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10 Best Green & Environment Presentation Templates

Most people agree that green technologies are essential for saving the planet .

Whether it’s about waste management, renewable energy or clean water, we need to do more to keep our world a safe and clean place for future generations.

That’s the reason why we see much innovation in the environmental and green technology sector – not just because it means doing the right thing, but it’s also for a greater cause.

These eco and nature themed presentation templates will help you make a memorable presentation about most environment themed topics.

While all of the templates are available for Prezi presentation software only, some do also include a PowerPoint PPT version as a bonus.

1. Green Future Evolution Presentation Template

Want to save the planet or protect the environment? Start with this creative Presentation template showing a man holding a small island environment with a big tree and wind turbines. A presentation concept that illustrates global warming, renewable energy sources and protecting the planet against pollution. Template available as a Prezi presentation and also as PowerPoint PPT template. Go green and make your viewers green with an eye-catching green technology presentation.

2. Green Environment Ideas Presentation Template

How to organize an environmental event? This template might come handy! Prezi Template for a green/nature/environment presentation topic. Various green rectangles on a nature background with trees, grass, and butterflies. Talk about saving the environment, saving the nature, air pollution, economic ideas, recycling. Present about green energy, renewable energy sources, wind, solar energy, atmosphere, ozone, plants, gardening, wildlife.

3. Agriculture Presentation Template

Save water – save the planet! The presentation starts with an overview of a green plastic watering canister on a green grass and farm background. The whole template features a green color scheme with the nature in mind. Start pouring out your ideas and concepts from the canister – zoom into the rectangle shapes, and replace the demo content with your own. A creative concept for making an infographic diagram poster image for topics related with cultivation of land, breeding of animals or any other agricultural science. So hopefully your Prezi won’t need any pesticides or fertilizers… keep your presentation clean and fresh!

4. Green Eco Technology Presentation Template

Climate warming is one of the hottest topics of this century and the so called “Green Technologies” will try to solve the problem. So what exactly is green technology? Well it can be anything that helps to produce renewable energy or solve a waste problem and helps to keep our planet clean. This presentation template, which is available for both PowerPoint and Prezi, uses a 3D concept with a grass sphere which has a computer technology and microchip pattern on it. A futuristic and multipurpose template which can be used to present about any green technology related topic.

5. Green Energy Presentation Template

Green energy Prezi template can help demonstrate the importance of getting an alternative source of electricity for your house or work environment. Template has a green gradient background and different vector based shapes like arrows, solar panels. Template has a green gradient background and different vector based shapes like arrows, solar panels. Move elements, change texts.

6. Waste Management Presentation Template

The Waste Management Prezi template uses an instantly recognizable concept of a trash container and green slide backgrounds, which is also related to recycling. The presentation starts with an overview of the entire trash container, there’s plenty of empty space for you to add a presentation headline and subtitle on the asphalt background. Advance your presentation by zooming inside the rectangle shapes, which are semi-transparent, making the recycling center background slightly visible. You can also delete the background and use a solid color or your own background picture. We all know that the world is polluted and filled with mostly plastic waste, the questions is, will we do anything about it? You can start the revolution by making an interesting  presentation and cleaning up the room filled with other boring presentations.

7. Eco Technology Green Ideas Presentation

Prezi Template with the concept of Growing Ideas. Various green shaded cogs forming tree shapes and a cloud with water drops. Good template for a technology/future related presentation. Zoom into the elements are present your ideas. All separated elements, rearrange the animate cogs and create more trees. A good template for presentations related with green energy, nature, technology, innovation, making it work, fine tuning, details, evolution… Add your own background image.

8. Climate Change Presentation Template

3D Prezi Template with the world burning in flames concept. Illustrate global warming, climate changes, greenhouse gases and international pollution. Talk about the emission of carbon dioxide, fossil fuels, sea-level rise, ecological footprint or renewable energy. A very timely topic, considering the international climate change control meeting in France. Is it possible to stop global warming, what effects it does it have on our life – present about it.

9. Think Green Presentation Template

Prezi presentation Template for a green-thinker. Trees, nuclear power plant, wind turbines, butterflies and skyscrapers in various shades of green. Use the separated elements and create the design layout you need! A good template for a nature, pollution, green-energy related presentation. Talk about renewable energy sources, saving the environment and ozone.

10. Global Environment Presentation Template

3D animated infographic Prezi presentation Template with a tree revolving on a globe. Create a professional presentation about nature, economy, global growth, green energy. Includes flying colorful butterflies that symbolize pure nature, freedom… Insert your own symbols and customize the circle elements with your own colors. Good template for talking about environment, global warming, going green, ecosystems, atmosphere, ozone.

Green technologies are needed to save the planet… and you can also participate by choosing a “green” template for your next environment themed Presentation!

By using ready-made templates for your presentation, you can spend more time on focusing your story and message and less time on the visual side – we’ve already don’t that for you!

Each template is designed with passion and we truly hope these template will help to serve a good purpose – by becoming an informative and creative presentation on an environmental topic!

If you use one of these templates for a presentation, be sure to also let us know, so we can feature your work!

Make Your Presentations Unforgettable .

Download our most 25 eye-catching presentation templates that will Wow your audience every time.

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Presentation

1. Why an Encyclopedia of the Environment?

The environment  is a wide series of topics that covers:

– the Earth’s environments where life develops,  air, water and soil , – the conditions offered to life and in particular  the climate , which are of great concern in this 21st century, – the strong links between nature and life, the origin and erosion of  biodiversity ,  ecosystems  and their evolution, – but also the interactions between  man , nature and all living beings.

It is a subject that often makes the   headlines , particularly with regard to fears raised by disasters, pollution or climate change and the burning obligation to protect the environment by promoting sustainable development. Our environment also remains  an inexhaustible source of wonder and questioning  that requires some familiarity with a foundation of   scientific knowledge  important for everyone to forge their opinion on the issues our society is facing.

2. Organization

Due to the closely related themes and the coverage of their audiences, this  Encyclopédie de l’Environnement  and the   Encyclopédie de l’Énergie ( www.encyclopedie-energie.org ) have consolidated their activities within the  Association des  Encyclopédies de l’Environnement et de l’Énergie ( www.a3e.fr ), while each maintaining its site and editorial autonomy. This association is linked to the initial guardianship of the encyclopedias, the  Université Grenoble Alpes  (UGA) and  Grenoble INP , by a convention, and is sponsored by the  Académie des Sciences .

3. Editorial Committee

This open-access site is intended to help any reader to put into perspective, in a coherent and objective way, the available knowledge on the environment. In abundantly illustrated articles signed by their author s, it describes the phenomena and proposes a first level of explanation based on proven evidence, with references to original sources.  All these texts have been the subject of an expertise by an editorial committee, which now includes a French and a Chinese section. The latter is specifically in charge of appraising texts published in Chinese, both the translations of texts originally published in French or English and original articles by Chinese authors. The Encyclopedia of the Environment thus becomes a trilingual site, where each article is accessible in French, English and Chinese.

