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• Mature Student Personal Statements
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Oxford University Personal Statements

We hope our collection of oxford university personal statements provides inspiration for writing your own. please do not plagiarise them in any way, or ucas will penalise your application. our  personal statement editing & review services  are availble if you feel you need a little extra help..

History Personal Statement Example 3 Recently, I found out that my grandma was gambled into slavery for seven years. She escaped her prison and made her way back to Hong Kong, 300 miles south. I was amazed at how courageous she was. This personal discovery led me to read Jung Chang's 'Wild Swans' which made me both proud and ashamed of my heritage...

Computer Science Personal Statement Example 4 I find it amazing to watch as the digital revolution sculpts society at a rate that has never before been seen; there is so much to still be discovered. Quantum computing is a topic that particularly interests me, stemming from my studies and keen interest in physics...

Economics and PPE Personal Statement Example My aspiration to study economics at both advanced and degree level has stemmed from my lasting interest in current affairs and world development. These issues require an application of economics in real-life situations and can be related to many diverse subjects such as politics, philosophy and psychology...

English Literature Personal Statement Example 1 When I saw Gatz, John Collin's eight hour interpretation of The Great Gatsby, I noticed that Fitzgerald changes the colour of Daisy's hair every time he describes it. It is "like a dash of blue paint", "yellowy" like her daughters and then "dark, shining"...

Geography Personal Statement Example 2 In a dynamic world, the study of geography is increasingly important. The diversity of the subject and the interaction between the physical environment and human population is becoming even more evident with climate change and globalisation influencing our everyday lives...

Psychology Personal Statement Example 11 “If she’s smart she will study Medicine.” This is an unwritten rule in my culture - all Nigerian parents want their children to become doctors. What becomes of the aspiring psychologist in the family? I met a junior doctor, at an educational conference, who wanted to specialise in psychiatry...

History Personal Statement Example 13 Until I began my A-levels last September, I had never been to school or followed a formal syllabus. My parents homeschooled me. They guided, encouraged, and fed my interests with books, documentaries and discussions...

Natural and Biological Sciences Personal Statement Example Experiencing first-hand life as a human in the natural world, I have the authority to confirm that regardless of previous knowledge, unexplained phenomena still exist. As a scientist, I adore observing the unknown, analysing the known and making decisions accordingly...

English Personal Statement Example 22 What I enjoy above all else in a piece of literature is the feeling that it has brought about change, either in me or in some wider context. Literature which offers the opportunity for an adapted way of living or thinking, however slight, is I think a thing to be kept and treasured in our intellects...

English Literature and Creative Writing Personal Statement Example 1 I once aspired to be a visual artist, a photographer or painter. However, I later discovered the unique ability of poetry and the written word to maintain its power and resonance in a world saturated with images and messages...

Computer Science Personal Statement Example 45 Advances in computer and information technology over the past few decades have brought about revolution in science, medicine, education, business, and entertainment. I wish to be part of the future revolution and that is why I want to study computer science...

English Literature Personal Statement Example 16 I believe that to read English is to read the human being itself: after all, we are all writers. Even in the very act of choosing our words - thinking them, speaking them, physically writing them down - we create something meaningful...

Human Sciences Personal Statement Example Perhaps what makes me different from other University applicants is that I have ambition to understand multidimensional human life. It is not the appeal of a top qualification or the zesty student lifestyle that attracts me to this course; but it is the long-term knowledge and answers to interdisciplinary human problems, and the enigmas that I will commit a lifetime investigating with perhaps no solution, that inspires me to apply...

Engineering Personal Statement Example 19 Physics is that branch of science without which science is just like a beautiful lamp with no light. For centuries, mathematicians and physicists have made plenty of scientific contributions thus helping the world make a better place to live...

History (Ancient and Modern) Personal Statement Example 1 It is those things we don’t yet know or understand that make history a fascinating, intellectual puzzle. We know a remarkable amount about history and the development of society but new archaeological discoveries, the dedicated efforts of historians, translators and other academics and advancements in areas such as archaeometry mean that the body of historical information is still expanding...

