phd education in europe

Doctoral degree: PhD in Educational Sciences

The Faculty of Educational Sciences is one of Europe's largest research institutions in educational sciences. Join us and work with leading international researchers in exciting research projects. PhD candidate can also stay abroad at universities around the world.

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About the PhD programme

• 3 years full-time studies and research
• Funding and admission are required.
• 30 credits coursework and a scientific thesis.
• Concludes with a trial lecture and public defence.
• The Faculty has about 110 PhD candidates, 62 of which are employed as doctoral research fellows.

International applicants are required to have a good command in English for attending the PhD programme. You do not need to master the Norwegian language.

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• Publishing - Cristin
• Guidelines for Research ethics in the social Sciences, Law and the humanities (NESH)

For PhD candidates employed at UiO

If you are employed as a research fellow at the University of Oslo you will find information about topics such as salary, leaves of absence and extensions at the For employees pages

Public defence

Dr. philos. degree.

Do you have any questions about the organized research training at the Faculty of Educational Sciences?

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Doctoral Education Doctoral Programme in Education

Shaping the educators of the future.

With over 20 research supervisors in a multiplicity of educational fields our programme offers you unique opportunities to develop knowledge and research skills.

• Supervisors
• Open positions

Duration 3-4 years

Working Languages English, French, German, Luxembourgish

Admissions any time

Fee €200/semester

Current challenges/opportunities in educational systems

The Programme in Education supports you in understanding and fostering learning. You will gain insights into the interplay of factors that influence learning processes. The programme investigates learning processes from a systems and learner perspectives. You will have the opportunity to study and compare different educational systems and analyse them according to various criteria using diverse data sources and methodologies. You will also tackle the current challenges facing educational systems such as multilingualism, heterogeneity and the use of digital learning and assessment tools.

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Ph.D in Education

Doctor of philosophy in education (phdedu), 2 qualifications from uk and france.

Doctor of Philosophy in Education (PHDEdu) with 18 specializations is a dual degree program that combines an Ofqual Recognised Awarding Organisation and Université Libérale de Paris. The PHDEdu is the highest degree in practical academia and science specializing in education.

The Doctor of Philosophy in Education (PHDEdu) has 18 specializations that focus on in-depth research knowledge in education. Students have access to research from the start, with topics that are highly practical and applied.

Unlike the Professional Doctor program, students must have at least one scientific article published in ISI/SCOPUS journals, journals owned by the Liberal University of Paris, or journals linked to.

The Doctor of Philosophy in Education at the Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) is a dual qualification program.

Graduates will receive:

• LRN Level 8 Diploma in Education Management.
• Doctor of Philosophy in Education degree offered by Université Libérale de Paris

Programs in details

Distinction in accreditation:

The Doctor of Philosophy in Education program is a dual-degree program, resulting in the completion of two distinct degrees. The program is a cooperation between the Ofqual-accredited UK national competency framework accreditation system and Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U). Both institutions are institutionally and programmatically accredited.

• The Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) is certified at the highest level of the Premier Institute by the HEAD (High Education Accreditation Department), and at the program level by the examination system and granting of British national certificates by level (Awarding bodies of Ofqual, UK. Gov).
• LRN is one of the prestigious institutions granting national qualifications in the UK, accredited by Ofqual, UK. Gov.

Distinctions in learning method:

All the programs is applied the Liberal Education pedagogy for graduated learners.

Our Paris-U  A.C.T  will help the learners:

• A ccredited Programs with international recognition.
• C hange and get another degree major within 12 months.
• T -Shaped skills.

For the international learners not study full time in France, the program is designed for those who are always on the go, using the Hybrid Model with live classes. Students can study Université Libérale de Paris’ original program and achieve a degree as full-time study abroad students without needing to accommodate in France.

Distinctions in degrees: 2 independent qualification with the specialization based on the Doctoral thesis:

• A LRN Level 8 Diploma (Doctoral Level) in Education Management.
• A Specialized Doctor of Philosophy in Education from Université Libérale de Paris

Distinctions in learning and research materials:

• The learners get access to Level 8 EQF specialty courses even though the Professional Doctorate program is career-oriented and research-oriented from the start. This methodology is used for the first time in Europe at Université Libérale de Paris.
• Access to specialist subjects at the doctorate level not only helps fellows consolidate their expertise, but also serves as an essential reference tool to aid fellows in doing research and writing their doctoral thesis with assurance.

Distinctions in expert acknowledgement:

• The Liberal University of Paris is also the first institution to develop a dual accreditation model that combines the thorough accreditation of the academic program with the recognization of the professional accrediting organizations (Professional Certified Bodies).
• Depending on the curriculum, the Senior Leader Council [UK] will honor the research and professional ability of specialists who have graduated from doctorate programs at the Liberal University of Paris.

List of Specializations:

Postgraduate students pursuing dual degrees in the Doctor of Philosophy in Education (PHDEdu) program will receive two independent degrees, with the specialization based on the doctoral thesis. Research students can specialize in one of the following areas:

• Ph.D in International Business
• Ph.D in Hospitality Managememt 
• Ph.D in Public Administration 
• Ph.D in Hospital Management 
• Ph.D in Pharmaceutical Management 
• Ph.D in Healthcare Management 
• Ph.D in Human Resources Management 
• Ph.D in Finace & Banking 
• Ph.D in Logistics and Supply Chain Management 
• Ph.D in Tourism Management 
• Ph.D in Luxury Management 
• Ph.D in Engineer Management 
• Ph.D in Technical Management 
• Ph.D in Construction Management 
• Ph.D in Design Management 
• Ph.D in Information Technology Management
• And other specializations based on the Doctoral Thesis

The Doctor of Philosophy in Education (PHDEdu) dual degree program is an applied research-oriented program in which students will take research-related courses and conduct research step by step with the assistance and supervision of instructors.