The set of articles is organised into eight sections , each led by experts on the subject, themselves divided into thematic modules that include one or more articles. Thanks to a unified format and numerous links, these articles form a coherent whole, the ergonomics of which allow the reader to quickly access any subject identified by a keyword . A contact form allows the reader to join the authors and comment on their articles.

In order to cover all environmental topics, the first editorial managers of the Encyclopedia of the Environment, Jacques Joyard, René Moreau and Joël Sommeria, surrounded themselves with recognized experts to form the French section of the Editorial Committee of the Encyclopedia.

Since November 2020, following the signature of an agreement between A3E (Association of the Encyclopedias of Environment and Energy) and its Chinese counterpart CA3E (Chinese Association of the Encyclopedias of Environment and Energy), the Chinese section of the Editorial Committee has been settled. It is co-chaired by two members of the CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Professors Yanfen Wang and Jiachun Li.

The compositions of the French and Chinese sections of the Editorial Board are shown in the following tables, which indicate the specialties and affiliations of each editor.

Table of the French co-editors of the Encyclopedia of Environment

Table of the Chinese co-editors of the Encyclopedia of Environment

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What Is the Environment?

Oct 15, 2014

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What Is the Environment?. The environment is something you are very familiar with. It's everything that makes up our surroundings and affects our ability to live on the earth. the air we breathe, the water that covers most of the earth's surface, the plants and animals around us.

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• global warming
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• reduce water pollution
• buy energy efficient products

Presentation Transcript

What Is the Environment? The environment is something you are very familiar with. It's everything that makes up our surroundings and affects our ability to live on the earth . the air we breathe, the water that covers most of the earth's surface, the plants and animals around us.

How People Have Affected the Environment? In recent years, scientists have been carefully examining the ways that people affect the environment. They have found that we are causing air pollution, deforestation, acid rain, and other problems that are dangerous both to the earth and to ourselves.

Environmental Issues: * Global Warming & the Greenhouse Effect Global Warming: How Does Global Warming Affect Our Health? Global warming currentlycontributes to more than 150,000 deaths and 5 million illnesses every year, according to the World Health Organization

Pollution Pollution can take many forms. The air we breathe, the water we drink, the ground where we grow our food, and even the increasing noise we hear every day— all contribute to health problems and a lower quality of life.

More than 10 million people in eight different countries are at serious risk for cancer, respiratory diseases, and premature death.

What Can We Do to Reduce Global Warming ? You can help to reduce the demand for fossil fuels, which in turn reduces global warming, by using energy more wisely. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning Change a light bulb Drive less and drive smart Buy Energy-Efficient Products Use Less Hot Water

Use the "Off" Switch Plant a tree Encourage Others to Conserve

Ways to Reduce Air Pollution turn off appliances and lights when you leave the room. Recycle paper, plastic, glass bottles, cardboard, and aluminum cans. Keep woodstoves and fireplaces well maintained. Connect your outdoor lights to a timer or use solar lighting. Wash clothes with warm or cold water instead of hot. Choose not to smoke in your home, especially if you have children.

Ways to Reduce Water Pollution Reduce the amount of runoff that comes from your property Minimize your use of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Properly store and dispose of chemicals. Clean up pet waste. Pick up litter and properly dispose of trash.

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GREEN PAGES. St James Caring For God’s World. What St James is doing to help the environment. What St James is doing to help the environment. You will have seen the Green Principles pages. What is St James doing ?. . Kitchen. Hall. St James Church. Office. TeaBar. GREEN PAGES.

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What is Geography? What is the Coastal Zone?

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State eyes an increase in assistance calls on wild animals

TALLAHASSEE --- Bears and coyotes and raccoons, oh my!

As Florida’s population expands, state wildlife officials have seen a more than 33 percent increase in calls for assistance related to wild animals during the past five years, according to a presentation that could go before the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission this week.

While no proposed changes are recommended to the agency’s Wildlife Assistance Program, the discussion comes as legislation awaits action by Gov. Ron DeSantis that would bolster self-defense arguments for people who kill bears on their property.

The presentation --- tentatively on the agenda as the commission prepares to meet Wednesday and Thursday at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach --- outlines how Florida’s growing human population is coinciding with an increase in people interacting with wildlife.

While calls include sightings and interactions involving animals such as bobcats, foxes, bats, raptors and snakes, Lisa Thompson, a spokeswoman for the agency’s Division of Habitat and Species Conservation, estimated in an email that about 33 percent involve bears. Another 16 percent are because of coyotes and 7 percent involve raccoons.

And while calls are received statewide, most are from the northeast and southwest regions of Florida, Thompson said. The number of calls grew from 10,575 during the 2018-2019 fiscal year to 14,184 during the 2022-2023 fiscal year.

Most involve such things as wildlife in populated areas, getting into trash or causing property damage, not imminent public-safety threats.

“In most cases, unless there is an imminent safety concern, agency response does not include removing or relocating wildlife,” according to the presentation developed by Greg Kaufmann, the commission’s Wildlife Assistance Program administrator. “Messaging that incorporates current human-dimensions research and the best available science is an integral part of the program’s long-term approach to addressing human-wildlife conflict issues.”

The Wildlife Assistance Program, with an annual cost of about $630,000, was established in 2013, two years before Florida’s most-recent sanctioned bear hunt.

Meanwhile, requests have increased during the past year for the commission to approve another hunt, particularly due to human-bear conflicts in rural areas of Northwest Florida. Bear hunts have long been controversial.

Asked if the agency is feeling pressure from people seeking a bear hunt to make changes to prevent conflicts outlined in the presentation, Thompson said the commission continues “to focus on education and outreach as the primary ways in which to help prevent and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts.”

“As requests for assistance with conflicts with wildlife change or increase, staff will address to ensure we are responding appropriately,” Thompson added.

Lawmakers this year passed a bill (HB 87) that, in part, says people would not be subject to penalties for killing bears if they “reasonably believed that his or her action was necessary to avoid an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to himself or herself or to another, an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to a pet or substantial damage to a dwelling.”

People who shoot bears would be required to notify the agency within 24 hours and show they did not intentionally place themselves or pets in situations where they needed to kill bears. Also, people would not be allowed to possess or sell bear carcasses after the killings.

Supporters of the measure pointed to increased incidents of bears venturing into residential communities in Northwest Florida, with some advocating for a sanctioned bear hunt.

Rep. Jason Shoaf, a Port St. Joe Republican who sponsored the legislation, said during a Franklin County legislative delegation meeting in September that “this bear problem is out of control.”

“We’re inundated,” Shoaf said at the time. “We’ve got way too many. Until we do that, we’re going to continue to have these problems.”

Critics of the bill contend the change will result in increased deaths of once-threatened bears. They say the state should expand the BearWise program, which includes education and the promotion of containers to secure trash that could lure hungry wildlife.

But the program requires people to take steps to reduce lures to wildlife.

“We do have bear-proof garbage cans,” Rep. Allison Tant, D-Tallahassee said when the House approved the bill in March. “And you know what, oftentimes, after the garbage is picked up, the tops are not secured again. So, the bears come back and come back and come back.”