Archaeology and Anthropology Personal Statement Example 2 As an immigrant living in Spain, I am constantly reminded of the importance social and cultural factors have on my daily life, the language I speak, and the difference between the relationships I maintain with people from my own country and those I encounter here on a daily basis...

Computer Science Personal Statement Example 49 My views about computing changed considerably when I heard about Linux. In the late nineties it was a newer operating system and tasks like installing and configuring were considered to be quite challenging in India...

Law Personal Statement Example 70 Law is ever changing, whether parliament is passing new legislation, existing legislation is being rewritten or the courts are interpreting laws in different ways. In the case of Anthony Bland the distinguishing of earlier precedents was vital...

History and English Personal Statement Example Studying history and English concurrently has appealed to me ever since I recognised the inseparability of the two disciplines closest to my heart. Personally, I believe that the literary style of a piece of writing is as important as scholarly research and I try to make my essays as lively as possible whilst still grounded in solid historical or literary method, dulce et utile, following the example of writers such as Richard J Evans...

Economics and Management Personal Statement Example 2 My interest in Economics goes beyond an appreciation of statistics and profit margins. In my mind, economics represents the relationship between people and their money – a relationship that dates back to the history of mankind...

German Personal Statement Example 7 The study of language has always been appealing and is the focus of much of my time and energy, but the study of the German language is what mesmerises me most. Before understanding German I was first intrigued by its sound, and as I began to learn it, I became fascinated by its complexity...

Economics Personal Statement Example 30 The ever-changing nature of the human science intrigues me. Newton’s laws of motion will never change, from wherever ‘the ball is dropped’. However, different strategies and policies have to be framed and implemented for each economic problem...

Mathematics & Computer Science Personal Statement Example I have found mathematics a fascinating subject since my early years. I enjoy it as it is challenging and logical. I am particularly interested in decision mathematics as it is a field that is directly related to real-life applications of mathematics and can be used to solve problems, such as finding the optimal solution for transporting materials from one place to another while minimising the cost...

Physics Personal Statement Example 15 I have always been intrigued by the world of physics. From everyday experiences to the most extreme boundaries of today's knowledge, I have always voraciously searched for answers to my questions. As I grew up, the elegance of mathematical demonstrations and of physical theorems fascinated me, and I have often dreamt of making contributions to the unification theory and of improving and simplifying the Navier-Stokes equations...

Electrical Engineering Personal Statement Example 2 The defining wonder of today’s age is electricity. In just two centuries, we have come from Faraday’s crude but prophetic experiments to devices just a square inch that can calculate in seconds what the most gifted of human minds might take days...

Medicine Personal Statement Example 70 The challenge of spending my working life immersed in the fascinating, ever-evolving world of the medical sciences, and the opportunity to use this knowledge to benefit others, has drawn me to seek a career in medicine...

Politics, Philosophy & Economics (PPE) Personal Statement Example 3 In this day and age virtually every aspect of our lives may be considered political. My passion to study Politics stems from this tenet and a belief that a comprehension of Politics is integral to understanding the current state of humanity...

Chemistry Personal Statement Example 18 Chemistry explores the properties of all matter and energy in our universe, which eventually leads to breakthroughs that benefit mankind, ranging from how to prevent food from decomposing to understanding what chemicals can help or harm you...

Philosophy Personal Statement Example (Mature Student) Since leaving education in 2006 I have always wanted to return; a great love of learning, desire for knowledge and natural curiosity throughout my life resulted in an ambition to teach. It was with this ambition in my heart that I took the plunge and returned to education, beginning my Access course last year with the intention of applying to study for a primary education degree...

Civil Engineering Personal Statement Example 17 My decision to study engineering stems from a desire to contribute to the evolution of society through a process that does not just define our environment but our era. My personal inspiration is the Segovia aqueduct, an 800m long, 30 metre high Roman marvel which still stands today...