The program is two years long. The method of instruction consists of a combination of globally livestreamed lectures (Live Class) with instructors.

Mandatory modules:

• Develop advanced research approaches in a suitable context. (30 credits)
• Advanced Literature Review. (30 credits)
• Advanced Design Research. (30credits)
• Advanced Data Analytics for Research. (30 credits)

Students will complete each phase of their PhD thesis after each course.

PhD thesis stage (60 credits)

• Doctoral Thesis (60 credits)
• Defend Doctoral Thesis

The Doctor of Philosophy in Education (PHDEdu) thesis will be concerned with education solutions and knowledge development.

The Ph.D. program, unlike the Ed.D programs, requires a minimum of one academic journal published on the ISI/SCOPUS system or on journals owned or affiliated with Paris-U.

Students who complete the Doctor of Philosophy in Education (PHDEdu) dual degree program can:

Be able to conduct research relevant to the context of the specialization.

• Assess the significance, practicability, and research potential of the problem to be investigated.
• Develop and modify research objectives to suit orientation, research objectives, and research time constraints.
• Analyze, consider alternatives, and make appropriate research decisions.

2. Be able to collect, organize, and choose theoretical foundations for PhD research projects

• Collect theoretical foundations related to the research topic.
• Organize and develop theoretical foundation structures for research topics.

3. Be able to design an entire study.

• Know how to conduct a literature review and select relevant studies to support the proposed research.
• Design the research in accordance with the research objectives, research questions, and time frame.
• Adjust the chosen research methodology while keeping research ethics and feasibility in mind.

4. Be able to create a research proposal and carry out research.

• Examine theoretical foundations and research models when developing research questions.
• Develop research to international standards by writing a complete PhD thesis on a chosen topic.
• Know how to present your research to a scientific panel.
• Be able to persuade and argue.
• Be able to write academic journals
• Be able to work with the appraisal council and peer-review in the process of publishing academic journals.

The Université Libérale de Paris is the only university where doctoral students can study a full range of courses specialized in education. The materials from these specialized courses can be used to broaden the students’ knowledge and aid in their research process.

All study materials for Education majors at the Doctoral level (Level 8 EQF) are posted on the training management system (LMS), and these materials are only accessible to doctoral students at the Université Libérale de Paris.

Students taking the PhD in Education  program have access to the following materials and lectures:

• Understanding Learning and Learners (20 credits)
• Creating a Conducive Learning Environment (20 credits)
• Managing and Leading Digital Education (20 credits)
• Leadership and Organisation Transformation (20 credits)
• Education Research and Methodology (20 credits)

Ph.D students have both specialized knowledge at the doctoral level and research competence from the Ph.D. with the help of knowledge-supporting materials.

The doctoral programs at Université Libérale de Paris are designed with a training time of 2 to 5 years or more, culminating in a PhD thesis that meets international standards.

When participating in the PhD program in conjunction with the UK qualification system Level 8 Diploma, graduate students can choose between two training programs: Specialized Doctor of Philosophy in Education (PHDEdu) or Specialized Doctor of Education (Ed.D).

Despite sharing the same specialization, the Doctor of Philosophy in Education (PHDEdu) and Doctor of Education (Ed.D) have many differences. Some of the fundamental differences are as follows:

Candidates who register for the program will be considered by the application department before joining the program, in addition to the entry requirements, to ensure that they understand and benefit from the program.

Entry requirements must meet at least one of the following criteria:

• Master’s degrees in specific fields from accredited universities. The appraisal procedures will be carried out by Paris-U or our local partner for domestic universities that do not have international accreditation.
• RQF (UK), EQF (Europe), or Level 7 diploma equivalents must be obtained from accredited institutions.
• The Université Libérale de Paris does not accept degrees from fake universities, Diploma Mills, accredited universities, or discredited accrediting organizations.

English language requirements:

• English at or above CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference) level B2.
• IELTS 5.5; Speaking and writing must both be 5.5 or higher.
• In the absence of an English certificate, the Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) and its partner will perform an internal English test and evaluate each candidate.

The Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) reserves the right to accept or reject applications based on accrediting agency requirements and Paris-U’s global acceptance target.

The Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) is a university that is HEAD-accredited at the institution level and the UK RQF framework at the program level. At the programmatic level, Paris-U is endorsed by the LRN, an awarding body recognized by the UK government. After completing the program, students may confidently enter the job market, continue their education, and seamlessly transfer to other prominent and similar educational systems because the curriculum and degrees are rigorously approved by prestigious organizations.

• Please go  HERE  for additional information about the accreditation of the Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U).
• Please go  HERE  for additional information about LRN’s accreditation and programs.

The Doctor of Philosphy in Education (PHDEdu) program combines two degrees. Students receive the following upon graduation:

The LRN Level 8 Diploma in Education Management. 

