even take some students up to eight or nine years to graduate. With this significant investment in time, it’s necessary to know if a PhD is right for you before starting.

The cost of both programs varies by institution and enrollment status of part-time versus full-time. However, since a PhD takes longer to complete, it will end up costing more. With that said, if you look into your return on investment, a PhD could end up yielding a higher salary, and therefore end up “costing less.”

Additionally, there is also the possibility of being paid to complete your PhD. Some students may receive an academic stipend, a university fellowship or apprenticeship or a reduced fee to earn their PhD while completing research (or teaching) at an institution. It’s also possible to get financial aid through a scholarship or grant.

As tuition rates continue to rise, it’s useful to look into alternative institutions for affordable education. For example, the University of the People offers a tuition-free master’s program in Business Administration and Education. This means you can study 100% online and graduate for less than the cost of most programs.

Weighing the Benefits

When comparing the two degree types, here are some benefits of each:

• Career-oriented
• Can open the door for more job opportunities
• Costs less than a PhD
• Takes less time than a PhD
• Helps you stand out from those with only an undergraduate degree
• You can perform research in your field of choice
• You become an expert in your field
• The prefix Dr. is added to your name
• You can teach in academia at the highest level

Required Commitment and Reasons to Pursue

Both a master’s and a PhD require a huge amount of hard work and utter commitment. You must be dedicated and motivated to complete either degree. Since most careers only may require a bachelor’s degree, having a master’s or PhD will set you apart from the competition. However, this should not be the sole reason to pursue either.

You may be wondering why would you earn either degree. Here’s a look at some motivational factors:

Reasons to Study for a Master’s

• Your career requires it (see next section)
• You want to advance your subject knowledge
• You want to experience graduate school and network with peers

Reasons to Study for a PhD

• You want to contribute new research to your field of choice
• Your career requires a PhD
• You want to earn the title of Dr.

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Required degrees by career.

Most people are motivated to pursue higher education because their desired careers require they do so. Here, we will break down those fields that require the completion of a master’s degree as it’s high on the list of reasons why to get one.

• Education Administration: To work as an administrator in an educational institution, you need to hold an advanced degree. A Master’s in Education (M.Ed) will provide you with the necessary knowledge and required skills to succeed in the field.
• Executive Level Business: A Master’s in Business (MBA) will not only place you ahead of the competition to land high-level positions in the field of business, but it can also be the jumping off point for becoming your own boss.
• Environmental Science: With issues in climate change and technological advancement, careers in Environmental Science are growing. As with most scientific careers, it requires a master’s degree where you will learn Applied Ecology, Environmental Policy, Environmental Chemistry, and more.
• Mental Health: To become a licensed practitioner and assist in mental health counseling, you will continue your education through a master’s degree in the field.
• Physical Therapy: Employers of physical therapists often prefer them to obtain a master’s degree in the discipline as the field is highly specialized.

Of course, some careers require a PhD. These careers are easy to spot because they have the prefix Dr. in front of them or the suffix like J.D. (Juris Doctor). To become a lawyer, doctor of medicine, veterinary medicine or psychologist/psychiatrist, you must obtain a PhD in the respective field.

Salary Differences Between Master’s and Ph.D. Graduates

According to a study performed by the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce , the overall evidence shows that the higher the degree you have, the higher your salary potential. However, the differences vary by subject level and field.

In general, the expected lifetime earnings of those with each degree level is as follows:

• High School Diploma: $973,000
• Bachelor’s Degree: $1.3 million
• Master’s Degree: $2.7 million
• Doctorate Degree: $3.3 million

The Bottom Line

Aside from the financial cost and length of time, the opportunity to earn a master’s and a doctorate degree can offer several benefits.

However, it is an undertaking that requires a lot of dedication and motivation on behalf of the student. As such, it’s important to perform research on your desired career’s requirements, as well as your personal interest in pursuing either a Phd vs master’s.

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Do You Need a Masters to Get a PhD [2024 Guide]

Do you need a masters to get a PhD? It is possible to earn your PhD without a masters program being completed first. This direct entry bachelor’s to PhD option can be a helpful way to reduce the time and money required to complete your education.

Earning a PhD degree may put you on the path to exciting and rewarding career opportunities in a variety of fields. It may also specifically prepare you for a career in research and teaching.

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While in many cases it is possible to earn your PhD without a masters, completing a masters program may sometimes be a better fit for your personal educational journey and career objectives.

Do You Need a Masters to Get a PhD?

No, a master’s degree is not always required to earn a PhD. A number of schools may allow you to enroll in a PhD-level program without having previously obtained your master’s degree if you meet the school’s and program’s admission criteria.

In some cases, Ph.D. programs may allow you to skip the need to obtain a master’s degree. These programs allow direct enrollment from a bachelor’s degree program into a PhD or doctorate program. Other schools may offer dual programs. These programs allow you to obtain a master’s graduate degree while you complete coursework for a PhD.

However, a growing number of universities now offer one year masters programs that may be beneficial to you and some of the highest paying masters degrees may be worth exploring before considering direct-entry PhD programs.

The availability of direct entry bachelor’s to PhD programs and dual master-PhD programs may vary from school to school. So, it can be helpful to research specific schools and fields of interest before applying.

Pros and Cons of Earning a PhD Without a Master’s

Earning a PhD without a master’s can offer some unique benefits, but depending on your career goals and personal objectives, it may come with some cons as well.

• Save time . Earning your PhD without a master’s will often save you time, as you won’t need to complete the 1 to 3 years required of a master’s education.
• Save money . Skipping a masters program may also save you money, as you get to avoid the tuition costs of a masters program.
• Enter the workforce more quickly . Attending a direct entry PhD program may allow you to enter the workforce more quickly and achieve advanced positions in your field sooner than other educational routes.
• PhD not always required . Depending on your career goals, a PhD may not be necessary or helpful in achieving your target. In these instances, earning a doctoral degree may simply increase the time it takes for you to begin working in your field of choice.
• Master’s degrees can offer clarity and experience . Earning a master’s may offer perspective in terms of choosing a trajectory for your studies in a PhD program. A master’s also allows you to experience postsecondary studies that are more self-directed than bachelor degree programs.
• Master’s degrees can offer competitive advantage . In some cases, it may be more challenging to compete with other students who have completed a master’s program when it comes to being accepted into a PhD program or competing for certain research topics.

Enrolling in a direct entry bachelors to PhD program may not be right for everyone. It may be a good option for you, though, if you’re interested in obtaining your PhD and finishing your educational journey in less time and at lesser cost.

If you are interested in changing careers and you do decide that a masters degree is right for you, you may want to consider the best master’s degrees for career change that many universities offer their grad students.

Can You Get a PhD Without a Masters?

Yes, you can get a PhD without first obtaining a master’s degree. A number of universities offer direct entry to PhD programs from undergraduate or bachelor degree studies.

In some cases, specific schools or programs may prefer that applicants hold a master’s degree. Other options that may exist are dual master and PhD programs, which are available from certain universities.

Admission criteria to a PhD program will vary from school to school. Criteria may include the completion of an application form, submission of GRE or GMAT scores, payment of an application fee, and a written statement of purpose.

Other criteria for admission to a PhD without masters program could include submission of a resume, letters of reference, and transcripts from previous postsecondary studies, such as your bachelor’s degree.

How Hard Is It to Get into a PhD Program?

Entry requirements for doctorate degrees vary from school to school and across programs.

Some common requirements, though, that you may come across include the completion of a bachelor’s degree program, a letter of interest, and a submission of a CV or resume. Some schools may require you to submit GRE or GMAT scores, but this requirement is becoming less common among accredited programs and institutions.

Once accepted into a PhD program, you may be required to undertake a significant amount of self-directed study and research, complete advanced coursework in your field of study, and fulfill a dissertation requirement.

What Can You Do with a PhD?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , there are a number of rewarding careers that may be available to you with a PhD. Some career fields in which a PhD is valuable include health, education, finance, management, and governance. Postsecondary health education and physical therapy are among the highest paying PhD degrees available.

Some positions that you may qualify for with a PhD include psychologist, economist, postsecondary teacher, political scientist, anthropologist, archeologist, and biochemist. Other positions could include engineer, historian, and chemist.

Understanding what a PhD degree is can help you plan your career goals. It is common for a PhD education to lead to careers in research, where you can contribute to the existing breadth of knowledge and understanding in a particular field. Teaching is another professional area common to PhD graduates, including teaching at universities and colleges.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD Without a Masters?

Completing a master’s degree generally takes anywhere from 1 to 2 years, depending on the type of program and attendance schedule.

Obtaining a PhD without a masters degree is a unique opportunity that may allow you to shorten your academic journey. Traditionally, a bachelor’s degree takes 4 years to complete while PhD degrees can take anywhere from 3 to 5 years, depending on the program and school you attend.

Earn Your PhD Online

Earning your PhD online without a master’s may be a beneficial way for you to achieve advanced level education. You may complete a terminal degree in your field of choice while saving time and money. You may also benefit from advancement early in your career.

There are a variety of direct entry and accelerated PhD programs online available from accredited schools. You may find that obtaining your PhD without first earning a master’s degree allows you to enter into your profession of choice much quicker than expected.

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Masters vs PhD – What’s the best degree for me?