Ancient and Modern History Personal Statement Example 1 What makes history engaging and interesting to me is its interdisciplinary nature and its ability to take you on a journey to the discovery of humanity's past. History has been a constant source of captivation for me, from studying the mythology of Ancient Greece in primary school through to the study of the Russian Revolution at A Level...

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UCAS Personal Statements: Why They Matter

Personal statements are a key part of university applications. They are an applicant’s chance to express their interest in their chosen course of study, and to profile their relevant knowledge and skills. They are required by all applicants applying to UK undergraduate-level degree, and currently applicants must use the same, single statement across all their university choices.

Personal statements are the perfect opportunity to stand out in a pool of applicants who also are applying with top grades. they provide an admission tutor their first insight into who lies behind the numerical data they receive about an applicant. even for courses like mathematics or physics, which do not demand much work written in full prose, the personal statement can still make a real difference to an application., here is a breakdown of the different components of the statement, and some of our expert insights into what an admissions tutor is looking for in each part of these statements., introductions, introductions are difficult. not only it is difficult to get started, but it is also difficult to know what kind of tone and content to bring into the introduction. are the introductions meant to be academic, getting straight into analysis or explanation of a given topic are they meant to be inspirational, beginning with a moving story related to why an applicant is applying for a particular subject, a great introduction will emphasise an applicant’s passion at the same time as grounding it in light discussion or example. for instance, rather than just saying, ‘i am interested in the way in which smaller phenomena contribute to large, historical trends and that is why i want to study history,’ you could write something like this:, whilst the movement out of a feudal system can be understood from the angle of broader cultural and economic developments in the medieval world, we cannot lose sight of the significance of individuals and local movements who inspired and sparked change. i have been reading about the ‘great rumour’, a protest movement that was active across hampshire, surrey and wiltshire in the 14th century, and developing a more textured, particular picture of how peasant revolts like the great rumour operated only strengthens my desire to study history, for the way that it invites to understand how the large is contingent upon the small., the key idea is that history is interesting because it gives us an appreciation of how macro-level patterns depend on the movements of micro-level players. this concept is then grounded in an interesting example that goes beyond the scope of the a level syllabus; this is a good way to show evidence of further reading., main body paragraphs, a great main body paragraph will often speak to a particular research theme, interest, question or skill set, rather than trying to cover too much information without much depth or reflection., the aim is to showcase your understanding and experiences in a coherent way that shows an ability to organise content effectively and create a statement that flows logically overall. as such, you have the opportunity to demonstrate your written communication abilities, in addition to your motivation for and engagement with the subject., for example, this paragraph displays a good sense of ’cause and effect’: the applicant draws relevant connections between topics, and presents themselves as intellectually curious in the way that thinking about one area of maths inspires them to learn more., i also have a strong interest in applied mathematics, in particular probability theory and statistics. this was sparked in part by hannah fry’s mathematics of love, where she applied the optimal stopping theorem in the world of dating. i want to gain a deeper understanding of statistical theory to understand why this works, and in what contexts an application