In the United Kingdom, Level 8 is equivalent to:

Doctor of Philosphy in Education (PHDEdu) from Université Libérale de Paris  (Paris-U)

The Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) specialized Doctor of Philosphy in Education (PHDEdu) is equivalent to Level 8 Diploma of the EQF European Qualification Framework and is assessed using the Paris-U accreditation system.

The specialized Doctor of Philosphy in Education (PHDEdu) degree is one of the highest academic degrees. When combined with the dual degree system, which combines a UK Level Diploma and a Doctor of Philosphy in Education (PHDEdu) from the Université Libérale de Paris, research students can pursue a career as a specialist or research specialist in theory and practice, become a lecturer, or advance to senior positions in the labor market.

Students can participate in PostDoc programs based on the fields of research they want to develop if they want to conduct international research, publish international articles on the ISI, SCOPUS system, and so on.

Graduate students can also publish books, studies developed during their studies, or research that comes up during their studies.

After completing the Doctor of Philosphy in Education (PHDEdu) program at Universit Paris, students will be awarded the following:

• Senior Leader Certified (UK Gov Standard No. ST0480)
• Research Scientist Certified (UK Gov Standard No. ST0759). Graduates can apply for these accreditations without taking the annual EPA examinations and exams conducted by the Senior Leader Council.
• Students are full-time Université Libérale de Paris students (Paris-U).
• Students pursue the original program as full-time students at Université Libérale de Paris in France (Paris-U).
• The program is entirely taught in English. Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) does not adopt the education system for French-taught programs in France.
• Degrees awarded by Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) are classified as private university degrees. Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) degrees are not part of the public education system, not owned by the French government, and is not part of the France-based higher education system.
• This is not an affiliate program, nor is it a Vietnamese-taught international program.
• Local lecturers are not involved in teaching. Local activities are only for academic support.
• Fees and scholarship policies (if applicable) are subject to change or cancellation at any time.

Liability Disclaimer

• Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) and its partners make no assurances that students who enroll will graduate, and receive a degree. Only if the student fully meets and fulfills the academic, financial, disciplinary, and other requirements does the Université Libérale de Paris award degrees and recognize academic results.
• Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) reserves the right to refuse admission, refuse support, cancel student status, and not reimburse tuition and fees in the case of a commit of violations, absenteeism, or voluntary refusal to continue the program.
• Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) cannot guarantee that a degree will be accepted by a third party. The receiving organisation subjectivity determines whether or not to accept.
• Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) does not guarantee that students will receive a salary increase, promotion, or be accepted into new positions or jobs after graduation.
• Despite regulations governing cross-recognition and qualifications equivalence, each country, organization, and unit has their own right to receive and recognize degrees. Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) does not guarantee automatic degree recognition when using degrees, certificates, transcripts, and other documents from the Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) and partner schools. Similarly, Université Libérale de Paris does not guarantee or support the process of recognizing equivalent qualifications (if any).
• Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) makes no guarantees or commitments that students will be able to reside, work abroad, obtain a work permit, a teaching license, or a specialist license in France, Europe, or any other country.
• Université Libérale de Paris (Paris-U) offers extreme assistance, but cannot guarantee students 100% of short-term study visa (in case of full-time study) or European visa (to attend graduation ceremony in France and/or Europe) if it does not meet the requirements of the host country and the appropriate authorities in granting and approving the right to exit, move, and migrate.

Tuition fees

Tuition policies are in keeping with the provisions of the Paris-U policy and subject to change without notice. In some case, Paris-U offer variety of Scholarships for International Students. 

Université Libérale de Paris

Université libérale de paris (paris-u) offers a variety of scholarships for international students. the scholarship is not for full-time learners in france and eu and is limited..

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EUA Council for Doctoral Education

The european voice for doctoral education, bringing together a community of academic leaders and professionals.

Annual meetings

Hosted by Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona

• 20 Mar 2024 EUA-CDE news Call for contributions: 2024 EUA-CDE Annual Meeting
• 14 Mar 2024 EUA-CDE news New EUA-CDE report - Postdoctoral researchers at European universities: profiles, roles and...
• 30 Jan 2024 EUA-CDE news Reforming Academic Career Assessment (ACA): a survey from the CoARA Working Group on ACA

The Doctoral Debate

Today’s doctoral candidates need training to communicate science in the public eye.

Communication training for doctoral candidates is vital due to new societal trends that make communication more important for scientists. For Gian-Andri Casutt, strengthening training programmes is crucial for the effective integration of science into society.

It takes a village to do a doctorate: the power of community in the doctoral journey

This article tackles the importance of building a doctoral community through modern means of communication and sharing information to create a collaborative environment where doctoral candidates feel supported and connected. For Sophie Leclère, universities should recognise and support the efforts of those who engage in knowledge-sharing, by providing resources, encouraging content creation and listening to the needs of doctoral candidates.

Five reasons to join

Exchange good practices.

Exchange and learn about the latest good practices in doctoral education from across Europe

Strengthen your network

Strengthen and expand your network with our community of academic leaders and professionals from more than 30 European countries

Gain access to expertise on doctoral school development

We bring together a community with know-how on supporting doctoral schools for universities at different stages of development

Enhance your doctoral research capacity

Develop your university’s capacity to attract and shape talented early-stage researchers in a competitive and global environment

Speak with a strong voice

Speak with a strong voice on the European policy level, together with our European network of more than 230 universities

• Become a member

EUA-CDE brings together the largest community of academic leaders and professionals working on doctoral education and research training in Europe.