In the US, a Master’s degree is not required for a PhD – unlike most European countries, where it is a prerequisite. Thus, in the US, deciding between a Master’s degree and a PhD can be a challenging question. By understanding the distinction, you can determine which program aligns best with your aspirations and goals. This article will provide insights into the structure, requirements, and outcomes of both degrees, helping you make an informed decision.

MASTER’S VS PHD DEGREE – WHICH IS BETTER FOR MY CAREER?

If you’re a recent graduate student looking to further your academic career, a Master’s degree might be the first step. But for those aiming for a career as university professors or to lead their own research group, pursuing a doctoral program to get a higher degree could be the better option.

Choosing the right degree program requires understanding the main difference of Master’s vs PhD.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MASTER’S AND PHD?

The most important difference between Masters and phd programs is the focus and the duration.

A Master’s degree is designed as an advanced study in a specific field following a bachelor’s degree. It typically involves structured coursework, sometimes combined with research, resulting in a thesis or project.

A PhD, commonly known as a doctorate, is a research-focused degree regarded as the highest academic degree in higher education. This doctorate degree usually requires a dissertation based on original research.

This table that summarizes the key differences when considering Master’s vs PhD degrees:

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO COMPLETE A MASTER’S OR A DOCTORATE?

A Master’s program typically takes one to three years to complete, depending on the type of degree and the field of study. On the other hand,  a PhD program can take anywhere from four to eight years , with the exact duration varying based on goals of the PhD candidates, the subject, the doctoral program’s requirements, and the time taken to complete the PhD dissertation.

IS A MASTER’S DEGREE A PREREQUISITE FOR A PHD OR DOCTORAL DEGREE?

In the United States, a Master’s degree is *not* required for a PhD. In contrast, in most European countries, a Master’s degree is a requirement for a PhD.

In the US , many PhD programs accept applicants with only a Bachelor’s degree. This is because PhD programs in the US typically include a Master’s component in the first few years. Students take coursework, complete research rotations, and pass qualifying exams before advancing to the dissertation phase.

In Europe , PhD programs are typically shorter, lasting 3-4 years. As a result, students are expected to have a stronger foundation in research before starting their doctoral studies. A Master’s degree allows students to develop their research skills, learn about their field of interest, and explore different research topics.

Here is a table that summarizes the key differences between PhD requirements in the US and Europe:

However, there are some exceptions to the general rule that a Master’s degree is required for a PhD in Europe. For example, in some countries, students with a four-year Bachelor’s degree may be able to apply directly to a PhD program. Additionally, some European universities offer joint Master’s-PhD programs that allow students to earn both degrees in a shorter period. However, these are structured to streamline the educational process and are often very competitive.

IS A SEPARATE MASTER’S DEGREE WORTH THE EFFORT?

In the US, a Master’s is not a prerequisite for a PhD because PhD programs typically include a Master’s component in the first few years.  Thus, a  separate  Master’s degree is probably not necessary in the US.  Most common Master’s degrees cater to professional fields, and a typical Master’s degree program is often designed to be a terminal degree.

In contrast, in most European countries, the discussion about a  separate  Master’s degree does not make sense because a Master’s program is required to reach the qualification for the PhD level.

WHAT’S THE FOCUS OF MASTER’S VS PHD: COURSEWORK VS RESEARCH?

A Master’s degree involves structured coursework which allows students to deepen their understanding of a particular subject . Some Master’s programs may also have a research component leading to a thesis.

In contrast, a PhD is primarily research-focused . While there might be some coursework in the initial years of study, the main focus is on independent research, leading to the creation of new knowledge.

Graduate programs in related fields like social work or clinical psychology may offer  specialized Master’s degrees , such as the Master of Social Work (MSW) or Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology, designed to build academic and professional skills.

If you’re wondering whether to take the next step towards a Master of Business Administration (MBA) or a Juris Doctor (JD), which are considered  professional degrees rather than research degrees , assess the degree level that aligns with your professional goals.

For graduate students who have set their sights on becoming doctoral students, PhD programs offer a deep dive into postgraduate study. However, degree requirements for graduate school can be pretty rigorous, especially for a specialized Ph.D. program.

The life of a PhD student is marked by hard work and a deep commitment to contributing original knowledge to their field. Typically, Ph.D. candidates spend their academic year fully immersed in research projects, including anything from scientific research in clinical psychology to molecular biology.

ADVANTAGES OF A RESEARCH MASTER’S DEGREE

Opting for a research Master’s degree, such as a Master of Science, allows for a combination of coursework and a research project, often culminating in a thesis.

This path can provide rigorous training programs in research methodology and data analysis, valuable for those considering eventual doctoral degree pursuits.

Additionally, for those questioning if a doctoral degree is a good investment of time and resources, a Master’s program may be a sensible interim step to gain further work experience and professional development.

IS A PHD THE HIGHEST ACADEMIC DEGREE?

Yes, a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) is often regarded as the highest academic degree in many fields.

However, it is helpful to note that  a PhD is not universally the highest degree in all fields . For example, in professional fields like law and medicine, the  Juris Doctor (JD)  and the  Doctor of Medicine (MD)  are terminal degrees for professional practice but differ from a PhD.

Additionally, other degrees represent the highest level of professional achievement in their respective fields, such as the  Doctor of Education (EdD), Doctor of Business Administration (DBA),  or  Doctor of Engineering (EngD) .

In some cases, there are also specialized degrees that go beyond the PhD in certain fields. For example, the  Doctor of Science (ScD)  or  Doctor of Letters (DLitt)  may be considered higher or at least on par with the PhD, depending on the institution and country. These are often awarded for a substantial body of academic research and publication.

CAREER PROSPECTS AFTER A MASTER’S VS PHD DEGREE

It is important to consider how each degree can also shape your career in science. A Master’s degree can open up opportunities for higher salaries and specialized job roles that might require a deep understanding of a particular area. You also start earning earlier compared to a PhD candidate. For example, with a Master of Public Health, you might immediately enter the workforce in your specific domain.

A PhD prepares individuals better for a research career in academia or industry. However, many PhD graduates also pursue roles in consultancy or policy-making. Someone with a PhD entering a different field may find that their degree gives them an edge in research and analytical skills.

It is crucial to assess the career and salary outcomes of the respective degrees to determine which is the most suitable for you.

WILL A PHD HELP ME EARN A HIGHER SALARY?

Generally, individuals with a PhD tend to earn higher salaries than those with just a Master’s degree. The advanced knowledge, specialized skills, and research experience gained during a PhD program make individuals more valuable in the job market, leading to better job prospects and higher earning potential.

WHICH GRADUATE DEGREE PROGRAM IS MORE EXPENSIVE? MASTER’S VS PHD?

The cost of pursuing either a doctorate or a Masters degree is a significant factor. While a Master’s degree can also be costly, PhD programs often come with more opportunities for financial aid such as fellowships or teaching assistantships, which can significantly reduce your total cost.

Prospective students must research and compare the salary outcomes and potential debt of Master’s and doctorate degrees.

When considering graduate programs, financial aid is a significant factor. While the costs of a Master’s program can vary, many students take out student loans.

The cost of a Master’s degree can be offset by working as a research assistant, which helps financially and enhances practical skills and subject knowledge essential for a successful professional career in science. Similarly, doctoral programs often offer substantial financial support, such as stipends.

The availability and extent of financial support can greatly vary depending on the field of study, institution, and country. Not all doctoral programs offer substantial financial support, and some students may still need to rely on loans or personal funding. However, there are many  free or fully funded PhD programs .

The cost of tuition varies widely between institutions and countries. The duration of the programs can also affect the overall cost. Typically, a Master’s program is shorter in duration than a PhD, which might imply that even if the annual costs are higher for a Master’s, the total cost could be less due to the shorter time frame.

Finally, you must consider the indirect costs of graduate education, such as living expenses, which can vary widely and impact the  overall costs and duration of pursuing a graduate degree.

SCOPE AND DEPTH: MASTERS DEGREE THESIS VS PHD DISSERTATION

While both a thesis (usually associated with a Masters degree) and a dissertation (associated with a PhD) involve research, the depth and scope differ. A Master’s thesis focuses on a particular topic, offering a new perspective or a deeper understanding. In contrast, a PhD dissertation involves extensive research to create new knowledge or theory in the chosen field.

IS A CAREER IN ACADEMIA THE ONLY PATH FOR PHD GRADUATES?

No. While many with a PhD degree pursue roles in academia, others venture into the corporate world, non-profit sectors, and governmental roles. Industries that require specialized knowledge or research skills often value PhD graduates.

It’s worth noting that some sectors that do not require a PhD may find the expertise of someone with a doctorate advantageous.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE APPLYING FOR A MASTER’S DEGREE OR A PHD

When deciding between a Master’s vs PhD, consider the following:

Your scientific career goals : Do you see yourself in academia or research?

Duration of study : Are you ready to commit several years to a doctorate?

Financial aspects : Can you support the cost of tuition or are there scholarships available?

Passion for research : A PhD will require intense, focused research. 

• Master’s degrees are typically coursework-focused with some research, while PhDs emphasize extensive research.
• PhDs generally take longer to complete than Master’s degrees.
• Career opportunities vary, with PhDs preparing individuals mainly for roles in academia and research, though other industries also value doctorate holders.
• Financial considerations are vital, with PhD programs often providing more financial support than Master’s programs.
• A passion for research and commitment to the subject are crucial for those considering a PhD.