of this theorem would be misplaced. because a good understanding of probability theory serves as a solid foundation for grasping statistics, i have done some reading on the kolmogorov axiomatisation of probability theory, i have found it useful to think in this rigorous manner to work through any misconceptions about probability i have., although it expresses excitement for many aspects of the subject, this paragraph is not so effectively structured, jumping between topics without a clear sense of direction:, i am curious about a deeper understanding of magnetism works. but i am interested in ‘fields’ in general and how to model them. there are electric fields, magnetic fields and gravitational fields. in quantum physics, there are quantum fields too. i am interested in quantum physics as well and quantum mechanics because it uses more complex and unique mathematics than classical mechanics does. i have really enjoyed learning about linear algebra in my further pure modules and want to see their applications in quantum mechanics, so i worked my way through leonard susskind’s quantum mechanics: the theoretical minimum., it is important to learn how to manage one’s excitement and organise the academic content of a statement to produce balanced, impactful paragraphs., conclusions, like a closing speech in a court of law, the conclusion of the personal statement is an applicant’s final chance to state their case – that is, why a university should offer them a place – in a pithy and confident way., i am a peer supporter at my school, which means i dedicate my free periods to running an open clinic where students with study-related concerns can come and voice their concerns and troubleshoot their problems in the presence of an understanding ear. i am a positive influence on my peers, and i would be bringing to study of anthropology and archaeology not only passion and ability but a collegiate spirit. it is to these ends that i am confident a place on your course of study would not only allow me to bring out the best in myself but bring out the best in the young archaeologists and anthropologists i work with., how can i get started, personal statements are quite unlike any other kind of writing applicants will have encountered before, and so it is natural to feel out of your depth when you begin drafting. it may feel a little awkward at first to write about yourself and achievements, here are some tips for getting started:, keep track of your super-curricular learning, the backbone of the personal statement is the super-curricular activity: an academic exercise or experience that indicates that the student has gone beyond their school curriculum to explore their passion and grow their expertise. this is particularly crucial for highly selective universities and courses; our team outline some suggestions here on how to gain these experiences., reading about your subject beyond the syllabus and participating in relevant activities will enable you weave evidence of your genuine interest  into the statement in a way that sounds natural. this approach is much more effectively than simply stating that you are ‘passionate’ about something., mind-map what you have done, in the planning stage, it is worth reflecting on what you have done and the achievements you might like to mention. likewise, brainstorming your favourite areas of interest and books or talks you especially enjoyed will help to provide you with inspiration for your main paragraphs., this way, you can ensure you do not forget anything impressive that you might be able to include in the statement, and start to draw connections between these different elements., ask for help with proofreading, to gauge the impact of your statement, it can be helpful to give your drafts to someone else to read, such as a teacher, parent or friend., they will be able to give you feedback on whether your sentences read clearly and make sense. asking for someone else’s perspective can also be helpful for ensuring you have the right tone. do you come across as confident, or are you selling yourself short do you sound authentically yourself, the universities team at oxford and cambridge tutors wish you the very best of luck when it comes to planning and drafting your personal statement, and would be delighted to assist should you need further guidance..