Eastern Mediterranean University

Doctoral researchers are vital to the production of knowledge and to challenging the status quo. Focused on improving doctoral education in Europe, our engagement extends from university leadership to those involved in the day-to-day delivery of doctoral programmes and supervision.

Luke Georghiou, Deputy President and Deputy Vice-Chancellor University of Manchester; former EUA-CDE Steering Committee Chair

Luke Georghiou

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Doctoral education in Europe today: approaches and institutional structures

This EUA-CDE report presents the results of an extensive and unique study on the state of play of doctoral education in Europe. Offering findings gathered from more than 300 institutions across Europe, it provides an overview of the deep transformation that has taken place in doctoral education over the past ten years.

The report focuses on the key results of years of doctoral education reform in Europe, which have been marked by the introduction of doctoral schools at many institutions and a significant increase of the number of doctoral candidates and doctoral graduates.

More specifically, it examines the balance between institutional responsibility and that of the individual supervisor, as well as the mechanisms that underpin the passage through the doctorate and towards future careers. It also assesses the degree of change, asking how the doctorate today is different from that of a decade or more ago. The funding of doctoral education and the strategic priorities of institutions are others line of questioning, among many others.

The survey questions were developed by a research team at the Centre for Higher Education Governance (CHEGG) of Ghent University in Belgium and further developed by EUA and the EUA-CDE Steering Committee .

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36 PhD Degrees in Education in Europe for 2024

Education (36).

• Cognitive Science (2)
• Early Childhood Education (1)
• Education Business (1)
• Education Research (5)
• Education Technology (2)
• Educational Leadership (2)
• Educational Psychology (1)
• General Education (2)
• Higher Education (1)
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• Special Education (1)
• Teaching (15)
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Critical and Cultural Theory (Research)

Cardiff university.

• Cardiff, United Kingdom

Full time, Part time

Students on the PhD Critical and Cultural Theory receive supervision from academic staff with a long-standing commitment to excellence and diversity in research, who work at the forefront of pioneering research in critical and cultural theory.

Doctor of Philosophy in Cognitive Science

Central european university (ceu).

• Vienna, Austria

Doctor of Philosophy in Cognitive Science at CEU are fully funded study program with a standard duration of 4 years that awards a US and an Austrian degree. The PhD program in cognitive science is a research-oriented program. It includes training in experimental methods and, mainly in the first year, coursework on the basic notions and theories in cognitive science and a possible focus on social cognition and cognitive social sciences.

Doctoral School of Education

Eszterháyz károly catholic university.

• Eger, Hungary

8 semesters

The Doctoral School of Educational Sciences focuses on educational research where features of schools, human aspects, and professional methodology meet with contemporary and historical art and educational considerations.

Doctorate in History of Sciences and Scientific Education

Universidade de aveiro.

• Aveiro, Portugal

Portuguese, English

Doctorate in Multimedia in Education

The Doctoral Program in Multimedia in Education aims to:

Education (Research)

The professional doctorate is a part-time doctoral research degree. It is fully equivalent to the PhD, but substantially different from it in that it is strongly professionally oriented, focussing on ‘applied’ rather than ‘pure’ research.

MPhil/PhD Education

Goldsmiths, university of london.

• London, United Kingdom

We are committed to developing our postgraduate students into competent educational researchers able to conduct rigorous research using a variety of methodological approaches. We welcome inquiries about possible research topics both theoretical and empirical.

Ph.D. in Kinanthropology

Charles university faculty of physical education and sport.

• Prague, Czech Republic

Blended, On-Campus

The study program is implemented within the scientific field of Kinanthropology. Research in Kinanthropology deals with the complex effects of intentional and spontaneous physical activity on the development of human personality in the bio-psycho-social context and conditions of the environment of physical education and sport, physiotherapy, health physical education, including their effective management. Kinanthropology, therefore, represents an interdisciplinary field requiring variability of the approach to solving research problems, in which a systemic approach with an accent on methodology has long been emphasized.

PhD Education

Queen's university belfast.

• Belfast, United Kingdom

You’ll be part of a dynamic doctoral research environment and will study alongside students from over 25 different countries; we supervise students undertaking research in key educational areas including education in divided societies; an effective education; children’s rights in education; educational assessment and inclusion.

PhD Education Sciences

University of latvia.

• Riga, Latvia

The aim of the programme is to improve the doctoral student's research and academic competence in educational sciences to implement independent and innovative research activities for improvement and development of educational sciences theories, improve pedagogical practice at various levels of education (from pre-school to adult education) in Latvia and internationally, independently develop and publicly defend doctoral research containing original scientific research results and providing new knowledge in educational sciences.

PhD in Didactics of Art Education

Charles university faculty of education.

The Art Education didactics Ph.D. study program supports areas of fine arts and its theory connected with the social science of education and didactics in a comprehensive realm of inquiry-based and international scientific approach. The Ph.D. program should strengthen the knowledge of art education and art reflection in the specialization of Art education and Creative arts majors thus being focused on the Art class didactics. The research area of the program then the main focus is to implement the model of reflective art which is targeted towards creative and inquiry-based art production which consequently leads towards the creation of methodologies and frameworks for didactic and pedagogical transformations in the fine and creative arts. Program without specialization.