Deciding whether to complete a PhD or Master’s degree varies greatly depending on personal career goals and academic interests. For a lot of people, graduate studies at the Master’s level provide sufficient qualifications for their intended career paths. However, if you aim to immerse yourself in academia or high-level research, a PhD is likely the better choice.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)

Which degree is right for me, a master’s or a phd.

Choosing between a Master’s degree and a PhD depends on your scientific career goals and personal aspirations. When considering an advanced degree, it’s essential to contemplate the significant differences between a Master’s degree and a PhD.

A Master’s program typically offers a structured path, often leading to a thesis-driven Master’s degree, which may be the best fit for students seeking to enhance their skills in a specialized area without the commitment to the long haul of a PhD study.

A PhD may be a better fit if you are interested in pursuing a research-oriented career or becoming a subject matter expert in a specific field. However, if you want to gain specialized knowledge and skills in a particular profession or industry, a Master’s degree could be the best choice.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF GETTING A PHD VS MASTER’S?

Earning a PhD offers several advantages. It allows you to  become an expert in a particular area of study  and opens up opportunities for advanced research and teaching positions. A PhD also enhances your critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical skills. Additionally, individuals with a PhD generally earn higher salaries than those with a Master’s degree.

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO COMPLETE A MASTER’S VS PHD?

The duration of a Master’s or PhD program varies depending on the field of study, research topic, and individual circumstances. On average, it takes around 1-3 years to complete a Master’s, while it takes around 4-7 years to complete a PhD, including the time spent on coursework, research, and dissertation writing. Several key factors  influence the duration of a doctorate .

CAN I APPLY FOR A PHD PROGRAM WITH JUST A BACHELOR’S DEGREE?

Typically, most European PhD programs require applicants to have a Master’s degree or its equivalent, while US universities accept candidates with only a bachelor’s degree because their PhD programs contain a Master’s component.

CAN I SWITCH FROM A MASTER’S PROGRAM TO A PHD PROGRAM?

Yes, it is possible to transition from a Master’s program to a PhD program. Many universities offer an option to apply for a PhD program after completing a Master’s degree. However, admission is competitive, and you will need to meet the additional requirements set by the PhD program, such as research experience and a strong academic record.

CAN I PURSUE A PHD IN A DIFFERENT FIELD THAN MY MASTER’S DEGREE?

Yes, pursuing a PhD in a different field is possible than your Master’s degree. However, switching fields may require additional coursework and research experience to bridge the knowledge gap. It’s essential to consider the specific requirements and expectations of the PhD program you are interested in.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MASTERS VS PHD PROJECTS?

In a Master’s program, the final project usually focuses on applying the knowledge gained during the program and demonstrating Mastery of the subject. In a PhD program, the emphasis is on conducting original research that contributes to the existing body of knowledge in the field. A PhD project typically involves a more comprehensive and in-depth study.

WHAT ARE THE CAREER OPPORTUNITIES AFTER COMPLETING A PHD?

Completing a PhD opens up a wide range of scientific career opportunities. Graduates with a PhD often pursue careers in academia as professors or researchers. The path to become a professor is long, thus, reflect carefully whether it is worth it to become a professor.

PhD graduates can also work in research and development roles in industries, government agencies, non-profit organizations, and consulting firms. Additionally, a PhD can lead to leadership positions in various sectors and provide opportunities for entrepreneurship.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I have used AI systems, including Grammarly, Google Bard, and ChatGPT, to enhance the English and comprehensiveness of this article. This post may contain affiliate links, meaning I get a small commission if you decide to purchase through my link. Thus, you support smartsciencecareer at no cost to you!

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Sven Hendrix is a Professor of Neuroanatomy at Medical School Hamburg (MSH) in Germany. He leads a research group dedicated to the neuroimmunology of brain repair and the development of xenofree organoid models as alternatives to animal experiments. Additionally, he serves as the speaker for CENE, a center focused on academic career development across MSH, Medical School Berlin (MSB), and the Health and Medical University (HMU) in Potsdam and Erfurt, Germany.

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Can You Get a PhD without a Masters?

• Applying to a PhD

Yes, it’s possible to get a PhD without first having a Masters degree.

The conventional route for someone who earns a PhD is to pursue a Bachelor’s degree, followed by a Masters degree and then a PhD. However, several students opt to bypass a Master’s degree by enrolling onto a doctoral programme as soon as they complete their undergraduate degree.

Before we discuss how this can be done, it is worth mentioning the advantages and disadvantages of this route.

Advantages of Applying to a PhD without A Masters

The motivations for undertaking a PhD immediately after an undergraduate course are largely in saving money and time. This is because you will essentially eliminate a year of study. Another advantage of immediately enrolling onto a doctorate degree is project availability. If you find a project that you’re really interested in, it’s unlikely that it will still be available in a years’ time. Therefore, bypassing a Masters and enrolling directly into a PhD will increase your chances of securing the research project before it becomes unavailable.

Disadvantages of Applying to a PhD without A Masters

Although a Masters degree will add a year onto your academic journey, it can be incredibility helpful for your development and can help prepare you for a doctoral degree.

Not having a Master’s degree may prove to be a hindrance during your application process. This is because many other students will also apply to the same research projects, and it’s likely that the majority will hold a Masters. This will put you at a disadvantage to them.

Besides this, the dissertation project you’ll be required to undertake on a Master’s programme will provide you with a taste of what it is like to work on a research-based project. In addition to this, it’s likely that you’ll be able to select your own dissertation topic. As such, you can explore a specific field you’re interested in in further detail. This is a great way to confirm that both research-based work and the specific field you’re interested in are right for you before committing the next few years to it via a PhD.

Another advantage to the dissertation project associated with a Masters degree is the opportunity it provides you with to work closely with a project supervisor. This will help you understand the PhD student-supervisor relationship and communication frequency that works best for you. You can then use this knowledge to find supervisors who would compliment you when it comes time to find a PhD project to apply to. For tips on how to find a great PhD supervisor, check out our supervisor guide .

PhD without a Masters – How Does It Work?

To be considered for a PhD without a Master’s, at a minimum you will be expected to have a Bachelors degree. For students looking to enrol onto a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) PhD, a relevant Bachelors in a 3-year undergraduate course is usually expected. However, this is not the case for students looking to apply to non-STEM PhDs. Rather, students looking to apply to doctorates in subjects such as those surrounding Arts and Humanities are usually expected to have a relevant Bachelors from a 4-year course.

In addition to this, you will need to have demonstrated strong academic performance during your undergraduate course. This means that your Bachelors will need to be at least a UK Upper Second-Class Honours (2.1) for nearly all institutions to consider you.

Should you be accepted into a PhD programme without a Masters, the usual process will be to first register you as an MPhil student. You will then have a year to prepare and submit a thesis. Your thesis will need to detail the research you have carried out within that year and outline how you intend to continue it into a full PhD study. There are three outcomes of this MPhil thesis review:

• Failure and you’re not awarded anything.
• You pass, however, the supervisor doesn’t believe you’ve demonstrated strong research skills. You’re awarded an MPhil but they do not upgrade your course to a PhD programme.
• You pass and the supervisor believes you have proven yourself as a capable researcher. Your course is upgraded to a PhD as opposed to you being awarding an MPhil.

For more information on these outcomes, read the outcomes section of our PhD Viva guide .

Integrated PhD

Some universities offer Integrated PhD degree programmes (also known as an Integrated Masters degree). These are four-year programmes comprising of a one-year Masters degree immediately followed by a three-year PhD degree. These can prove a great option for graduate students who are looking to undertake a PhD without a Masters but are struggling to meet the eligibility requirements. You can read about the many benefits of  integrated degrees here .

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

PhD without a Bachelors – Is It Possible?

Yes, it is possible to get a PhD without a Bachelor’s, however, this is extremely uncommon.

When this occurs, it is almost always reserved for very mature individuals. For example, an individual may not be in active academia but still may have significantly contributed to their field. This contribution could be through the work they have undertaken as part of their career, or as part of a long-term study project, they have undertaken out of self-interest.

In either case, the individual would need to prove that they have extensive experience in their field and have directly contributed to new knowledge within it. The key factor here is that their work has pushed the boundaries of existing knowledge. It is not enough for an individual to be regarded as an expert in their field – they must have contributed something new and meaningful. It’s common for individuals awarded a PhD through this means to have produced several publications within their lifetime. It’s also common for the individual to have gained several professional accreditations within their field before even being considered suitable for a PhD research degree.

Universities Offering PhD without a Masters

Unfortunately, there is not a centralised list of universities which offer PhDs without a Master’s degree. The reason for this is that the edibility requirements differ from PhD to PhD and from department to department.

Therefore, you will need to check the guidelines for each individual university and the requirements for each specific PhD you’re interested in.

Should you find a PhD programme you can apply to with a Bachelors, make every effort to make your application as strong as possible. This is because you will be competing against other candidates, most of who will have a Master’s degree.

Not only can you strengthen your application by having a Bachelors with a First-Class Honours (1st), but you can also do so by showing the traits of a successful researcher. This includes showing a genuine interest in the project, a high work ethic, and exceptional communication skills.

Additionally, a strong letter of recommendation from a respected university lecturer will prove very beneficial. This is especially true if the lecturer supervisors his or her own PhD students. This is because the lecturer will understand the skills required for an adept research student.