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Sir Paul Vinogradoff papers

The bulk of the materials relate to Vinogradoff's activities in the field of legal education and research. The subjects covered include history of law and jurisprudence, constitutional law and public law, Greek and tribal law, law and the state, civil rights, etc. There are also materials related to Vinogradoff's participation in the Russian educational reforms of the 1890's, and the Russian Prisoners Relief Fund during World War I.

• Creation: 1881 - 1925

Conditions Governing Access

Access to these papers is governed by the rules and regulations of the Harvard Law School Library. This collection is open to the public, but is housed off-site at Harvard Depository and requires 2 business-day advance notice for retrieval. Consult the Special Collections staff for further information.

Conditions Governing Use

The Harvard Law School Library holds copyright on some, but not all, of the material in our collections. Requests for permission to publish material from this collection should be directed to the Special Collections staff. Researchers who obtain permission to publish from the Harvard Law School Library are also responsible for identifying and contacting the persons or organizations who hold copyright.

Scope and Contents

The papers of Sir Paul Vinogradoff span the years of his scholarly and educational activities (1881-1925). The bulk of the collection falls between 1903, when Vinogradoff was elected professor at Oxford, and 1925 - the year of his death. The size of the collection is ca. 13.5 linear. feet. Most of the materials are manuscripts, chiefly autograph, and typescripts. There is also a considerable amount of printed material, mostly off prints of articles, newspapers and clippings. Also included are a diary and 59 scrap-books. There are no visual materials. The collection is arranged in 11 series. The collection includes a considerable number of manuscripts and typescripts of lectures, notes on sources and legal cases, outlines and syllabi of academic courses, published and unpublished articles and drafts, scrap-books, a diary and limited correspondence. Also included are newspaper clippings, separate issues of newspapers, and typescript copies of reports in various publications dealing with events of World War I, Russian and world politics, the League of Nations, etc. Vinogradoff's activities in the field of legal education and research are extensively documented. The subjects covered include history of law and jurisprudence, constitutional law and public law, Greek and tribal law, law and the state, civil rights, etc. There are also materials related to Vinogradoff's participation in the Russian educational reforms of the 1890's, and the Russian Prisoners Relief Fund during World War I. There is almost no correspondence, and the little that there is, is not of personal nature. It has been suggested by A.R.A. Hobson, husband of Vinogradoff's granddaughter and former owner of the papers, that the correspondence was destroyed by Vinogradoff's widow. Part of the correspondence is related to the Russian Prisoners Relief Fund, 1915-1916 (Vinogradoff was Hon. Secretary of the British Fund). The collection is strongest in reflecting Vinogradoff's scholarly and teaching activities. It contains 48 folders of texts, drafts and notes of lectures for a variety of legal and historical courses. In addition to those, there are numerous notes on European and American legal cases from different centuries and fields of law, transcripts of Greek sources, Anglo-Saxon sources, the Year-Books of Edward II, etc. Also included are syllabi of several legal courses taught by Vinogradoff at Oxford, as well as plans of 10 lectures delivered at the University of Michigan and University of California. Sixty Two folders contain texts and drafts of numerous articles and book chapters, also accompanied by notes on sources, cases and statutes. Many of the articles were never published. The subjects covered include historical jurisprudence, constitutional and public law, theories of rights, medieval English law, Greek and tribal law, the League of Nations, slavophilism, Russian revolution, World War I, etc. Of considerable value for research are materials related to the unpublished third volume of Vinogradoff's main work " Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence. " The weak point of this part of the collection is that few of the texts are complete: almost all have missing pages, some are represented only by disconnected fragments. Many of the papers are in poor condition: yellowed and extremely fragile. Miscellaneous notes and extracts that have no title and are difficult to ascribe to any particular work, have been organized into a separate series. The collection also includes considerable published and unpublished material on the history and politics of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Vinogradoff's activities in the field of public education in Russia are documented in the reports and proposals of the School Commission of the Moscow City Duma, of which he was President in 1898-1901, and in the proceedings of the Congress of Workers of Public Education, Moscow, 1912. One series comprises works written by other authors and some un-attributed papers. Among them are offprints of " History of Suffolk", " Domesday Survey", " Boldon Book " and " History of Oxfordshire ", probably edited by the students in Vinogradoff's seminar. Most of the materials in the collection are in English, some in Russian, a few articles and documents are in French and German. There are also numerous notes in Greek and Latin.

Additional Description

Biographical note.