PhD in Didactics of Chemistry

The goal of the doctoral study program Didactics of Chemistry is to prepare specialists to improve the quality of chemical education in the Czech Republic in accordance with current social needs and in accordance with the educational programs of advanced European countries based on scientific research results. The doctoral program is focused on the preparation of specialists in the field of chemical education theory in accordance with current knowledge of chemistry, pedagogy, psychology, sociology, informatics, and other disciplines. It is a program without specialization. Program without specialization.

PhD in Education

Doctoral studies are conceived as a preparatory program for scholars and researchers whose creative endeavors contribute to the development of theory and research in the field of education sciences. The program aims preferably to enhance their relevant expertise, disseminate relevant research findings and trends in the field of education, and cultivate methodological competencies of doctoral students. The general focus of the study program offers students the chance to get acquainted more deeply with the pedagogical disciplines. The focal point of the doctoral study is a doctoral dissertation/thesis, defined as an original scholarly work whose findings enrich the respective field of study within the broader context of developing the discipline. Due to the nature and content of the study, the applicant may consult the theme, the structure of the project, and possibilities for its processing with potential supervisors of doctoral studies. Program without specialization.

Kaunas University of Technology

• Kaunas, Lithuania

Joint doctoral studies with the Lithuanian Sports University, Šiauliai University (from 2021 – Vilnius University Šiauliai Academy). Coordinating institution: Lithuanian Sports University.

Newcastle University Postgraduate programs

• Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

We have expert supervision available in a wide variety of education subjects. Our research areas range from early-year policy to internationalisation in higher education. Our supervisors' current research interests, projects and publications are available from the School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences' staff profiles. Most of our staff have professional experience in teaching, speech and language therapy or English language teaching before entering academia.

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PhD Degrees in Education

Those who pursue education as a career will undergo courses that are designed to train future educators. Fortunately, there is a wide variety of courses designed for students who wish to supplement any teaching credentials. These courses are offered at various institutions across the globe.

In all, there are over 4000 Higher Education Institutions in Europe offering a wide range of courses at Bachelor, Masters and Doctorate level. With more and more of these organizations offering English as the language of education for at least some of their degree programs, universities in Europe are now of higher quality than ever before. Universities in Europe offer a friendly welcome to foreign students and to give a course of knowledge that meets their profession needs in today’s global demand.

Requirements for the PhD program often involve the student having already obtained a Master’s degree. Additionally, a thesis or dissertation primarily consisting of original academic research must be submitted. In some countries, this work may even need to be defended in front of a panel.

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• Study in Europe /

Find the best PhD in Europe to study

• Updated on  
• Dec 7, 2023

The globally acclaimed educational institutions of Europe are founded on the principle of research and innovation and the continent is also home to the headquarters of several renowned multinational enterprises as well as state-of-the-art centres of scientific exploration. Geneva, Berlin and Paris are amongst the top preferred study destinations in Europe. Moreover, offering international-level exposure and knowledge into a varied range of fields and specialisations, the continent attracts an immense number of students from all nooks and corners of the world every year who enrol across an array of bachelor’s, master’s and PhD programmes . Particularly, a PhD in Europe is a highly specialized degree program provided in a multitude of specialised disciplines. If you are planning to pursue a doctoral degree in the continent, here is a detailed guide on the key essentials you should know before applying for a PhD in Europe .

Also Read: PhD after MTech

This Blog Includes:

Phd in europe: eligibility requirements, research proposal, phd in europe: how to apply, phd in europe: top study destinations.

A doctoral degree like a PhD is undertaken as research in a particular topic within a subject, such as a PhD in English on ‘Shakespearean Literature’ or a PhD in Economics on ‘Market Volatility’. European institutions offer flexibility as to the constituents of a PhD degree in terms of duration, thesis, the language of instruction, coursework, and teaching requirements, amongst others. Usually, a PhD in Europe lasts for a minimum of 3 years extending to 5-6 years and the application requirements mandate submission of a research proposal to the professor, department or at the application portal. Prospective students are advised to visit course websites for the latest information.

Applicants need to fulfil some minimum eligibility conditions in order to pursue a PhD in Europe. Many universities generally require candidates to have a master’s degree in their chosen field of study. However, in some cases, institutions may also admit students on the basis of a high-ranking bachelor’s degree. Further, a minimum score is required throughout all postsecondary qualifications, for instance, in the UK, a first or upper-second-class UK honours degree or its international equivalent. 

A considerable number of European institutions require prospective applicants to submit a research proposal which details the intended topic of research that the applicant wishes to pursue at the institution. Further, it also delineates the professors under which the applicant wishes to work and how it will help him in developing his interest. The university strives for a balance between the expectations of the applicant and the facilities it is providing so as to promote student development.

In comparison to institutions in USA , Canada and Australia , a PhD in Europe is affordable in terms of tuition fees, living costs and other expenses. Further, besides university-based funding in the form of scholarships, assistantships etc, the country of study also offers diverse funding opportunities like monthly stipends, research assistantships, tuition fee waivers and country-based scholarships.

• GRE Scholarships
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The process of application for a PhD in Europe can be undertaken in two ways. One, through direct professor approach and recommendation (only a few students get admission through this way) and the other through the traditional application process. The former method requires you to approach a professor at the university from your field and ask for an admission recommendation. If the professor is impressed by your academic qualifications and experience, you will be offered a PhD admission to the university. On the other hand, the conventional application process is similar to the regular application procedure and requires you to upload all the necessary documents such as LOR , SOP and resume amongst others along with submitting the application fee. After a month or two encompassing the evaluation process, the university will provide the list of selected students on their admission portal.