For more advice on how to apply to a PhD degree, check out our Application Process Guide.

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• September 30, 2023
• Academic Advice

What is a Good Master’s GPA for PhD? A Guide to Academic Excellence

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Pursuing a PhD can be an exciting yet challenging endeavor. As you set your sights on advancing your academic career, one question frequently arises: What is a good Master’s GPA for PhD? 

Read on as we explore the importance of grades in your academic journey, the nuances of the PhD admission process, and provide insights into what can be considered a competitive Master’s GPA to increase your chances of success.

Understanding the PhD Admission Process

PhD programs are highly competitive, and admissions committees carefully evaluate candidates to ensure they possess the knowledge, skills, and dedication required for doctoral-level research. 

One essential aspect of this evaluation is your academic record, which includes your Master’s GPA. However, it’s crucial to recognize that the PhD admission process is multi-faceted. Admissions committees consider various factors besides your GPA, such as recommendation letters, research experience, standardized test scores (like the GRE or GMAT), and statement of purpose. So, be prepared and look into specifics since different institutions might have additional requirements. 

What is a Good Master’s GPA for PhD?

Grades are a reflection of your commitment, work ethic, and mastery of course material. Excelling in your Master’s program not only demonstrates your ability to handle the rigors of a PhD program but also sets a strong foundation for future academic success. It is essential to view your Master’s GPA as a stepping stone in your educational journey, as it provides insight into your ability to excel in coursework, conduct research, and contribute meaningfully to your field.

While there is no universally defined “good” Master’s GPA for PhD admission, it typically starts from 3.0. Nevertheless, this can differ depending on the field of study, the program’s competitiveness, and the institution’s specific requirements. Some highly competitive programs may expect even higher GPAs.

Factors Influencing a Good Master’s GPA

Achieving a good Master’s GPA is not solely about hitting a specific numerical target; it reflects your academic journey and the effort you invest in your studies. There are several factors that significantly influence your Master’s GPA, helping you excel in your program.

Academic Rigor and Course Selection

Your choice of courses in your Master’s program can significantly influence your GPA and shape your academic journey. Opting for academically challenging courses demonstrates your commitment to acquiring in-depth knowledge and skills in your field, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills, which can translate into higher grades. 

However, it’s essential to strike a balance. Overloading your schedule with too many demanding courses can lead to burnout and stress, negatively affecting your GPA. Assess your capabilities, align classes with your academic interests and career goals, and manage your workload wisely. 

Seek guidance from academic advisors or professors when selecting courses to make informed decisions that benefit your GPA and overall educational experience.

The Role of Research and Thesis Work in GPA

For many Master’s programs , research and thesis work are integral components that can significantly impact your GPA. Therefore, the quality of your research and thesis work directly affects your GPA. A well-executed thesis that contributes original insights to your field can earn higher grades. To excel in this area, dedicate time and effort to conducting thorough research, analyzing data, and presenting your findings effectively.

Average Master’s GPA Requirements for PhD Programs

The average Master’s GPA requirements for admission to PhD programs can vary significantly depending on the field of study, the competitiveness of the program, and the specific policies of individual universities. However, as a general guideline, an acceptable Master’s GPA often falls from 3.0 to 3.7. Some highly competitive PhD programs may expect even higher GPAs, approaching or exceeding 3.8.

How Can a Master’s GPA Impact Career Prospects?

Your Master’s GPA can significantly influence your career prospects, though its impact may vary depending on your field of study and the specific job opportunities you’re pursuing. 

A strong Master’s GPA can enhance your competitiveness in job applications, particularly in professions where academic achievement holds significant importance. Employers in finance, engineering, and healthcare industries may strongly emphasize academic achievement, and a strong GPA can set you apart from other applicants.

Specific specialized or competitive roles may also have GPA requirements for entry. For example, some research positions, government jobs, and graduate programs may require a higher GPA than usual. A strong GPA can open doors to these opportunities and help you qualify for roles that align with your career goals.

The Role of GPA in Securing Internships and Entry-Level Positions

A strong Master’s GPA significantly enhances your prospects of securing internships, especially in competitive industries such as finance, consulting, and information technology. Many companies use GPA to identify candidates with strong academic backgrounds and potential. A high GPA can help you stand out in a competitive pool of applicants and increase your chances of landing the internship you desire.

For entry-level positions, your Master’s GPA may play a role in the hiring process, but it is rarely the sole determining factor. Employers often consider a combination of factors, including your GPA, relevant coursework, internships, extracurricular activities, and interpersonal skills. While a high GPA can make you an attractive candidate, it’s essential to complement it with relevant experiences, strong communication skills, and a well-crafted resume.

While a Master’s GPA can be important for entry-level positions, its significance tends to diminish as you gain work experience. Once you establish your career, employers typically focus more on your professional accomplishments, skills, and contributions than your academic performance.

Strategies for Improving a Master’s GPA

Improving your Master’s GPA requires a combination of practical study strategies, time management skills, and commitment to your coursework. Remember to prioritize self-care to maintain a healthy work-life balance, as burnout can hinder academic performance. Keep in mind that improvement takes time, so be patient with yourself and consistently apply these strategies to see positive changes in your GPA.

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Advice for Students Looking to Boost their GPAs

If you aim to boost your Master’s GPA, consider adopting a proactive approach to your studies. Start by reviewing your past performance to identify areas where you can improve: time management, study habits, or course selection. Set clear and achievable goals for each course by dividing big tasks into smaller, manageable steps.

Utilize campus resources such as tutoring services, academic advisors, and study workshops to enhance your skills and understanding of challenging subjects. Seek feedback from professors and peers to identify areas for growth and make necessary adjustments. Finally, stay organized, stay motivated, and maintain a growth mindset to strive for academic excellence.

Seeking Help and Resources When Struggling Academically

When facing academic challenges during your Master’s program, reaching out for help and utilizing available resources is essential. Feel free to approach professors during office hours or via email to seek clarification on course material or assignments. Many universities offer tutoring services, study groups, and academic workshops to support needy students. 

Additionally, consider seeking assistance with time management and study skills from academic advisors or counseling services. Don’t isolate yourself; connect with classmates facing similar difficulties, as sharing strategies and working together can be beneficial.

In conclusion, a Master’s GPA is key to academic and career success, influencing internship opportunities, entry-level positions, and specialized roles. To enhance your GPA , employ effective study strategies, maintain a balanced workload, and seek guidance from academic advisors when selecting courses. However, remember that GPA is just one aspect of your educational journey; active engagement in coursework, feedback-driven adaptation, and a focus on professional growth contribute significantly to your long-term success.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is a good master’s gpa for phd admissions.

The ideal Master’s GPA for PhD admissions can vary depending on the university, program, and field of study. However, an acceptable GPA often starts from 3.0. Some highly competitive programs may expect even higher GPAs.

Why is a Master’s GPA important for a PhD?

A strong Master’s GPA is essential for PhD admissions because it demonstrates your academic competence and ability to excel in graduate-level coursework. It can also be critical in securing funding or scholarships for your doctoral studies.

How does my Master’s GPA affect my job opportunities?

Your Master’s GPA can influence your job opportunities, particularly in academia, research, and some specialized fields. A high GPA can make you a more attractive candidate for competitive positions, research grants, academic roles, and higher salaries .

Are there specific GPA requirements for different PhD programs and fields?

Yes, GPA requirements can vary significantly by program and field. Some areas and programs may emphasize other factors, such as research experience or standardized test scores. It’s essential to research the specific admission requirements for the PhD programs you’re interested in.

In which industries or roles is a high Master’s GPA particularly important for job prospects?

A high Master’s GPA can be essential in academia, research, and some technical or scientific roles. Professors, researchers, and employers in these fields often consider GPA an indicator of your ability to handle complex tasks and excel in a competitive environment.

What strategies can I use to improve my Master’s GPA if it’s not at the desired level?

If your Master’s GPA is not where you want it to be, consider these strategies:

• Prioritize your coursework and assignments
• Seek help from professors or tutors if you’re struggling with specific subjects
• Manage your time effectively to balance study and other responsibilities
• Stay organized and maintain a study schedule
• Take advantage of study groups and peer support
• Review and practice regularly to understand the material better
• Communicate with your professors if you encounter challenges
• Consider retaking courses where you received lower grades if allowed by your program

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MS vs PhD: Which Psychology Degree Should You Get?

An  undergraduate degree  proves a great starting point for people interested in careers involving psychology. To advance into occupations involving greater responsibility and pay, however, generally requires a graduate degree.

For instance, a master’s degree in psychology is one of the necessities to become a licensed therapist, such as a marriage and family therapist – a career the  Bureau of Labor Statistics  (BLS) predicts to grow a whopping 16% between 2020-2030. And becoming a  psychologist  – a position with an average median annual salary of $82,180 – requires earning a doctorate in psychology.

What Are MS and PhD in Psychology Degrees For?

The  MS (Master of Science) in Psychology  and the  PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Psychology  are degrees for people interested in advanced study in the discipline. Students obtain a greater understanding of human behavior and how to help others. Degree earners are often interested in careers as therapists, licensed psychologists, researchers, or professors.