Sir Paul Gavrilovitch Vinogradoff (Pavel Gavrilovich Vinogradov) was born on December 1, 1854, in Kostroma, Russia. He was the eldest son of Gavril Kiprianovich Vinogradov, a schoolmaster, and Elena Pavlovna, daughter of General Kobeloff. A year after Paul's birth, his father was transferred to a boys' school in Moscow, where Paul attended a gymnasium, and after graduating from it at the age of sixteen, entered the Faculty of History of the Moscow University. After the University, he continued his education in Berlin under Theodor Mommsen and Heinrich Brunner. His special field of study, in which he later became the world's leading authority, was the history of medieval Europe. In 1878-1881 Vinogradoff published four works on feudalism in Italy, for one of which, " The Origin of Feudal Relations in Lombard Italy " (1880), he was awarded the degree of Magister. In 1883 Vinogradoff came to London to study medieval English documents in the Public Records Office. One of his major fields of study were the feudal laws and customs of England. " Villain Age in England " gained him a doctorate in Moscow in 1884 and was published in Russian in 1887 and in English in 1892. Among his numerous works on medieval England are also " The Growth of the Manor " (1905, 3rd ed. published in 1920), " English Society in the Eleventh Century " (1908), " Constitutional History and the Year Books " (1913), " Year Books of Edward II, 1312-1313 ", Selden Society, vol. xiii (1917) and vol. xiv (1921), edited by Vinogradoff and Ehrlich, " Ralph of IIengham as Chief Justice of the Common Pleas " (1925), etc. In 1887 Vinogradoff was appointed full professor of history at the Moscow University. As elected councillor of the Moscow municipal Duma, Vinogradoff was very active in Russian educational reform. He promoted universal primary education, wrote a series of elementary textbooks in history, and in 1896 founded a pedagogical society in Moscow. However, liberal educational reforms that he promoted were hindered by the growing reactionary tendency of the government. In 1901 Vinogradoff resigned his professorship as a protest against the suppression of free speech at the University. In 1897, Vinogradoff married Louise Stang, daughter of Judge August Stang, of Arendal, Norway. A daughter was born to them in 1898, and a son, Igor, in 1901. Vinogradoff left Russia for England, and in 1903 was elected to the Corpus Christi chair of jurisprudence at Oxford. He remained professor at Oxford to the end of his life. He taught a number of legal courses and introduced to Oxford the new method of seminar teaching, that resulted in the series " Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History ". Vinogradoff wrote several books, as well as innumerable articles and reviews on a variety of legal and historical subjects. His works on ancient and tribal law, medieval law and history, modern and historical jurisprudence, German law, modern history and politics, and other subjects were published all over the world. His scholarly erudition and knowledge of modern and classical languages were astounding. Besides teaching at Oxford, Vinogradoff lectured in France, Belgium, Norway, Russia and other European countries, in the United States (University of Michigan Law School, University of California, Yale University and others), and in India. He contributed several articles to Encyclopedia Britannica and to the Cambridge Medieval History, and served as director of publications for the Selden Society. Vinogradoff's main work, that brought together his legal, social and historical ideas, was " The Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence ". The work was to be in six volumes, but it was never completed. Volume I " Introduction and Tribal Law " was published in 1920, volume II " The Jurisprudence of the Greek City " appeared in 1922. Vinogradoff was knighted in 1917, and became a British subject in 1918. However, he remained deeply interested in the affairs of Russia, visited it annually and lectured in Russia in 1908, 1909 and 1911. During World War I, he firmly believed in a permanent democratic transformation of his native country. The victory of bolshevism and the "red terror" were a blow from which he never recovered. In 1918 Vinogradoff renounced his Russian nationality. From now on, writing and teaching became his only refuge. He died of pneumonia in Paris on December 19, 1925. In 1928 Vinogradoff's " Collected Papers " were published by Clarendon Press, Oxford, with a memoir by H.A.L. Fisher. Sources: The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed. c1993 Dictionary of National Biography H.A.L. Fisher, Paul Vinogradoff: a memoir, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.

Series List

• (1) letters related to the activities of the Russian Prisoners Relief Fund during WWI.
• (2) correspondence with PV's Russian publishers.
• (3) letters from the Russian Academy of Sciences.
• (4) letters received by Lady Vinogradoff after PV's death, bearing on his professional activities. The correspondence is in English and in Russian.

Physical Location

Harvard Depository

Immediate Source of Acquisition

Collection purchased from A.R.A. Hobson in 1993.

Processing Information

Processed by Yuliya Bir, May 1995.

• Chess -Collections of games.
• Jurisprudence -Study and teaching -England.
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• Law -Study and teaching -Russia.
• Law, Medieval -Study and teaching.

Administrative Information

Repository details.

Part of the Harvard Law School Library, Historical & Special Collections Repository

Harvard Law School Library's Historical & Special Collections (HSC) collects, preserves, and makes available research materials for the study of the law and legal history. HSC holds over 8,000 linear feet of manuscripts, over 100,000 rare books, and more than 70,000 visual images.