Tant supported the measure, pointing to an increase in bears threatening farmers’ livestock in her North Florida district.

The proposed fiscal year 2024-2025 budget includes $683,500 to provide bear-resistant trash containers to Franklin County, which is south of Tallahassee. The budget and the bill about shooting bears have not been formally sent to DeSantis.

The state had about 4,050 bears, according to a 2017 estimate by the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, the most recent available data.

The numbers had fallen to between 300 to 500 in the 1970s, but the species was able to rebound while listed by the state as threatened. That designation was lifted in 2012 when a new management plan was approved.

EPA designates 2 forever chemicals as hazardous substances

by GEOFF HARRIS | The National Desk

WASHINGTON (TND) — The Environmental Protection Agency announced Friday the designation of two forever chemicals as hazardous substances.

Some people have termed them forever chemicals where they don't actually last forever but they can last for a very long time either in the environment or in the human body," said John Meeker, a Professor of Environmental Studies at the University of Michigan.

The chemicals, PFOA and PFOS, have been used in cookware, carpets, and firefighting foams. However, this new designation doesn't mean the PFAS are being banned; rather it requires that the release of the chemicals must be reported if they exceed certain levels.

It simply means that their release into the environment has to be controlled and has to be communicated to the EPA," said Marta Venier, an Environmental Professor at Indiana University.

While most hazardous substances are already designated as hazardous under different environmental laws, designating them under the Superfund Law , which is the case here, also gives the EPA authority to designate other substances that might be found at contaminated sites as hazardous.

This means that the clean up will happen faster," Venier said.

But some don't agree. ABC News reports that the American Chemistry Council strongly opposes the EPA's actions saying that the Superfund Law is expensive and ineffective.

If an area becomes denominated as a Superfund site, then there's got to be money to clean it up and whoever is responsible for pollution will contribute paying," said Venier.

The EPA provided The National Desk with a statement in response to the American Chemistry Council's comments.

"PFAS, including PFOA and PFOS, are a nationwide concern because exposure to these chemicals is linked to significant adverse human health impacts, including cancers, impacts to the liver and heart, and immune and developmental damage to infants and children. These substances were in wide use, and they persist and are mobile once released into the environment."

“Designating these chemicals under our Superfund authority will allow EPA to address more contaminated sites, take earlier action, and expedite cleanups, all while ensuring polluters pay for the costs to clean up pollution threatening the health of communities.” Further, the designation will help reduce the risk of exposure to PFOA and PFOS in communities living near these contaminated sites, many of which are already overburdened with pollution. Finally, the rule will enable the use of enforcement authorities under CERCLA and ensure that polluters, instead of taxpayers, can be held responsible to pay for or conduct investigations and cleanup," EPA Administrator Michael S. Regan said.

Leaked presentation reveals Microsoft's astounding plan to ramp up data-center capacity for the AI boom

• Microsoft's data-center capacity jumped in recent quarters, a leaked internal presentation shows.
• The company is planning even faster data-center growth in the coming quarters.
• Microsoft delivered "record-level GPU capacity," according to the presentation.

Microsoft significantly expanded its data-center capacity recently and plans to ramp up growth to astounding levels going forward, according to an internal document obtained by Business Insider.

Since July 2023, the start of Microsoft's latest fiscal year, the company delivered more than 500 megawatts of new data-center capacity , the document disclosed.

This document was part of a confidential slide deck from the company's Cloud Operations and Innovation team that was presented earlier this year.

Under the heading "Commercial Cloud and AI Demands: Fueling our Expansion," the document said Microsoft surpassed 5 gigawatts of total data-center installed capacity in the first half of its latest fiscal year.

The rise of generative artificial intelligence and huge foundation models is fueling a new data-center boom . Microsoft is leading the way through its partnership with OpenAI , the startup behind ChatGPT and GPT-4 .

These AI models need to be trained on mountains of data and then fine-tuned intensely. That takes thousands of GPUs and a pile of other related gear that's housed in huge data centers. These facilities use so much power that their capacity is measured in megawatts and gigawatts of electricity.

Shaolei Ren , an electrical and computer engineering professor at the University of California, Riverside, said Microsoft's 5 gigawatts of installed data-center capacity, if fully used, would be equivalent to Hong Kong or Portugal's annual electricity consumption.

"Astonishing speed"

It doesn't stop there. The software giant laid out even more radical growth plans for its data-center empire in the document obtained by BI.

Related stories

"With a strong Commercial Cloud business, our goal is clear," Microsoft said in this part of the slide presentation.

Microsoft wants to double new data-center capacity in the second half of its fiscal year. This runs from early 2024 to the middle of this year.

In the first half of Microsoft's 2025 fiscal year, which runs from early July through the end of 2024, the company aims to "achieve 3x growth" in new data-center capacity.

This requires Microsoft to deliver more than 200 megawatts in data-center capacity every month.

"This is an astonishing speed," Ren told BI. "This is a very large data-center capacity."

Ren said Microsoft's capacity plans suggested the company was either seeing huge demand or simply wanting to stay competitive by securing future power capacity that otherwise might be taken by competitors.

He added that this also raised questions about the environmental consequences of adding such a large data-center footprint, given the carbon emissions and water consumption of the facilities.

A Microsoft spokesperson declined to comment.

'Record-level GPU capacity'

The company is also securing a record number of GPUs to handle new AI workloads in data centers.

In the second half of last year, Microsoft delivered "record-level GPU capacity," more than doubling its total installed GPU base, the document said, without mentioning actual numbers.

Microsoft's GPU footprint expanded into 39 additional data centers in this period, and the company now has "AI clusters" live in 98 locations globally.

Contact the reporter, Eugene Kim, via the encrypted-messaging apps Signal or Telegram ( +1-650-942-3061 ) or email ( [email protected] ). Reach out using a nonwork device. Check out Business Insider's source guide for other tips on sharing information securely.

Axel Springer, Business Insider's parent company, has a global deal to allow OpenAI to train its models on its media brands' reporting.

Watch: How tech layoffs could affect the economy

• Main content

How-To Geek

I spent a week with plasma 6.0 for linux, here are the highlights.

A stranger in a strange land. What does a GNOME user make of a week working in KDE Plasma 6.0?

Quick Links

The desktop environment and getting work done, first impressions, the dolphin file browser, the default kde applications, kde plasma 6.0 performance, settings, lots of settings, stability: generally good..., will i stick with plasma 6.0, key takeaways.

• Plasma 6.0 is feature-rich with seemingly endless customization options. It's developed by KDE with support from major companies.
• The Dolphin file browser is excellent, with split windows, easy navigation, and features like a collapsible tree.
• Plasma 6.0 is fast and stable, with lots of settings for customization, but you may have compatibility issues with Wayland support.
• Plasma 6.0 is a serious contender as your desktop environment on domestic and business computers alike.

I’ve always been aware of the KDE Plasma desktop, and occasionally I’ve dabbled with it out of curiosity. Here’s what a GNOME user discovered when I used it exclusively for one week.