Choosing Between a Master’s Degree in Psychology vs. a Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology Program

The choice between pursuing a Master’s Degree in Psychology vs. a PhD in Psychology boils down to individual interests and career aspirations. Many students find a MS in Psychology sufficient for the types of jobs they want. Others discover a doctorate necessary for the occupations to which they aspire.

What Is a MS in Psychology?

An MS in Psychology is a graduate degree that prepares recipients for a variety of careers. It also can serve as a building block to entering doctoral studies, and an MS program typically takes about two years to complete. Online MS in Psychology programs sometimes offers accelerated options in which ambitious students can finish in around 18 months.

While coursework varies by institution and personal interests, students in psychology master’s programs often take these classes:

• Lifespan development
• Research methodology
• Cognitive psychology
• Social psychology
• Personality
• Foundations of therapy
• Family systems theory
• Abnormal psychology

Some students focus on general psychology. Others gear their master’s program to a specific area. Some niche choices include:

• Educational psychology
• Forensic psychology
• Clinical psychology
• Industrial-organizational psychology
• Sport psychology
• Health psychology
• Counseling psychology
• Child and adolescent development
• Applied behavior analysis

Who Should Get a MS in Psychology?

Students who want to expand their knowledge of psychology beyond the undergraduate level often seek a master’s degree. Some students pursue an MS to become more attractive candidates to schools when they apply to doctoral programs. 

Others enter the workforce after receiving their MS in psychology. They find careers in the following fields:

• Advertising
• Human resources
• Criminal justice
• Social services
• Mental health

What Can You Do with a MS in Psychology?

Individuals who have earned a Master’s in Psychology find their degree a gateway to various types of jobs dealing with people and what influences their behavior. A sample of possible occupations is listed below.

What Is a PhD In Psychology?

A PhD in psychology is the highest-level degree within the discipline. Earning it signifies academic excellence and dedication to the field. In addition to mastering psychological theories and concepts, PhD candidates learn how to advance scientific knowledge through their own original research.

Who Should Get a PhD In Psychology?

Obtaining a PhD in psychology is a rigorous process. It involves classwork, passing an oral exam demonstrating competency, and completing a dissertation. Practicums, internships, and teaching experiences may also be part of the program.

Students thinking about entering such a program should possess a  strong background in psychology , such as a bachelor’s and/or master’s degree. They also should look closely at their career goals and decide whether a PhD puts them on the right path.

What Can You Do with a PhD In Psychology?

The expertise obtained from earning a PhD in Psychology opens doors to a variety of careers. Three sample positions include:

Many PhDs remain in academia. They teach classes at colleges and junior colleges as well as perform research in their area of interest within the field of psychology. The BLS lists the mean annual wage for postsecondary psychology teachers as $85,050. 6

Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat a variety of mental, emotional, and behavioral problems. Some specialize in certain areas, such as treating depression or eating disorders. Others work with specific populations, such as children or the elderly. The median yearly salary for a clinical psychologist in 2020 was $79,820 per the BLS. 7

These professionals apply their knowledge of psychology to the workplace. Companies and governmental organizations hire them to examine issues such as productivity, morale, teamwork, hiring, and organizational development. Their suggestions lead to workplace improvements. The BLS reports the median annual salary for an industrial-organizational psychologist in 2020 as $96,270. 7

PsyD Vs PhD at a Glance

Individuals wishing to earn a doctorate have another option besides a PhD in Psychology. They may pursue a PsyD (Doctor of Psychology). Selecting which to earn depends on the student’s educational and career interests.

In general, PsyD programs:

• Focus heavily on applied psychology
• Take 4-7 years to complete
• Attract students interested in working as therapists inc community mental health, hospital, and private practice settings

By comparison, PhD programs in psychology:

• Focus extensively on generating new knowledge through scientific research
• Attract students interested in remaining in academia as professors and researchers, though many do  seek licensure and become practicing psychologists

What to Look for in Psychology Graduate Degree Programs

Online vs. on-campus learning.

Whether a student wishes to pursue a master’s degree or a doctorate, choices exist regarding the learning format. Some schools offer graduate-level psychology programs online. Choosing such a route can prove beneficial in terms of access, flexibility, and cost. 

Online studies remove geographical barriers when selecting an institution, which opens up a greater pool from which to choose. Remaining at home eliminates expenses related to travel and campus housing, and students with spouses or children do not need to upend their family’s lives to further their education and careers.

Students seeking online degrees should check the terms, however. Some programs include short residency requirements. Likewise, individuals may need to go to campus or other physical sites to complete research projects, internships, practicums, or other hands-on experiences.

Of course, regular on-site programs remain an option for students preferring traditional graduate school. A consistent schedule and the social aspect of attending classes physically alongside others still appeal to many students.

Psychology Certification and Licensure

Psychology-related occupations often require state licensure. Knowing the specifics for the state in which one hopes to find employment can guide educational and career choices and prevent unwelcome surprises down the line.

Psychologists, for example, typically need to complete the following:

• A PsyD or a PhD in Psychology
• An internship
• A post-doc or 1-year supervised professional experience after the internship
• A passing score on the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology 
• Completion of a dissertation or case study

States usually require all licensed therapists to complete the following:

• A master’s degree
• A range of 2,000-4,000 hours of post-degree supervised clinical experience
• A successful exam score

Applying to Psychology Doctoral Programs

Acceptance into a Doctoral in Psychology program involves applying to individual institutions. Competition for spots can be substantial, so candidates should apply to several schools in order to increase the chances of getting in. 

Some places are more selective than others and may present harder entrance requirements. Someone who has not completed an undergraduate degree in psychology or a sufficient number of psychology courses will likely need to address this gap before seeking admission.

Admissions Requirements for PsyD and PhD Programs

Depending on where a student applies, the prospective school may ask for the following::

• Official transcripts from past collegiate studies at the undergraduate and graduate level, including classes taken, GPA, and degree(s) awarded with date
• Proof of any internships, certifications, or licenses
• A resume of work history, including dates and duties
• A description of other relevant activities, such as volunteer work or participation in professional associations
• Scores from the GRE and the GRE Psychology Test
• 2-3 letters of recommendation that support the candidacy
• Responses to essay prompts
• A personal statement explaining why the student wants to pursue this degree
• Interviews with faculty

Note that some programs look only at candidates who already possess a Master’s Degree in Psychology or a closely related field. Others accept students with a bachelor’s degree into a combined master’s/doctoral program.

Accreditation

Selecting a school with regional accreditation ensures the institution has met certain educational standards. Choose one approved by the  U.S. Department of Education  or the nonprofit  Council for Higher Education Accreditation  (CHEA). Your school’s specific graduate psychology program also should be accredited by one or both of these organizations.

Another important factor is checking if the program is accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA). 8  Satisfying licensure requirements in some states can be problematic without APA accreditation. Likewise, employers will often look at only job candidates who graduated from an APA-approved program and completed an APA-accredited internship.

Graduate Psychology Career Resources

The following organizations provide further information on licensure for different careers:

• The Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards
• The National Board for Certified Counselors
• The Association of Marital and Family Therapy Regulatory Boards
• Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification
• Someone possessing a PhD is not a medical doctor. A PhD is a doctor of philosophy. In recognition of the expertise obtained from completing this rigorous course of study, holders of a PhD are entitled to use the title “Doctor” if they so choose.
• One isn’t better than the other, just different. Which degree to pursue depends on individual interests and career aspirations. Aspiring therapists and counselors often choose a master’s program. Those wishing to become licensed psychologists must complete a doctoral program. Also, PhD programs focus heavily on research and often lead to working in an academic setting or consulting.
• Some career options for people who earn a graduate degree in psychology include marriage and family therapist, mental health counselor, substance abuse counselor, counseling psychologist, researcher, and psychology professor.
• A person holding a PhD in psychology is not a medical doctor and usually cannot write prescriptions. A few states do allow psychologists with training in psychopharmacology to prescribe a limited number of psychiatric medications. The majority of prescriptions, however, are written out by psychiatrists since they are MDs.
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/marriage-and-family-therapists.htm#tab-1
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/psychologists.htm#tab-1
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/substance-abuse-behavioral-disorder-and-mental-health-counselors.htm#tab-1
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/market-research-analysts.htm
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/training-and-development-specialists.htm
• https://www.bls.gov/oes/2017/may/oes251066.htm
• https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/psychologists.htm#tab-5
• https://www.accreditation.apa.org/accredited-programs

How to Choose a Graduate School: 7 Tips for Success

So you’ve made the decision to go to grad school. You’ve weighed your options , researched the benefits of a graduate education , and discovered the value of having an advanced degree . Now it’s time to choose which program to pursue—a task that can seem overwhelming given the number of options available.

But the process doesn’t have to be so daunting. There are actions you can take to make choosing a graduate degree program more manageable—exciting, even. As you take the next step toward your personal and professional goals, take note of the following tips to help you choose a graduate school and degree program best suited for you.

Difference Between Grad School and Undergrad Programs

Before you start searching for the right graduate school for you, it’s essential to know what to expect for this new career trajectory you’ll be embarking on. Unlike an undergraduate program, grad programs are highly specialized and much more advanced in your field of study.

Prospective graduate students can expect a far more individualized experience as they work closely with students and professors. Due to this specialization, entering a graduate program will be an investment of time that’ll ultimately help elevate your expertise and career choices.