There are a plethora of study destinations in Europe that offer quality educational programs in an array of fields and specializations. The continent is home to some of the best academic institutions in the world and is home to an immense number of research centres and universities. Here is a list of major study destinations in Europe and their renowned institutions along with other specific details about PhD programs offered.

Home to one of the top universities in the world, the United Kingdom (UK) provide a huge number of PhD and research opportunities spanning a multitude of specialisations from Business Administration to disciplines of Liberal Arts. Most UK universities will essentially need a master’s degree as well as English language proficiency tests such as IELTS and TOEFL as key eligibility prerequisites for a PhD program.

Duration: Minimum 3 years; full-time

Institutions: University of Bristol , University of Manchester , University of Sussex etc.

Also Read: Cost of Studying in UK for Indian Students

German universities are internationally renowned for their offered range of Science and Engineering programs. Providing courses with low or almost no tuition fees, Germany also has an array of government grants for international students aspiring to pursue a PhD. These grants are availed by DAAD and Excellence Initiative with an aim to equip meritorious students with financial assistance for PhD programs.

Duration: 3-4 years

Institutions: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen ; TU Munchen, Humboldt University Berlin etc.

Also Read: Study in Germany Without IELTS

France is another prominent European study destination for those aspiring to pursue PhD programs in technical fields such as Engineering, Information Technology, amongst others. The tuition fees for PhD courses in French universities are typically low and students are allowed to pursue independent research programmes at the elitist institutions of the country. Further, you can also go for dual-degree courses that are an exceptional combination of a master’s degree and a PhD.

Institutions: Université PSL , Ecole Polytechnique, etc

With the perks of affordable education and living costs, Finland is home to two of the world’s renowned research universities, i.e. the University of Helsinki and the Aalto University. Further, major PhD courses are offered in English and you don’t necessarily need to learn Finnish to pursue a course in the country.

Institutions: University of Helsinki , Aalto University, University of Eastern Finland etc.

Also Read: Study in Finland

Located at the heart of Europe, Austria provides a multitude of PhD programs in interdisciplinary specialisations of several disciplines such as Engineering, Applied Sciences, Humanities, etc. The country is home to a wide range of academic institutions offering opportunities in professional, medical and technical research.

Institutions: MODUL University of Vienna , University of Innsbruck, University of Graz, etc.

Emerging rapidly as a cosmopolitan hub, Belgium is internationally popular for its PhD programs in Political Science and International Relations. There are several reputable educational institutions in the country providing highly stimulating research opportunities for budding scholars. Also, the living costs and course fees are relatively lower as compared to other European cities.

Institutions: Universite de Liege , University of Mons, Université libre de Bruxelles, etc.

International researchers are welcome at Germany’s research organisations, universities, and enterprises, which provide good prospects for PhD students. Every year, over 29,000 graduate students complete a PhD in Germany, significantly more than in any other European Union member state.

Each European country is free to determine its own costs for doctorates and other degrees. However, EU member countries must charge the same tuition to students from other EU countries that they do on their own.

In general, it takes at least four years to earn a PhD in Europe, and examinations are not frequently necessary, as they are in other countries such as the United States.

Hence, Europe is filled with immense possibilities for those striving for PhD programs in specialised disciplines. If you are planning to pursue PhD in Europe, using the AI tool at Leverage Edu you can browse through various European institutions and their offered courses solely based on your unique interests, thereby helping you find the right doctoral program in your chosen field.

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Comparison of European And US-based PhD Education

What is the difference between getting a PhD Education in the US versus a European? What are the pros and cons of each? This blog article will help you answer these questions by providing helpful insights.

The Differences between US and European PhD Education.

The continents and countries that offer the best value may depend on several factors as well as your personal preferences. Which is one is best is a difficult question to answer, as each country has different tuition fees, research opportunities, and job prospects.  I highlight the differences using the following key areas. You decide as you read through.

• Application process
• Tuition and funding
• Structure of education
• Course work requirements
• Teaching requirement
• Comprehensive exam
• Publication requirements
• Time to complete

The application process for US-based vs. Europe PhD education  

Master’s Requirement:

In the US, depending on the area of focus (i.e., engineering, business), there may not be a requirement for a master’s degree before applying for a Ph.D. program. For example, Engineering Ph.D. programs do not require a master’s degree. However, some universities may bundle the Master’s degree requirements into the Ph.D. program. Most business schools in the US require a master’s degree before applying for a Ph.D. program. In Europe, there is a requirement for a Master’s degree.

Research Proposal:

In Europe, as part of the application process, prospective students must submit a research proposal with their application. This means that students are required to already know what they want to research for the Ph.D .

In the US, however, there isn’t a requirement to submit a research proposal.  Phew. This requirement would have disqualified me because I sure did not have a clear idea of what I wanted to study before I applied. I just knew the general area and wanted to learn all there was to know about that area. However, I could not have been able to articulate it in a research proposal at the time. I didn’t even know what a research proposal looked like.

Funding and tuition for US-based vs. Europe Ph.D. education 

Many European universities offer financial assistance for PhD education of students. Many have detailed information on how they fund, where the funding comes from, and the cost-of-living expenses. For example, on the University of Manchester’s website , you will not have to spend too much time searching to find information about their funding and commitment to funding.