I use my computers to earn my living. My number one priority is getting work done. That means I need to have solid, dependable software available to me, and both the software and operating system must be stable. Likewise, the desktop environment.

Your desktop environment (DE) is a facilitator, allowing you to efficiently run applications and administer your computer. It’s the uber-app that launches other apps, defines the look and feel of your desktop and windows, and accommodates (and to a greater or lesser degree, actually defines ) your workflow.

On Linux, your desktop environment (DE) isn’t a fixed component of the operating system. You can drop just about any DE on any Linux distribution. And yet I’ve stuck with GNOME for many years. Partly because GNOME suits my needs, stays out of my face, and lets me get on with my work, and partly because of the “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” syndrome.

The Plasma desktop , often called simply Plasma, is a full-fat feature-rich desktop with a reputation for endless customization options. It’s developed as free and open-source software by KDE , a free software community with the backing of KDE patrons including Canonical , Google, and the Qt Group , the developers of the Qt interface and windowing toolkit used in Plasma.

I know how to drive GNOME. What would be the reward for climbing the learning curve with another DE? What could it do that was materially better for me? I’ve installed different desktops for specific reasons, such as putting a lightweight DE on very old hardware, but my mainline, daily driver has always been GNOME.

With Plasma 6.0 recently released , it seemed like a great time to take a serious look at it. I used Plasma exclusively for a week, and this is how it went.

I installed Plasma on Arch to get a plain-vanilla spin of Plasma. To get work done I need to navigate the file system, launch and install applications, and change settings in the DE.

My initial impression was Plasma looked great.

The panel, or toolbar, at the bottom of the desktop, has a refined touch of class to it. The system tray icons on the far right, in particular, look great in their monochrome minimalist style.

The Plasma equivalent of a Start button, the Application Launcher, is located to the far left, and there are shortcut icons to some frequently used apps such as System Settings and the Dolphin file browser alongside it.

Launched applications add their icon to the panel, and display a nicely sized thumbnail if you hover your mouse over their icon.

By default, Plasma windows have their close, minimize, and maximize icons on the top right, and a small application icon on the top left. Clicking the icon and choosing “More Actions” from the menu gives you access to a further set of options for the window, including keeping this window on top of other windows.

You can change wallpapers, icons, system sounds, window decorations, and more in the System Settings application, under the "Colors and Themes" section.

You can choose from a selection of off-the-peg themes, download more themes , and edit the elements of a theme to fine-tune it to your preferences.

We spend a lot of time in our file browsers, so the easier they are to use the better. The Dolphin browser is an excellent example of what a file browser should be.

Being able to split the file window into two, and to navigate each side of the split to different directories makes moving and copying files a breeze.

Yes, you can do this in other file browsers, but a small icon labeled "Split" has to be the easiest way to do this. Likewise, the Icons View, Compact View, and Details View icons make these common actions accessible and simple.

And what’s really nice is the Details View has a collapsible tree built right into it.

A departure from traditional Dolphin behavior actually works in my favor. You now click once to select and click twice to action something, which makes Plasma work the way I’m used to working in GNOME. The previous Plasma scheme used a single click to action a file or folder.

Having a list of mounted drives, each with a visual depiction of used and free space, is such a useful feature it makes you wonder why others don’t adopt this.

Plasma 6.0 comes well-equipped, with a collection of software applications already installed. They’re all accessible from the Application Launcher.

You can search by name, browse through categories such as Development, Graphics, and Internet, or pick from frequently used applications.

There are applications covering all your typical needs, like productivity suites, email clients, image viewers, and so on. If you want to use a particular application that isn't preloaded, you can install it on the command line in the usual way for your distribution, or you can use the Discover software center, which acts as an app store for Plasma.

As you’d expect, Discover lets you browse, search for, and install applications. Many applications let you choose between a Flatpak or Snap version.

I installed LibreOffice as a Flatpak.

A small progress bar in the lower left lets you know how close to completion your installation is.

Once installed and launched, LibreOffice looked like any other application in Plasma, with the appropriate window and dialog decorations from the desktop theme.

Plasma 6.0 was fast and snappy, even though it was running on a virtual machine for my week-long GNOME detox. Even so, applications were launched quickly, windows snapped open almost instantaneously, and using Ctrl+F9 (you can reconfigure these keystrokes) to hop into the overview happened in the blink of an eye.

An identically provisioned Arch+GNOME virtual machine booted to the desktop in 14 seconds, but my Arch+Plasma virtual machine took 22 seconds on the same hardware. These measurements are a little fuzzy because they include the time it took me to enter the password. Even so, they do show a noticeable difference.

In practice, it didn’t make much difference. I’m not rebooting multiple times a day. Once Plasma was up and running it was as fast as I needed it to be.

There are a lot of settings contained within the Settings application. Thankfully, they’re carefully collated into sensible categories, and there’s a search facility too.

There seem to be options for everything. It can feel a little overwhelming to users of other desktop environments that give you, by comparison, a limited ability to exercise personal choice.

The good news is, that the defaults are fine, certainly until you find your feet and feel the need to change things. Existing users of Plasma who prefer things the way they were, such as a single click opening a directory or actioning a file, can easily set things back to their previous behavior.

Plasma 6.0 is touted as having much-improved support for Wayland, but I couldn’t get it to work at all. Swapping back to X11 brought everything to life, and no doubt Wayland support will continue to improve. The chatter on forums tells me it works just fine for many people.

I had the Discover app store crash on me a few times, but that was about it. Everything else ran perfectly well, including the applications I manually installed and made heavy use of every day, such as LibreOffice.

I write software that has to run in GNOME and must use the GTK framework, so a DE based on Qt isn’t the best fit for me. However, that’s the only stumbling block and it won't apply to most users.

From what I encountered during my one-week test, I don’t have a problem with anything else. There wasn’t any great culture shock getting to grips with Plasma, nor anything I missed terribly from GNOME . If you know your way around a typical DE, moving in either direction would be easy.

I’m not interested in the granular customization that Plasma offers, but I’m gratified that it’s there for those who want it. Linux is all about choice, after all. But you can certainly use Plasma without once thinking about tweaking it.

Plasma looks great, runs fine, and it took very little time to become productive. I was worried I’d lose too much of my week fighting the DE, and too little time doing actual revenue-generating work, but that wasn’t so.

I’m not about to jump ship and move to Plasma right now. But never say never. My experiment has shown me that such a day might eventually come to pass.

• Open access
• Published: 18 April 2024

Research ethics and artificial intelligence for global health: perspectives from the global forum on bioethics in research

• James Shaw 1 , 13 ,
• Joseph Ali 2 , 3 ,
• Caesar A. Atuire 4 , 5 ,
• Phaik Yeong Cheah 6 ,
• Armando Guio Español 7 ,
• Judy Wawira Gichoya 8 ,
• Adrienne Hunt 9 ,
• Daudi Jjingo 10 ,
• Katherine Littler 9 ,
• Daniela Paolotti 11 &
• Effy Vayena 12  

BMC Medical Ethics volume  25 , Article number:  46 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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The ethical governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in health care and public health continues to be an urgent issue for attention in policy, research, and practice. In this paper we report on central themes related to challenges and strategies for promoting ethics in research involving AI in global health, arising from the Global Forum on Bioethics in Research (GFBR), held in Cape Town, South Africa in November 2022.