Tips for Choosing a Graduate School

1. Take inventory of your passions and motivations.

Pursuing a graduate education is a big investment, so it’s critical to understand the unique “ why ” behind your decision. What do you hope to achieve by going back to school? Whether you’d like to gain more specialized knowledge, change careers, earn a promotion, increase your salary potential, or achieve a lifelong personal goal, make sure the program you choose will help get you there.

Examine the curricula and course descriptions of various degree programs, and assess how each offering aligns with your passions and interests. Graduate school is challenging, but it will feel more manageable if you’re working toward something that matters to you. Understanding your expectations and what you want to get out of the program is the first step in choosing a degree that will be a good fit.

2. Do your research and explore your options.

Once you’ve determined your motivations for returning to school, leave yourself time to research the types of degree programs available in your preferred area of study and the opportunities each can create.

Resources like the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Occupational Outlook Handbook can give you a sense of typical career paths by industry, along with the educational degree requirements for each. The handbook also provides market growth forecasts and earning potential to help inform your decision.

It’s also important to note the structure and focus of each program. Even in the same discipline, a program’s focus can vary among institutions. Does the curriculum emphasize theory, original research, or a more practical application of knowledge? Whatever your goals may be, make sure the program’s focus aligns with the educational experience that will provide you with the most value. Career changers, for example, who likely don’t have industry experience, might prefer a program with access to hands-on learning opportunities or a path for completing prerequisites like Northeastern’s Align and Bridge programs.

While conducting your research, don’t be afraid to utilize your professional network. Speak with colleagues who have pursued an advanced degree in your industry and reach out to alumni of the institutions you’re considering. Listening to their experiences as a graduate student and in the job market post-degree can help you gauge if the program is in line with your goals.

3. Keep your career goals in mind.

After exploring your range of program options, consider your career goals and how each specific graduate program can help you get there.

If you’re seeking a specialized area of focus, be sure to examine the program concentrations offered at each institution. One graduate program in education might prepare you to specialize in higher education administration or elementary instruction, while other institutions may offer concentrations in special education or classroom technology. Make sure the program you choose reflects your career interests.

Alternatively, if you’re unsure of exactly where your career path may take you, you may want to consider a broader degree that can give you flexibility in its application. Some degree programs, such as a Master of Business Administration , teach skills that can be applied across multiple professions. If this is the path you’d prefer to pursue, pick a degree that will remain relevant as you move around in your career.

Examine the types of credentials professionals in the industry possess and research the types of skills potential employers are looking for. Check to see that the degree program offers opportunities to learn and develop those same skills. You’ll want to make sure the program you’re investing your time in will arm you with the knowledge you can actually apply in the real world.

Some professions also require board certification and/or state licensure. For example, someone interested in becoming a ​​project manager must complete 35 hours of relevant training before gaining eligibility to sit for the certification exam. You’ll want to ensure that the graduate program you ultimately decide on is fully accredited and will help you meet any certification or licensure requirements.

Location is also an important factor to consider when thinking about potential employment opportunities after graduation. Individuals interested in financial services may consider schools in a major banking center, such as Charlotte , while those pursuing a technology career might look for programs in Silicon Valley .

Further, if your goal is to work for a specific company, do your research to determine where graduates of the programs you’re looking at are working. Universities often have corporate partnerships in which employers recruit graduates to work at their organization. Check to see if your dream company partners with any nearby universities.

4. Make sure the program fits your lifestyle.

While aligning your career goals, make sure the degree program you choose will realistically fit within your lifestyle, and determine what level of flexibility you need. There are many options available that will allow you to earn an advanced degree at the right pace and in the right format for you.

Some degrees can be earned in as little as 12 months, while others can take years. Determine how much time you’re willing to invest, considering your personal values, work and family commitments, and the type of graduate experience you’d like to have.

Full-time graduate studies are not for everyone. If you’re a working professional, you may benefit from the increased flexibility provided by a part-time degree program. You might also consider the benefits of online or hybrid graduate programs that provide access to worldwide institutions that may have otherwise not been an option.

5. Consider your finances.

Decide what you can afford for graduate school, and don’t forget to factor in both the up-front costs, such as tuition and textbooks, and hidden fees, like transportation and student activity costs. While your education is an investment, make sure you can cover the costs associated with earning your graduate degree.

Paying for graduate school can seem intimidating, but there are many different options available to you. While you narrow down your list of schools, be sure to check out the financial aid options at each institution. Along with scholarships , loans, and grants, some schools may offer assistantships or fellowships for graduate students.

For those who may already be working in their industry, your employer may offer tuition reimbursement , which pays for a predetermined amount of continuing education credits or college coursework to be applied toward a degree. Contact your company’s human resources department to determine whether tuition reimbursement is available to you and if your program of interest meets the eligibility requirements.

All of these options will help ease the costs associated with your education and could help you earn valuable experience to enhance your resumé. You may also want to consider your future earning potential and job opportunities when weighing your options—you want your degree to be worth the money, time, and energy you put into earning it.

6. Talk to admissions advisors, students, and alumni.

When determining your graduate school options, it’s important to talk to current students and alumni. Begin by creating a list of questions to ask, such as:

• Do you have enough academic and career guidance?
• What do you like and dislike about your program?
• Are you happy with your professors?
• Are there co-op and internship opportunities available to you?
• How do you feel about the student community?
• What do you wish you knew before enrolling?

What students and alumni tell you might surprise you and could be extremely valuable in determining the right graduate school for you.

Speak With a Student Ambassador

 Talk to an ambassador who’s been there and done that.

You can also speak with graduate admissions advisors to help you narrow your options. They have experience guiding students to make this type of decision and can provide you with the outcomes of past students whose goals were similar to yours. In speaking with the institution’s alumni and mentor network, you also have the opportunity to assess the type of connections you can make there and how they may help you get ahead after graduation.

7. Network with faculty.

Faculty can make or break your graduate school experience. Take the time to reach out to your potential professors and get to know them. Don’t be afraid to ask specific questions about their background to see if it aligns with what you want to learn.

Apply to universities that have one or more professors who focus on your area of interest and with whom you can imagine collaborating while earning your degree. Determine if they can help facilitate your growth, and go with a program where you’re comfortable with the faculty.

Applying to Graduate School

After narrowing down your options and determining which graduate programs align most closely with your career goals, lifestyle, and personal interests, you’re ready to begin the application process. It might seem intimidating, but applying to graduate school is simple so long as you remain organized and are well-prepared.

While the application requirements may look different depending on the institution and type of degree program you’re applying to, there are certain materials that you’ll likely be asked for as part of your grad school application. These include:

• An application form
• Undergraduate transcripts
• A well-optimized professional resumé
• A statement of purpose or personal statement
• Letters of recommendation
• GRE, GMAT, or LSAT test scores (if required)
• An application fee

Do your research to determine what the application requirements are for your program of choice, and remain conscious of deadlines. 

Remember that Graduate School Is a Stepping Stone

When deciding which program to pursue, it’s important to remember that graduate school is a stepping stone toward your personal and professional goals—not the final destination. That said, the clearer you are on what you want to do following graduation, the easier it will be to find a program that aligns with your goals.

Start early, keep your search organized , and reach out for support. In the end, only you can decide which program will be best for you. No matter what program you choose to pursue, with commitment, resilience, and hard work, you can find success.

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Advanced degree holders earn a salary an average 25% higher than bachelor's degree holders. (Economic Policy Institute, 2021)

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Home  /  News  /  Master’s Vs. Bachelor’s Degree: What’s The Difference?

Master’s Vs. Bachelor’s Degree: What’s The Difference?

Higher education has the power to transform your life, but understanding the different types of degrees can be confusing. To help, let’s break down exactly what master’s vs bachelor’s degrees are.

When you go to a university, you can earn an undergraduate degree called a baccalaureate or a graduate degree called a master’s. The exact degrees offered vary from school to school, but there are some important differences between bachelor’s degrees and master’s degrees that you should understand before you begin applying to colleges and universities.

What Is A Bachelor’s Degree?

What is a master’s degree, the difference between undergraduate and graduate degrees, bachelor’s vs. master’s: which one is right for you.

Explore  environmental baccalaureate and master’s degree programs .

A bachelor’s degree is an undergraduate degree typically earned after the completion of high school or GED. Most bachelor’s degree programs are four-year programs that include general education courses as well as specialized courses in a chosen academic major. Baccalaureate degrees are the foundational level of higher education. They equip students with the essential knowledge and skills needed to start a career in a particular field or further their studies by earning a graduate degree.

There are three main types of baccalaureate degrees:

• Bachelor of Arts (BA)
• Bachelor of Science (BS)
• Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA)

How Long Does It Take To Get A Bachelor’s Degree?

Most bachelor’s degree programs take four years to complete. However, that is based on a full-time course load of at least 15 credits per semester. If you are working while in school, this could be difficult to maintain. At some schools, the average student takes five years to finish a baccalaureate program, and you can take longer if needed. A student attending college part-time may take six to eight years to complete their degree. 

For those unsure if a baccalaureate degree is the right choice for them due to the traditional timeline, at Unity Environmental University, our model is run on 5-week terms, not semesters. Terms allow students to get through the program much faster, and you can decide to take a break and continue at your own pace, allowing for more flexibility. Another shorter degree option is starting with pursuing an  associate degree , which takes  two years to complete on average before starting a career .