In the US, the equivalent is also the case. However, it is more difficult to find information about their funding. When I was looking for a PhD Education program, I thought I was going to fund myself because this information was not clear to me. Some universities do better at marketing and explaining their funding opportunities than others. I think they should do more to make this information readily available and clear to prospective students.

By and large, I find that schools in the UK are more upfront about informing prospective students of their funding opportunities than schools in the US.

The average cost of obtaining a Ph.D. in the US is $120,000 (for four years), while in Europe, it is £38,600. This means that the US university system is more expensive than in Europe. But remember that most of this cost is funded by the university.

Structure of education for US-based vs. Europe Ph.D. education 

In the US, the 2-year period reserved for coursework does three main things. (1) It gives the student plenty of time to understand how the program works. (2) It also allows students to build relationships with potential advisors and understand their strengths and weaknesses, (3) It gives the student time to figure out a topic of interest to research. At the end of the 2 years is when students are supposed to write their Research Proposal.

In most European-based schools, the Research Proposal is required up front as an application requirement. Also, if an advisor with similar interests and capacity is available, the student is attached to an advisor. The advisor starts to work with the student to fine-tune the student’s research proposal and build upon it. This usually means that a student is only admitted to the program if there is an advisor available to supervise the student.

Course work requirement for US-based vs. Europe Ph.D. education 

US-based PhD Education programs have a 2-year coursework requirement. This means that when you start your program, you take classroom-based courses for 2 years so you learn how to do research and more especially how to quantitatively analyze data. In most European schools, coursework is not a requirement. They often do not have formal classroom-based coursework that makes it into a transcript.

This could potentially be a problem for European-trained PhDs seeking to move to the US. This is especially the case for early-career Ph.Ds., who do not yet have a history of publications. You see, these publications are evidence showing that one knows how to do research. Without the publication evidence or the transcripts that show that one took coursework, how are prospective schools assured that you can do good research?  

Publication requirement for US-based vs. Europe PhD education 

In the US, most universities expect doctoral candidates to publish at least one article in a peer-reviewed journal during their tenure as graduate students. This requirement can be a challenge for those unwilling to spend countless hours working on projects. However, it also allows students to develop strong research skills. European PhDs tend to have fewer research and publication expectations, and many programs do not require students to publish papers during their time as graduate students.

Time to complete a Ph.D. in a US-based vs. Europe PhD Education program 

The duration for completing a PhD education is similar in both locations. In the US, the average is 4 years for a full-time program. In the UK, it is also an average of 4 years for full-time programs. Students can do it in longer or shorter times. I completed mine in 4 years, and I know a few colleagues who did theirs in 3-years. Doing it in 3 years requires not just a lot more dedication; it also requires the full support of one’s advisor. If the advisor is not in support or not capable of pushing one through, it becomes a lot more improbable. 

Your current location

If your current location is in the US or Europe, then sometimes, where you pursue your PhD education boils down to your current location. The question of choice between the US and Europe could be something that only international students make.

I am based in Texas, US, and my choices were limited to the universities in a 50 – 100 mile radius. That’s it. I had family obligations that made it so, and I am happy that were constraints. Otherwise, the limitless choices would have even complicated my decision to pursue it in the first place.

By and large, figure out what’s important to you and stay within that framework.   

Regarding doctoral education, there are a few key differences between European and US-based programs. I hope this article provides an overview of the two systems, highlighting some of their differences. It is important to remember that no two places are alike, so if you’re looking for a specific type of doctoral program or environment, you’ll likely succeed more by identifying what’s important to you as you compare.

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Study in Europe 2022 "How to do a funded PhD in Europe"

Join us on Saturday, 24 September at 4pm (Singapore) to learn how you can carry out your doctoral training in Europe and how EURAXESS can support you on this journey! 

Europe boasts a huge diversity of opportunities for doctoral training. European PhD programmes enjoy international recognition for excellence thus providing an exceptional career launch pad for young researchers.

Many European countries charge very little or no fees for PhD studies while also offering scholarships for international applicants. The European Commission’s Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) offer funding for thousands of PhD students each year to carry out their doctoral research across Europe.

Find out about the MSCA Doctoral Fellowships and get tips & advice for your PhD journey from ASEAN PhD students in Europe!

The webinar will be held in English.

The blueprint proposes a concrete cooperation path and outlines support measures for European Union (EU) countries and their higher education systems towards the creation of a European degree.

As part of the package, the Commission has also adopted 2 proposals for Council recommendations on

• a European quality assurance and recognition system in higher education
• attractive and sustainable careers in higher education

Both proposals go beyond the pure ambition of developing a European degree and are advantageous for the wide and diverse higher education sector.

Blueprint for a European degree

This blueprint builds on the results of 6 Erasmus+ pilot projects that have involved more than 140 higher education institutions from all EU countries.

What is a European degree?

• A new type of degree awarded after transnational Bachelor, Master, or Doctoral programmes delivered at national, regional, or institutional level
• Automatically recognised everywhere in the EU
• Awarded jointly and on a voluntary basis by a group of universities across Europe
• Based on a common set of criteria agreed at European level
• Contribute to Europe’s competitiveness by equipping graduates with future-proof skills to master the green and digital transitions
• Provide a strong symbol of our common European identity and strong sense of European belonging, reinforcing our common academic values and bringing people and universities together

What is the added value of a European degree?