The GFBR is an annual meeting organized by the World Health Organization and supported by the Wellcome Trust, the US National Institutes of Health, the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the South African MRC. The forum aims to bring together ethicists, researchers, policymakers, research ethics committee members and other actors to engage with challenges and opportunities specifically related to research ethics. In 2022 the focus of the GFBR was “Ethics of AI in Global Health Research”. The forum consisted of 6 case study presentations, 16 governance presentations, and a series of small group and large group discussions. A total of 87 participants attended the forum from 31 countries around the world, representing disciplines of bioethics, AI, health policy, health professional practice, research funding, and bioinformatics. In this paper, we highlight central insights arising from GFBR 2022.

We describe the significance of four thematic insights arising from the forum: (1) Appropriateness of building AI, (2) Transferability of AI systems, (3) Accountability for AI decision-making and outcomes, and (4) Individual consent. We then describe eight recommendations for governance leaders to enhance the ethical governance of AI in global health research, addressing issues such as AI impact assessments, environmental values, and fair partnerships.

Conclusions

The 2022 Global Forum on Bioethics in Research illustrated several innovations in ethical governance of AI for global health research, as well as several areas in need of urgent attention internationally. This summary is intended to inform international and domestic efforts to strengthen research ethics and support the evolution of governance leadership to meet the demands of AI in global health research.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

The ethical governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in health care and public health continues to be an urgent issue for attention in policy, research, and practice [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Beyond the growing number of AI applications being implemented in health care, capabilities of AI models such as Large Language Models (LLMs) expand the potential reach and significance of AI technologies across health-related fields [ 4 , 5 ]. Discussion about effective, ethical governance of AI technologies has spanned a range of governance approaches, including government regulation, organizational decision-making, professional self-regulation, and research ethics review [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. In this paper, we report on central themes related to challenges and strategies for promoting ethics in research involving AI in global health research, arising from the Global Forum on Bioethics in Research (GFBR), held in Cape Town, South Africa in November 2022. Although applications of AI for research, health care, and public health are diverse and advancing rapidly, the insights generated at the forum remain highly relevant from a global health perspective. After summarizing important context for work in this domain, we highlight categories of ethical issues emphasized at the forum for attention from a research ethics perspective internationally. We then outline strategies proposed for research, innovation, and governance to support more ethical AI for global health.

In this paper, we adopt the definition of AI systems provided by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as our starting point. Their definition states that an AI system is “a machine-based system that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing real or virtual environments. AI systems are designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy” [ 9 ]. The conceptualization of an algorithm as helping to constitute an AI system, along with hardware, other elements of software, and a particular context of use, illustrates the wide variety of ways in which AI can be applied. We have found it useful to differentiate applications of AI in research as those classified as “AI systems for discovery” and “AI systems for intervention”. An AI system for discovery is one that is intended to generate new knowledge, for example in drug discovery or public health research in which researchers are seeking potential targets for intervention, innovation, or further research. An AI system for intervention is one that directly contributes to enacting an intervention in a particular context, for example informing decision-making at the point of care or assisting with accuracy in a surgical procedure.

The mandate of the GFBR is to take a broad view of what constitutes research and its regulation in global health, with special attention to bioethics in Low- and Middle- Income Countries. AI as a group of technologies demands such a broad view. AI development for health occurs in a variety of environments, including universities and academic health sciences centers where research ethics review remains an important element of the governance of science and innovation internationally [ 10 , 11 ]. In these settings, research ethics committees (RECs; also known by different names such as Institutional Review Boards or IRBs) make decisions about the ethical appropriateness of projects proposed by researchers and other institutional members, ultimately determining whether a given project is allowed to proceed on ethical grounds [ 12 ].

However, research involving AI for health also takes place in large corporations and smaller scale start-ups, which in some jurisdictions fall outside the scope of research ethics regulation. In the domain of AI, the question of what constitutes research also becomes blurred. For example, is the development of an algorithm itself considered a part of the research process? Or only when that algorithm is tested under the formal constraints of a systematic research methodology? In this paper we take an inclusive view, in which AI development is included in the definition of research activity and within scope for our inquiry, regardless of the setting in which it takes place. This broad perspective characterizes the approach to “research ethics” we take in this paper, extending beyond the work of RECs to include the ethical analysis of the wide range of activities that constitute research as the generation of new knowledge and intervention in the world.

Ethical governance of AI in global health

The ethical governance of AI for global health has been widely discussed in recent years. The World Health Organization (WHO) released its guidelines on ethics and governance of AI for health in 2021, endorsing a set of six ethical principles and exploring the relevance of those principles through a variety of use cases. The WHO guidelines also provided an overview of AI governance, defining governance as covering “a range of steering and rule-making functions of governments and other decision-makers, including international health agencies, for the achievement of national health policy objectives conducive to universal health coverage.” (p. 81) The report usefully provided a series of recommendations related to governance of seven domains pertaining to AI for health: data, benefit sharing, the private sector, the public sector, regulation, policy observatories/model legislation, and global governance. The report acknowledges that much work is yet to be done to advance international cooperation on AI governance, especially related to prioritizing voices from Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) in global dialogue.

One important point emphasized in the WHO report that reinforces the broader literature on global governance of AI is the distribution of responsibility across a wide range of actors in the AI ecosystem. This is especially important to highlight when focused on research for global health, which is specifically about work that transcends national borders. Alami et al. (2020) discussed the unique risks raised by AI research in global health, ranging from the unavailability of data in many LMICs required to train locally relevant AI models to the capacity of health systems to absorb new AI technologies that demand the use of resources from elsewhere in the system. These observations illustrate the need to identify the unique issues posed by AI research for global health specifically, and the strategies that can be employed by all those implicated in AI governance to promote ethically responsible use of AI in global health research.

RECs and the regulation of research involving AI

RECs represent an important element of the governance of AI for global health research, and thus warrant further commentary as background to our paper. Despite the importance of RECs, foundational questions have been raised about their capabilities to accurately understand and address ethical issues raised by studies involving AI. Rahimzadeh et al. (2023) outlined how RECs in the United States are under-prepared to align with recent federal policy requiring that RECs review data sharing and management plans with attention to the unique ethical issues raised in AI research for health [ 13 ]. Similar research in South Africa identified variability in understanding of existing regulations and ethical issues associated with health-related big data sharing and management among research ethics committee members [ 14 , 15 ]. The effort to address harms accruing to groups or communities as opposed to individuals whose data are included in AI research has also been identified as a unique challenge for RECs [ 16 , 17 ]. Doerr and Meeder (2022) suggested that current regulatory frameworks for research ethics might actually prevent RECs from adequately addressing such issues, as they are deemed out of scope of REC review [ 16 ]. Furthermore, research in the United Kingdom and Canada has suggested that researchers using AI methods for health tend to distinguish between ethical issues and social impact of their research, adopting an overly narrow view of what constitutes ethical issues in their work [ 18 ].