Do I need a bachelor’s to get a master’s? Yes, you do!  Luckily, you can  earn a degree online  on your own schedule with flexible start dates and rolling admissions.

A master’s degree is an advanced level of postgraduate study that allows students to specialize further in a specific field of study or professional practice. A master’s degree may be needed for career advancement depending on your field and position. Certain roles may require a very specialized education. A master’s degree or Ph.D. is also required for jobs doing academic research or teaching at the college level.

There are many types of master’s degrees including but not limited to:

• Master of Arts (MA)
• Master of Science (MS)
• Master of Business Administration (MBA)
• Master of Social Work (MSW) 
• Master of Fine Arts (MFA)

It’s common for people to want to study something different than they are studying in undergrad. Maybe you were young and studying what your parents wanted you to, or maybe your interests changed. This leads many college graduates to wonder, can I get a master’s degree in another field? And the answer is yes, you can! You may need to take some prerequisite courses in your new area of study, but policies vary by institution and program.

How Long Does It Take To Get A Master’s Degree?

The timeframe for completing a master’s degree is usually one to two years. However, like with baccalaureate degrees, you may need longer to complete your degree if you are only studying part-time. Some graduate students may conduct longer thesis research or fieldwork and need additional time after completing their core coursework before they graduate.

At Unity Environmental University, our Master’s programs work on 8-week terms, allowing flexible starts and breaks. If you are already a Unity baccalaureate student and are applying to one of our Master’s programs, we provide individualized coaching and advising through the application and enrollment process to provide you an easy transition..

Can You Get A Masters Without A Bachelor’s?

It is not possible to earn a master’s degree from an accredited university in the US without first holding a qualifying bachelor’s degree .

While applying for a Master’s program, make sure to refer to the university’s admission and pre-requisite requirements. At Unity Environmental University, you need to have a baccalaureate and either 

• have a minimum undergraduate cumulative GPA of 2.75 or higher; or
• have earned a minimum grade of B (3.0) in at least 6 credits of Master’s level courses from an accredited institution.

There are a few exceptions if you do not meet either of these two  Master’s admission requirements .

Boost your career with a completely  online master’s degree from Unity Environmental University .

The biggest differences between a bachelor’s and master’s degree are the academic level (undergraduate vs graduate) and the depth of study. An undergraduate degree provides broad foundational knowledge. It’s a necessary precursor for the more specialized approach that graduate school takes. Because graduate degrees are advanced degrees, they typically open up more advanced career pathways, including management and research roles.

It takes about 120 credit hours to earn a baccalaureate degree versus only 45 credits for a master’s degree. Therefore, master’s programs often only take two years to complete versus four years for a bachelor’s degree. While the per credit cost of bachelor’s degrees is usually lower than it is for master’s degrees, master’s degrees need fewer credits to graduate, so they could be less costly overall.

Unity Environmental University has flexible terms, allowing you to graduate much faster on average. You can take 2 courses (3 credits) per term. With our baccalaureate programs being 8 terms per year, you can max at 48 credits per year. With 120 credits needed to graduate, you can graduate as quickly as 2.5 years. 

Our Graduate programs are the same. You can take 2 courses per term with 5 terms per year. That means you can take 30 credits per year max, allowing you to graduate in less than a year and a half.

Whether you are interested in a bachelor’s or a master’s, learn  how to make your degree more affordable .

Ready To Learn More About Unity Environmental University?

To determine if a bachelor’s degree vs master’s is right for you, think about your  long-term career goals  and research the educational requirements for your ideal job. Consider the time commitment and cost of graduate vs undergraduate school. Using data online, you can estimate how much income you can earn over your lifetime if you have a master’s degree vs a bachelor’s degree. This will vary by industry and specific roles, but generally,  workers with a master’s degree earn more than those with only a bachelor’s .

Because a baccalaureate degree is a prerequisite for a master’s, the question isn’t actually master’s vs bachelor’s. Instead, the question is whether it’s worth it to pursue a master’s degree after you finish undergraduate school. Not sure if a master’s degree is right for you? Discover the  benefits of going to grad school . 

Environmental Bachelor Programs At Unity Environmental University

Unity Environmental University’s bachelor’s programs focus on equipping students with the knowledge and skills needed to address contemporary environmental challenges. We use a unique approach to environmental studies that includes social sustainability and  cultural competence  in our programs. Below are some of our bachelor’s degree programs and potential career options for graduates with that degree.

• B.S. in Animal Science :   Zoologist , livestock manager,  animal care specialist
• B.S. in Environmental Studies :  Environmental policy analyst, toxicologist, environmental educator
• B.S. in Sustainable Business Management : Environmental consultant, sustainability manager, sustainability analyst
• B.S. in Wildlife Conservation :   Wildlife biologist , research associate,  park ranger  

Environmental Master Programs At Unity Environmental University

When you choose Unity Environmental University for your master’s degree, you get access to specialized research opportunities, expert faculty, and the skills needed to make a major impact on the world’s environmental challenges. The programs below cater to those looking to deepen their expertise or pivot their career toward environmental advocacy and sustainability.

• Master’s in Marine Science :   Marine biologist , aquaculture manager, assistant professor
• Master’s in Environmental Studies and Sustainability :   Urban planner ,  environmental engineer , climate change policy analyst
• Master’s in Environmental Geographic Information Science :   GIS analyst , GIS technician, GIS specialist
• SMBA in Sustainable Tourism & Hospitality : Business owner, sustainability consultant, sustainability director

Earn An Environmental Bachelor’s Or Master’s Degree Online At Unity Environmental University

Before applying to college, it’s vital to understand the differences between an undergraduate degree vs graduate degree. In undergraduate school, students earn a baccalaureate degree, usually in four years. Graduate school students earn a master’s degree which usually takes two years. A high school diploma or GED is required for admission to undergraduate school, and a baccalaureate degree is required for admission to graduate school. 

Unity Environmental University  offers baccalaureate and master’s degree programs that can be completed online and come with built-in career development support for all students. You can earn a degree at your own pace with our flexible term starts. The fastest you can earn a baccalaureate in 2.5 years and a Master’s in 1.5 years.  Financial aid  is also available at the undergraduate and graduate levels so that you do not have to worry about whether you can afford a bachelor’s vs master’s degree only.

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U.S. News & World Report ranks UNI among 2024 Best Graduate Schools

CEDAR FALLS, Iowa –  U.S. News & World Report has once again ranked the University of Northern Iowa among its list of 2024 Best Graduate Schools. Designed for prospective students looking to further their education beyond an undergraduate degree, the  Best Graduate Schools rankings evaluate programs in a variety of disciplines, including business, education, engineering, law, medicine and nursing. 

UNI’s honored programs for graduate education are a combination of face-to-face, entirely online and hybrid degrees offered in partnership with all UNI colleges,  Online and Distance Education , and the  College of Graduate, Research and Online Education where more than 80 degree, certificate and endorsement programs are housed. 

“It’s incredibly gratifying to have UNI recognized as a national leader in graduate education,” said Steph Huffman, associate vice president for strategic initiatives and dean of the College of Graduate, Research and Online Education. “UNI has a strong, long-standing history of developing educators, innovators, strategic leaders and other professionals who serve our schools, businesses and organizations, and communities. This ranking reflects our commitment to providing high-quality, impactful graduate educational opportunities.”

By collecting graduate school data annually, U.S. News is able to present the most current figures on enrollment, job placement, faculty and other critical quality indicators that help prospective students make informed decisions.

UNI’s  College of Education offers 10 master's programs and a doctoral program which are represented within the graduate rankings of Best Education Schools. These range from advanced degrees like elementary and early childhood education to programs that prepare school administrators, school psychologists and teacher librarians.

"The ranking continues to represent our outstanding faculty, innovative curriculum, and our ability to meet students where they are to deliver an experience that is individualized, relevant and meaningful,” said Amy Nielsen, the College of Education’s interim associate dean of graduate studies.

UNI also ranks among the top in the country for its  part-time MBA in the Wilson College of Business. 

"I am proud to see our MBA program recognized again as one of the top programs in the nation," said Leslie Wilson, dean of the Wilson College. "I know our faculty are working diligently to ensure our curriculum meets the needs of students preparing to be global business leaders. From the use of AI, addressing supply chain disruptions, and managing a remote workforce, we seek to provide our students with the necessary skills and knowledge to address the changing landscape and excel in their careers. This recognition is a testament to the hard work and dedication of our faculty, staff and students, who have helped make our program successful."

UNI’s  Speech-Language Pathology M.A. is among the top 100 speech pathology programs in the rankings. Students benefit from valuable clinical experience at the Roy Eblen Speech and Hearing Clinic located conveniently on campus.

“We take pride in offering students a comprehensive educational experience that combines hands-on clinical exposure, rigorous coursework, and valuable research opportunities with faculty members,” said Jennifer Garrett, head of the UNI Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders. “This recognition reaffirms our department's commitment to excellence in training future speech-language pathologists. With the experiences they gain here, our students graduate as highly competent professionals, ready to make meaningful contributions to improving the lives of individuals with communication disorders.”

UNI’s  Master of Public Policy Program is recognized as one of the Best Public Affairs Programs by U.S. News & World Report. With its fully online format, the program is ideal for those seeking career advancement within public service and nonprofit organizations in the field of public policy. 