For students , it will offer more opportunities to study at various universities in different EU countries and to graduate with one universally recognised diploma. It will give access to innovative and transdisciplinary learning opportunities across campuses to acquire the future-proof skills that Europe needs. 

For higher education institutions , it will make it simpler to set up a joint degree programme with several universities across Europe, by removing unnecessary barriers. It will also help those universities to increase their competitiveness and attractiveness.

For employers , it will ease the recruitment of highly skilled qualified graduates who are ready to face the challenges of a rapidly changing world.

In view of the diversity of the European higher education systems across Europe, the Commission proposes a gradual approach for EU countries towards a European degree, with 2 possible entry points :

• A preparatory European label - given to joint degree programmes that meet the European criteria; this means students receive a European degree label certificate together with their joint degree
• A European degree - a new type of qualification awarded either jointly by several universities from different countries or possibly by a European legal entity established by such universities; this means students receive a ‘European degree’

How the Commission will support EU countries and the higher education sector

• A European degree policy lab to develop detailed guidelines and action plans for the implementation of a European degree with national experts, higher education institutions, quality assurance/accreditation agencies, students, and economic and social partners
• A new annual European degree forum that monitors progress and provides guidance, gathering high-level representatives from EU countries, key organisations in quality assurance and recognition, and representatives from economic and social partners
• New Erasmus+ support for European degree Pathway Projects enabling EU countries, together with their accreditation and quality assurance agencies, universities, students, economic and social partners, to navigate the pathway towards a European degree; and for European degree Design Measures to enable higher education institutions to adapt existing joint programmes or to create new ones leading to a European degree

Why do we need joint degree programmes?

Transnational education is no longer a ‘nice-to-have’ option but a necessity, as

• the key challenges of our time are becoming increasingly global, and Europe’s open strategic autonomy increasingly urgent
• future generations must be equipped with the competences and skills that European societies will need to thrive in an ever more interconnected world

For this, we need to facilitate and accelerate the development of future-proof joint degree programmes, especially a universally recognised, European degree.

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Towards a European quality assurance and recognition system

Quality assurance in higher education is key to ensure trust between universities and trust from employers in their degrees.

Although much has already been done, many higher education institutions in Europe indicate that quality assurance processes for transnational programmes are still too long, costly, and poorly fit for transnational joint programmes.

The European quality assurance and recognition system in higher education would

• foster transnational cooperation of higher education institutions in Europe
• facilitate people’s learning mobility
• facilitate development of joint programmes
• increase the ability to respond quickly to fast-changing societal and market needs with educational programmes
• contribute to automatic recognition of learning experiences abroad and qualifications

The proposal invites EU countries and higher education institutions to simplify and improve their quality assurance processes and practices. This would

• allow higher education institutions to adapt their programmes more quickly to societal needs
• endorse innovative pedagogical offers and ensure that higher education institutions can deliver more easily transnational programmes that are quality assured and automatically recognised across the EU

The proposal also invites EU countries and their higher education institutions to scrutinise existing tools and practices with a view to making them fit-for-purpose.

More attractive and sustainable academic careers

Delivering the European degree also requires dedicated and skilled staff.

The Commission’s proposal makes recommendations to

• ensure that national higher education systems address the uneven recognition of the diverse roles staff take on in addition to research - such as teaching, the development of transnational education activities, of micro-credentials, or mainstreaming sustainable development
• attract talent and retain it in academia
• create a working environment that offers high-quality and inclusive education, pioneering new joint transnational educational activities and ensuring knowledge sharing and relevant skills provision in a fast-moving world

To attract talented people and retain them in academic careers, higher education must offer competitive working conditions, where staff

• can thrive, regardless of their personal background,
• enjoy academic freedom in line with the principles of a democratic, open, fair, and inclusive society

Description of the eight EQF levels

Each of the 8 levels of the EQF is defined by a set of descriptors indicating the learning outcomes relevant to qualifications at that level in any qualifications system.

The learning outcomes are defined in terms of: 

Knowledge: in the context of EQF, knowledge is described as theoretical and/or factual.

Skills: In the context of EQF, skills are described as cognitive (involving the use of logical, intuitive and creative thinking) and practical (involving manual dexterity and the use of methods, materials, tools and instruments).

Responsibility and autonomy: In the context of the EQF responsibility and autonomy is described as the ability of the learner to apply knowledge and skills autonomously and with responsibility. 

Level 1 - learning outcomes

Level 2 - learning outcomes, level 3 - learning outcome, level 4 - learning outcomes, level 5 - learning outcomes, level 6 - learning outcomes, level 7 - learning outcomes, level 8 - learning outcomes, compatibility with the framework for qualifications of the european higher education area.

The Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area provides descriptors for three cycles agreed by the ministers responsible for higher education at their meeting in Bergen in May 2005 in the framework of the Bologna process. Each cycle descriptor offers a generic statement of typical expectations of achievements and abilities associated with qualifications that represent the end of that cycle.

1.    The descriptor for the short cycle developed by the Joint Quality Initiative as part of the Bologna process, (within or linked to the first cycle), corresponds to the learning outcomes for EQF level 5.

2.    The descriptor for the first cycle corresponds to the learning outcomes for EQF level 6. 

3.    The descriptor for the second cycle corresponds to the learning outcomes for EQF level 7.

4.    The descriptor for the third cycle corresponds to the learning outcomes for EQF level 8.

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