The challenges for RECs in adequately addressing ethical issues in AI research for health care and public health exceed a straightforward survey of ethical considerations. As Ferretti et al. (2021) contend, some capabilities of RECs adequately cover certain issues in AI-based health research, such as the common occurrence of conflicts of interest where researchers who accept funds from commercial technology providers are implicitly incentivized to produce results that align with commercial interests [ 12 ]. However, some features of REC review require reform to adequately meet ethical needs. Ferretti et al. outlined weaknesses of RECs that are longstanding and those that are novel to AI-related projects, proposing a series of directions for development that are regulatory, procedural, and complementary to REC functionality. The work required on a global scale to update the REC function in response to the demands of research involving AI is substantial.

These issues take greater urgency in the context of global health [ 19 ]. Teixeira da Silva (2022) described the global practice of “ethics dumping”, where researchers from high income countries bring ethically contentious practices to RECs in low-income countries as a strategy to gain approval and move projects forward [ 20 ]. Although not yet systematically documented in AI research for health, risk of ethics dumping in AI research is high. Evidence is already emerging of practices of “health data colonialism”, in which AI researchers and developers from large organizations in high-income countries acquire data to build algorithms in LMICs to avoid stricter regulations [ 21 ]. This specific practice is part of a larger collection of practices that characterize health data colonialism, involving the broader exploitation of data and the populations they represent primarily for commercial gain [ 21 , 22 ]. As an additional complication, AI algorithms trained on data from high-income contexts are unlikely to apply in straightforward ways to LMIC settings [ 21 , 23 ]. In the context of global health, there is widespread acknowledgement about the need to not only enhance the knowledge base of REC members about AI-based methods internationally, but to acknowledge the broader shifts required to encourage their capabilities to more fully address these and other ethical issues associated with AI research for health [ 8 ].

Although RECs are an important part of the story of the ethical governance of AI for global health research, they are not the only part. The responsibilities of supra-national entities such as the World Health Organization, national governments, organizational leaders, commercial AI technology providers, health care professionals, and other groups continue to be worked out internationally. In this context of ongoing work, examining issues that demand attention and strategies to address them remains an urgent and valuable task.

The GFBR is an annual meeting organized by the World Health Organization and supported by the Wellcome Trust, the US National Institutes of Health, the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the South African MRC. The forum aims to bring together ethicists, researchers, policymakers, REC members and other actors to engage with challenges and opportunities specifically related to research ethics. Each year the GFBR meeting includes a series of case studies and keynotes presented in plenary format to an audience of approximately 100 people who have applied and been competitively selected to attend, along with small-group breakout discussions to advance thinking on related issues. The specific topic of the forum changes each year, with past topics including ethical issues in research with people living with mental health conditions (2021), genome editing (2019), and biobanking/data sharing (2018). The forum is intended to remain grounded in the practical challenges of engaging in research ethics, with special interest in low resource settings from a global health perspective. A post-meeting fellowship scheme is open to all LMIC participants, providing a unique opportunity to apply for funding to further explore and address the ethical challenges that are identified during the meeting.

In 2022, the focus of the GFBR was “Ethics of AI in Global Health Research”. The forum consisted of 6 case study presentations (both short and long form) reporting on specific initiatives related to research ethics and AI for health, and 16 governance presentations (both short and long form) reporting on actual approaches to governing AI in different country settings. A keynote presentation from Professor Effy Vayena addressed the topic of the broader context for AI ethics in a rapidly evolving field. A total of 87 participants attended the forum from 31 countries around the world, representing disciplines of bioethics, AI, health policy, health professional practice, research funding, and bioinformatics. The 2-day forum addressed a wide range of themes. The conference report provides a detailed overview of each of the specific topics addressed while a policy paper outlines the cross-cutting themes (both documents are available at the GFBR website: https://www.gfbr.global/past-meetings/16th-forum-cape-town-south-africa-29-30-november-2022/ ). As opposed to providing a detailed summary in this paper, we aim to briefly highlight central issues raised, solutions proposed, and the challenges facing the research ethics community in the years to come.

In this way, our primary aim in this paper is to present a synthesis of the challenges and opportunities raised at the GFBR meeting and in the planning process, followed by our reflections as a group of authors on their significance for governance leaders in the coming years. We acknowledge that the views represented at the meeting and in our results are a partial representation of the universe of views on this topic; however, the GFBR leadership invested a great deal of resources in convening a deeply diverse and thoughtful group of researchers and practitioners working on themes of bioethics related to AI for global health including those based in LMICs. We contend that it remains rare to convene such a strong group for an extended time and believe that many of the challenges and opportunities raised demand attention for more ethical futures of AI for health. Nonetheless, our results are primarily descriptive and are thus not explicitly grounded in a normative argument. We make effort in the Discussion section to contextualize our results by describing their significance and connecting them to broader efforts to reform global health research and practice.

Uniquely important ethical issues for AI in global health research

Presentations and group dialogue over the course of the forum raised several issues for consideration, and here we describe four overarching themes for the ethical governance of AI in global health research. Brief descriptions of each issue can be found in Table  1 . Reports referred to throughout the paper are available at the GFBR website provided above.

The first overarching thematic issue relates to the appropriateness of building AI technologies in response to health-related challenges in the first place. Case study presentations referred to initiatives where AI technologies were highly appropriate, such as in ear shape biometric identification to more accurately link electronic health care records to individual patients in Zambia (Alinani Simukanga). Although important ethical issues were raised with respect to privacy, trust, and community engagement in this initiative, the AI-based solution was appropriately matched to the challenge of accurately linking electronic records to specific patient identities. In contrast, forum participants raised questions about the appropriateness of an initiative using AI to improve the quality of handwashing practices in an acute care hospital in India (Niyoshi Shah), which led to gaming the algorithm. Overall, participants acknowledged the dangers of techno-solutionism, in which AI researchers and developers treat AI technologies as the most obvious solutions to problems that in actuality demand much more complex strategies to address [ 24 ]. However, forum participants agreed that RECs in different contexts have differing degrees of power to raise issues of the appropriateness of an AI-based intervention.

The second overarching thematic issue related to whether and how AI-based systems transfer from one national health context to another. One central issue raised by a number of case study presentations related to the challenges of validating an algorithm with data collected in a local environment. For example, one case study presentation described a project that would involve the collection of personally identifiable data for sensitive group identities, such as tribe, clan, or religion, in the jurisdictions involved (South Africa, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda and the US; Gakii Masunga). Doing so would enable the team to ensure that those groups were adequately represented in the dataset to ensure the resulting algorithm was not biased against specific community groups when deployed in that context. However, some members of these communities might desire to be represented in the dataset, whereas others might not, illustrating the need to balance autonomy and inclusivity. It was also widely recognized that collecting these data is an immense challenge, particularly when historically oppressive practices have led to a low-trust environment for international organizations and the technologies they produce. It is important to note that in some countries such as South Africa and Rwanda, it is illegal to collect information such as race and tribal identities, re-emphasizing the importance for cultural awareness and avoiding “one size fits all” solutions.