“As the only nationally accredited program in the state, earning this recognition reflects our commitment to excellence and innovation in preparing future leaders for impactful public policy careers,” said Chris Larimer, MPP program coordinator and professor in the Department of Political Science. 

The University of Northern Iowa ranks highly in a number of U.S. News categories, including ranking  second best among regional public universities in the Midwest . It also ranks among the best value schools, best colleges for veterans and most innovative schools.

Media Contact: Adam Amdor

[email protected], uni physics faculty awarded national science foundation and dept. of energy research grants.

Iowa legislature recognizes NCAA champion Parker Keckeisen

UNI Department of Art students present spring 2024 BFA group exhibition

Master's Program Applicants

Application instructions.

Start your application now!  As part of our community, you will learn from renowned scholars, teachers, researchers, and clinicians. The UMB Graduate School educates leaders in many health science and health-care related fields, in biomedical and life sciences, and in human service sciences.

• Go to Application

Before Completing Your Application

Before beginning the application process, be sure to read all of the following instructions, and review Graduate School admissions requirements and guidelines   here .  

Not all programs have the same admission requirements.  Please be sure to check the program’s website for program-specific requirements and for the program-specific   Application Deadline   date for your desired degree program.

The online application form, the fee, and all required supplemental items must be received by the published deadline in order for you to be considered for admission.  

Completing the Application: Other Documents Needed for Application Review

Step 1: complete the online  application.

Follow the online instructions for completing the application and be sure to complete each section, including the certification.

Have your credit or debit card ready so that you can pay the application $75.00 fee. Be sure to keep the pop-up window open to the pay $75.00 fee until transaction complete.  When the fee has been submitted, you may continue with the application form and submit that separately. 

If your desired program does not appear in the drop-down menu, the deadline has passed or does not accept applications for the desired entry term.

You may stop and save your work to continue at a later time while completing the online application.  Be sure to keep your password in a secure place so that you can return to check on your application status later.

All of your information is transmitted through a secure server and is kept fully   confidential . 

Step 2: Send us your supporting materials and supplemental items

Supporting materials are required as part of your application review.  Please submit the online application before uploading your supporting material or supplemental items.

Here’s what you’ll need:

Transcripts Upload your transcripts as a supplemental item to the online application. 

You must submit transcripts from each college/university attended, including non-degree coursework and coursework in progress at time of application.  Unofficial copies may be provided for the application review process.  

If you are offered admission, you must then provide official transcripts from each college/university attended, including non-degree coursework and coursework in progress at time of application. The transcript must be provided to the Graduate School directly from the prior, degree-granting institution in a sealed envelope in order for that document to be considered official.  Alternatively, it may be provided to the Graduate School electronically by way of a secure, encrypted platform.  Each transcript should bear the signature of the registrar and the seal of the granting institution. 

Transcripts (US only) may be obtained from/provided by one of the following secure, encrypted transcript services:

https://www.parchment.com/ https://studentclearinghouse.org/transcriptservices/fast/

Send  encrypted, electronic transcripts  from your issuing institution to:  [email protected]  

If provided by mail, send official transcripts in sealed envelopes to :

ATTN: Admissions University of Maryland, Baltimore Graduate School 620 West Lexington Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1508  

Letters of recommendation Please provide three (3) recommendations from professors or from others – perhaps supervisors in your workplace – who can attest to the quality of your academic performance, scholastic potential and other non-cognitive factors.  Your recommendations are managed by the online application; you will need the email addresses of your recommenders for this process.

Graduate Record Examination (GRE) Some master’s degree programs require applicants to provide current, official results of scores earned on the GRE General Test (verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and analytical writing). Score reports must be sent directly from the Educational Testing Service (ETS) agency to us; the UMB Graduate School’s institution code for the GRE is # 5848. 

The GRE General Test   IS required   by the following   master’s degree   programs:    Biomedical Sciences-Dental School, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Marine Environmental Estuarine Studies, Medical and Research Technology, Physician Assistant - MSHS**, Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, Pathology/Pathologists' Assistant and Oral and Experimental Pathology.              

**Physician Assistant MSHS applicants must submit an application, with supporting documents, to   CASPA . 

Forensic Medicine does not normally require the GRE, but reserves the right to require the GRE of any candidate for admission that has a sub-standard (under 3.0) undergraduate GPA. 

Essay Your essay must be uploaded as a supplemental item to the online application.  The statement should be between 300- to 500-words and should address your academic and/or professional career goals and objectives in pursuing graduate study.   

English Language Proficiency (International Applicants Only) The Graduate School accepts the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) or the IELTS (International English Language Testing System) as a measure of English proficiency.  Minimum, required scores are 80 on the Internet-based TOEFL, and 7.0 on the IELTS. Scores must be sent directly from ETS (for TOEFL, use institution code #5848) or the IELTS agency to the Graduate School.

CV or Resume A Curriculum Vitae (CV) or resume is required by most graduate programs.  Your CV or resume must be uploaded as part of the online application.

Application for in-state status classification

Maryland residents only.  If you wish to be considered for in-state residency status for admission and tuition purposes, you must complete an   Application for In-State Classification  and submit it to the campus classification officer within the   Office of the Registrar .

Step 3: Complete your checklist   

In addition to the online application form (and $75.00 fee), make sure that you have submitted all of your supplemental items and have checked all of your desired program’s admissions requirements.  Here’s a summary of the requirements:   

• Transcripts
• Letters of Recommendation
• Standardized tests; check to see if your desired program requires the GRE or not; international applicants need to submit results of the TOEFL or IELTS
• CV or Resume
• Program-specific requirements; check to see if your program requires an interview or some other item as part of the application review process

 If you have problems with or questions about the application process, please contact us at 410.706.7131 or   [email protected]  

After You Apply

You can check the status of your application using your email address and the password that you created when you submitted your online application.  You may not make changes once it has been submitted, however.  Please send any changes or corrections to us at   [email protected]

We encourage you to follow-up with your prior institutions regarding the issuing of transcripts, as well as with your recommenders and testing agencies (where appropriate), to ensure completion of your application file.

Some Tips and Final Thoughts

• Clearly identify yourself by using your complete name and applicant ID number on all materials and communications. Indicate any previous name(s) where appropriate.
• International applicants   desiring an online program of study should indicate “Overseas Online Student” (or ‘OV/Other Visa’) for their citizenship status.
• If you are a military applicant, please be sure to contact our   VA representative   upon submittal of your application.
• Don’t assume that we know you’re from Maryland! If you wish to be considered for in-state residency status for tuition purposes you must complete the  Application for In-State Classification . 

Applications and supporting material(s) become the property of the UMB Graduate School and are not returned.  We encourage applicants to make and retain copies of all application documents before submission.

The University of Maryland, Baltimore Graduate School embraces a culture that embodies UMB's core values of accountability, civility, collaboration, diversity, excellence, knowledge, and leadership.

The University of Maryland, Baltimore does not discriminate in its admissions, educational services, or supporting services because of race, religion, age, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, or disability.

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Public Health Sciences Learning Objectives

Public health sciences students graduate with the knowledge and skills necessary to be successful in the workplace, public health sciences major - learning objectives.

Students in the Public Health Sciences major graduate with the following skills and abilities: 

• Describe the concept of population health and the basic processes, approaches, and interventions specific to the needs and concerns of populations. 
• Evaluate the source and quality of health information and data as related to individual and community health. 
• Demonstrate mastery in public health communication skills including oral communication and written communication for both lay and expert audiences.
• Assess the values and perspectives of diverse individuals, communities, and cultures, and describe how these factors influence health behaviors, choices, and practices. 
• Engage in collaborative, team-based, and interdisciplinary approaches for improving population health. 
• Identify public health tools and evidence-based strategies to respond to public health issues in a global world.
• Gain awareness of and exposure to the broad and diverse range of areas of study within the field of public health, and identify and explore areas that are of personal interest.

The Public Health Sciences major is accredited by the Council for Education on Public Health

Courses in the Public Health Sciences major provide instruction in the following domains and competencies, developed by the Council for Education on Public Health. 

Foundational Domains

• The concepts and applications of basic statistics 
• The foundations of biological and life sciences 
• The history and philosophy of public health as well as its core values, concepts, and functions across the globe and in society 
• The basic concepts, methods, and tools of public health data collection, use, and analysis and why evidence-based approaches are an essential part of public health practice 
• The concepts of population health, and the basic processes, approaches and interventions that identify and address the major health-related needs and concerns of populations 
• The underlying science of human health and disease, including opportunities for promoting and protecting health across the life course 
• The socioeconomic, behavioral, biological, environmental, and other factors that impact human health and contribute to health disparities 
• The fundamental concepts and features of project implementation, including planning, assessment, and evaluation 
• The fundamental characteristics and organizational structures of the U.S. health system as well as the differences between systems in other countries 
• Basic concepts of legal, ethical, economic, and regulatory dimensions of health care and public health policy and the roles, influences, and responsibilities of the different agencies and branches of government 
• Basic concepts of public health-specific communication, including technical and professional writing and the use of mass media and electronic technology

Foundational Competencies

• Communicate public health information, in both oral and written forms, through a variety of media and to diverse audiences 
• Locate, use, evaluate, and synthesize public health information

Accreditation

The Public Health Sciences major at UMass Amherst is accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health, which is an independent agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Education to accredit schools of public health, and public health programs outside schools of public health.

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