The third overarching thematic issue is related to understanding accountabilities for both the impacts of AI technologies and governance decision-making regarding their use. Where global health research involving AI leads to longer-term harms that might fall outside the usual scope of issues considered by a REC, who is to be held accountable, and how? This question was raised as one that requires much further attention, with law being mixed internationally regarding the mechanisms available to hold researchers, innovators, and their institutions accountable over the longer term. However, it was recognized in breakout group discussion that many jurisdictions are developing strong data protection regimes related specifically to international collaboration for research involving health data. For example, Kenya’s Data Protection Act requires that any internationally funded projects have a local principal investigator who will hold accountability for how data are shared and used [ 25 ]. The issue of research partnerships with commercial entities was raised by many participants in the context of accountability, pointing toward the urgent need for clear principles related to strategies for engagement with commercial technology companies in global health research.

The fourth and final overarching thematic issue raised here is that of consent. The issue of consent was framed by the widely shared recognition that models of individual, explicit consent might not produce a supportive environment for AI innovation that relies on the secondary uses of health-related datasets to build AI algorithms. Given this recognition, approaches such as community oversight of health data uses were suggested as a potential solution. However, the details of implementing such community oversight mechanisms require much further attention, particularly given the unique perspectives on health data in different country settings in global health research. Furthermore, some uses of health data do continue to require consent. One case study of South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda suggested that when health data are shared across borders, individual consent remains necessary when data is transferred from certain countries (Nezerith Cengiz). Broader clarity is necessary to support the ethical governance of health data uses for AI in global health research.

Recommendations for ethical governance of AI in global health research

Dialogue at the forum led to a range of suggestions for promoting ethical conduct of AI research for global health, related to the various roles of actors involved in the governance of AI research broadly defined. The strategies are written for actors we refer to as “governance leaders”, those people distributed throughout the AI for global health research ecosystem who are responsible for ensuring the ethical and socially responsible conduct of global health research involving AI (including researchers themselves). These include RECs, government regulators, health care leaders, health professionals, corporate social accountability officers, and others. Enacting these strategies would bolster the ethical governance of AI for global health more generally, enabling multiple actors to fulfill their roles related to governing research and development activities carried out across multiple organizations, including universities, academic health sciences centers, start-ups, and technology corporations. Specific suggestions are summarized in Table  2 .

First, forum participants suggested that governance leaders including RECs, should remain up to date on recent advances in the regulation of AI for health. Regulation of AI for health advances rapidly and takes on different forms in jurisdictions around the world. RECs play an important role in governance, but only a partial role; it was deemed important for RECs to acknowledge how they fit within a broader governance ecosystem in order to more effectively address the issues within their scope. Not only RECs but organizational leaders responsible for procurement, researchers, and commercial actors should all commit to efforts to remain up to date about the relevant approaches to regulating AI for health care and public health in jurisdictions internationally. In this way, governance can more adequately remain up to date with advances in regulation.

Second, forum participants suggested that governance leaders should focus on ethical governance of health data as a basis for ethical global health AI research. Health data are considered the foundation of AI development, being used to train AI algorithms for various uses [ 26 ]. By focusing on ethical governance of health data generation, sharing, and use, multiple actors will help to build an ethical foundation for AI development among global health researchers.

Third, forum participants believed that governance processes should incorporate AI impact assessments where appropriate. An AI impact assessment is the process of evaluating the potential effects, both positive and negative, of implementing an AI algorithm on individuals, society, and various stakeholders, generally over time frames specified in advance of implementation [ 27 ]. Although not all types of AI research in global health would warrant an AI impact assessment, this is especially relevant for those studies aiming to implement an AI system for intervention into health care or public health. Organizations such as RECs can use AI impact assessments to boost understanding of potential harms at the outset of a research project, encouraging researchers to more deeply consider potential harms in the development of their study.

Fourth, forum participants suggested that governance decisions should incorporate the use of environmental impact assessments, or at least the incorporation of environment values when assessing the potential impact of an AI system. An environmental impact assessment involves evaluating and anticipating the potential environmental effects of a proposed project to inform ethical decision-making that supports sustainability [ 28 ]. Although a relatively new consideration in research ethics conversations [ 29 ], the environmental impact of building technologies is a crucial consideration for the public health commitment to environmental sustainability. Governance leaders can use environmental impact assessments to boost understanding of potential environmental harms linked to AI research projects in global health over both the shorter and longer terms.

Fifth, forum participants suggested that governance leaders should require stronger transparency in the development of AI algorithms in global health research. Transparency was considered essential in the design and development of AI algorithms for global health to ensure ethical and accountable decision-making throughout the process. Furthermore, whether and how researchers have considered the unique contexts into which such algorithms may be deployed can be surfaced through stronger transparency, for example in describing what primary considerations were made at the outset of the project and which stakeholders were consulted along the way. Sharing information about data provenance and methods used in AI development will also enhance the trustworthiness of the AI-based research process.

Sixth, forum participants suggested that governance leaders can encourage or require community engagement at various points throughout an AI project. It was considered that engaging patients and communities is crucial in AI algorithm development to ensure that the technology aligns with community needs and values. However, participants acknowledged that this is not a straightforward process. Effective community engagement requires lengthy commitments to meeting with and hearing from diverse communities in a given setting, and demands a particular set of skills in communication and dialogue that are not possessed by all researchers. Encouraging AI researchers to begin this process early and build long-term partnerships with community members is a promising strategy to deepen community engagement in AI research for global health. One notable recommendation was that research funders have an opportunity to incentivize and enable community engagement with funds dedicated to these activities in AI research in global health.

Seventh, forum participants suggested that governance leaders can encourage researchers to build strong, fair partnerships between institutions and individuals across country settings. In a context of longstanding imbalances in geopolitical and economic power, fair partnerships in global health demand a priori commitments to share benefits related to advances in medical technologies, knowledge, and financial gains. Although enforcement of this point might be beyond the remit of RECs, commentary will encourage researchers to consider stronger, fairer partnerships in global health in the longer term.

Eighth, it became evident that it is necessary to explore new forms of regulatory experimentation given the complexity of regulating a technology of this nature. In addition, the health sector has a series of particularities that make it especially complicated to generate rules that have not been previously tested. Several participants highlighted the desire to promote spaces for experimentation such as regulatory sandboxes or innovation hubs in health. These spaces can have several benefits for addressing issues surrounding the regulation of AI in the health sector, such as: (i) increasing the capacities and knowledge of health authorities about this technology; (ii) identifying the major problems surrounding AI regulation in the health sector; (iii) establishing possibilities for exchange and learning with other authorities; (iv) promoting innovation and entrepreneurship in AI in health; and (vi) identifying the need to regulate AI in this sector and update other existing regulations.

Ninth and finally, forum participants believed that the capabilities of governance leaders need to evolve to better incorporate expertise related to AI in ways that make sense within a given jurisdiction. With respect to RECs, for example, it might not make sense for every REC to recruit a member with expertise in AI methods. Rather, it will make more sense in some jurisdictions to consult with members of the scientific community with expertise in AI when research protocols are submitted that demand such expertise. Furthermore, RECs and other approaches to research governance in jurisdictions around the world will need to evolve in order to adopt the suggestions outlined above, developing processes that apply specifically to the ethical governance of research using AI methods in global health.

Research involving the development and implementation of AI technologies continues to grow in global health, posing important challenges for ethical governance of AI in global health research around the world. In this paper we have summarized insights from the 2022 GFBR, focused specifically on issues in research ethics related to AI for global health research. We summarized four thematic challenges for governance related to AI in global health research and nine suggestions arising from presentations and dialogue at the forum. In this brief discussion section, we present an overarching observation about power imbalances that frames efforts to evolve the role of governance in global health research, and then outline two important opportunity areas as the field develops to meet the challenges of AI in global health research.

Dialogue about power is not unfamiliar in global health, especially given recent contributions exploring what it would mean to de-colonize global health research, funding, and practice [ 30 , 31 ]. Discussions of research ethics applied to AI research in global health contexts are deeply infused with power imbalances. The existing context of global health is one in which high-income countries primarily located in the “Global North” charitably invest in projects taking place primarily in the “Global South” while recouping knowledge, financial, and reputational benefits [ 32 ]. With respect to AI development in particular, recent examples of digital colonialism frame dialogue about global partnerships, raising attention to the role of large commercial entities and global financial capitalism in global health research [ 21 , 22 ]. Furthermore, the power of governance organizations such as RECs to intervene in the process of AI research in global health varies widely around the world, depending on the authorities assigned to them by domestic research governance policies. These observations frame the challenges outlined in our paper, highlighting the difficulties associated with making meaningful change in this field.

Despite these overarching challenges of the global health research context, there are clear strategies for progress in this domain. Firstly, AI innovation is rapidly evolving, which means approaches to the governance of AI for health are rapidly evolving too. Such rapid evolution presents an important opportunity for governance leaders to clarify their vision and influence over AI innovation in global health research, boosting the expertise, structure, and functionality required to meet the demands of research involving AI. Secondly, the research ethics community has strong international ties, linked to a global scholarly community that is committed to sharing insights and best practices around the world. This global community can be leveraged to coordinate efforts to produce advances in the capabilities and authorities of governance leaders to meaningfully govern AI research for global health given the challenges summarized in our paper.

Limitations

Our paper includes two specific limitations that we address explicitly here. First, it is still early in the lifetime of the development of applications of AI for use in global health, and as such, the global community has had limited opportunity to learn from experience. For example, there were many fewer case studies, which detail experiences with the actual implementation of an AI technology, submitted to GFBR 2022 for consideration than was expected. In contrast, there were many more governance reports submitted, which detail the processes and outputs of governance processes that anticipate the development and dissemination of AI technologies. This observation represents both a success and a challenge. It is a success that so many groups are engaging in anticipatory governance of AI technologies, exploring evidence of their likely impacts and governing technologies in novel and well-designed ways. It is a challenge that there is little experience to build upon of the successful implementation of AI technologies in ways that have limited harms while promoting innovation. Further experience with AI technologies in global health will contribute to revising and enhancing the challenges and recommendations we have outlined in our paper.

Second, global trends in the politics and economics of AI technologies are evolving rapidly. Although some nations are advancing detailed policy approaches to regulating AI more generally, including for uses in health care and public health, the impacts of corporate investments in AI and political responses related to governance remain to be seen. The excitement around large language models (LLMs) and large multimodal models (LMMs) has drawn deeper attention to the challenges of regulating AI in any general sense, opening dialogue about health sector-specific regulations. The direction of this global dialogue, strongly linked to high-profile corporate actors and multi-national governance institutions, will strongly influence the development of boundaries around what is possible for the ethical governance of AI for global health. We have written this paper at a point when these developments are proceeding rapidly, and as such, we acknowledge that our recommendations will need updating as the broader field evolves.

Ultimately, coordination and collaboration between many stakeholders in the research ethics ecosystem will be necessary to strengthen the ethical governance of AI in global health research. The 2022 GFBR illustrated several innovations in ethical governance of AI for global health research, as well as several areas in need of urgent attention internationally. This summary is intended to inform international and domestic efforts to strengthen research ethics and support the evolution of governance leadership to meet the demands of AI in global health research.

Data availability

All data and materials analyzed to produce this paper are available on the GFBR website: https://www.gfbr.global/past-meetings/16th-forum-cape-town-south-africa-29-30-november-2022/ .

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the outstanding contributions of the attendees of GFBR 2022 in Cape Town, South Africa. This paper is authored by members of the GFBR 2022 Planning Committee. We would like to acknowledge additional members Tamra Lysaght, National University of Singapore, and Niresh Bhagwandin, South African Medical Research Council, for their input during the planning stages and as reviewers of the applications to attend the Forum.

This work was supported by Wellcome [222525/Z/21/Z], the US National Institutes of Health, the UK Medical Research Council (part of UK Research and Innovation), and the South African Medical Research Council through funding to the Global Forum on Bioethics in Research.

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Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Department of Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana

Caesar A. Atuire

Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

Phaik Yeong Cheah

Berkman Klein Center, Harvard University, Bogotá, Colombia

Armando Guio Español

Department of Radiology and Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Judy Wawira Gichoya

Health Ethics & Governance Unit, Research for Health Department, Science Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Adrienne Hunt & Katherine Littler

African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Science, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Daudi Jjingo

ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy

Daniela Paolotti

Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland

Effy Vayena

Joint Centre for Bioethics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

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JS led the writing, contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. JA contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. CA contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. PYC contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. AE contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. JWG contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. AH contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. DJ contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. KL contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. DP contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. EV contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper.

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Shaw, J., Ali, J., Atuire, C.A. et al. Research ethics and artificial intelligence for global health: perspectives from the global forum on bioethics in research. BMC Med Ethics 25 , 46 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-024-01044-w

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Received : 31 October 2023

Accepted : 01 April 2024

Published : 18 April 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-024-01044-w

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Live Nation and Eventim Recover from Pandemic Low

Eventim and Live Nation, the market leaders in ticketing and live entertainment in their respective geographic markets, generated sales of around $24 billion last year. According to the figures published in their respective annual reports, both companies earn most of their money in the live entertainment segment.

While the German company Eventim's revenue from ticketing, i.e. the sale of tickets for concerts, sporting and other cultural events via its own network, amounted to around $775 million in 2023, revenue from the “planning, preparation and execution of tours, events and festivals, especially in the music and concert sector , as well as the marketing of music productions” reached almost $1.9 billion.

The most important markets for Eventim are primarily in Europe. Live Nation and its ticketing arm Ticketmaster, on the other hand, is the global market leader among ticket platforms and event companies.

As this chart shows, both companies were able to achieve a significant improvement in revenue last year compared to 2019. This is likely due to a combination of factors, including the fact that high ticket fees and Ticketmaster's increasing introduction of dynamic, potential demand-based pricing in ticket sales, was drawing in mounting criticism in 2019.

Read the original German version of this text here .

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