Collection organization

Sir Paul Vinogradoff papers, HOLLIS 5595625. Harvard Law School Library, Historical & Special Collections.

Cite Item Description

Sir Paul Vinogradoff papers, HOLLIS 5595625. Harvard Law School Library, Historical & Special Collections. https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/law00042/catalog Accessed April 01, 2024.

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Moscow by Adrienne M. Harris LAST MODIFIED: 28 July 2021 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780190922481-0047

According to the 2010 census, Moscow’s 11.5 million inhabitants make it the largest city in Europe. The city has the distinction of having gained capital status in the 16th century, losing it in the early 18th century, and regaining it after the Bolshevik Revolution in the early 20th century. In the 10th century, Eastern Slavs colonized the area; Moscow first appeared in written chronicles in 1147, when Prince Iurii Dolgorukii established the city on a forested bluff overlooking the confluence of the Moscow and Neglinnaia rivers. Although Mongols destroyed Moscow in 1237, during the period of Mongol hegemony known as the “Tatar Yoke” (1237–1480), Moscow flourished and the city replaced Kiev as the capital of East Slavdom, the state of Muscovy born in 1547. The cluster of cupolas in the Kremlin attest to Moscow’s role as a seat of ecclesiastical power: after the Ottomans captured Constantinople in 1453, Moscow gained new cultural significance as the self-proclaimed center of “true Christianity.” In 1712, Peter the Great transferred power to St. Petersburg and Moscow was demoted to a regional capital. During the imperial period, Moscow became an important industrial center that attracted migrants who would continually overwhelm city resources. The destruction resulting from Napoleon’s invasion in 1812 led to reconstruction. After the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the city emerged as the capital of the USSR and the global communist movement and, after the Second World War, as the capital of the socialist “second world.” One finds ample scholarship about Moscow during the Soviet period, as it served as an example for the rest of this “second world.” Publications have focused on attempts to alleviate housing shortages and sanitation problems; on the development of public transportation, most notably the Moscow metropolitan—the subway, which remains an architectural monument; on migration; and, considering the Soviet experience, on labor history and social movements—especially as Soviet planners aimed to create new and innovative solutions for the “new Soviet man and woman.” The scholarship reflects the fact that problems that challenged planners in the past continue into the present. One should be aware of the ideological nature of Soviet books, especially those published during the Stalin period when scholars were required to approach their work from a Marxist perspective in line with Soviet ideology. Additionally, sources about contemporary Moscow published two decades ago will be more out of date than a similarly-aged source on a city that did not experience a cataclysmic event such as the 1991 dissolution of the USSR.

Although not solely about Moscow, Riasanovsky and Steinberg 2018 provides the best overview of Moscow history. Perhaps only the historians of the Russian Academy of Sciences have attempted to capture the entire history of Moscow from its founding in the 12th century in one endeavor, publishing a massive six-volume (1952–1959), seven-book edition covering Moscow until the invasion of Nazi Germany in 1941 in the form of Istoriia Moskvy v shesti tomakh . In addition to being out of date, historians commenced this project at one of the most-ideologically rigid Soviet periods—the postwar Stalin years. Nothing comparable exists in English. Colton 1995 remains the most comprehensive one-volume general overview dedicated to Moscow, although most of the book concerns the 20th century. While the title indicates that the book is largely concerned with governance and Colton is a political scientist, the book also covers Moscow history and urban planning, in addition to local governance in depth. For a comparative study covering late-19th to early-20th-century history, see Ruble 2001 . Murrell 2003 provides an accessible, one-volume illustrated history with a focus on architecture for students and travelers. The encyclopedia entry Harris 2019 serves as a short urban and cultural history of the city and concludes with a list of works (literature, cinema, and songs) that depict the city. Although outdated, Corona 2001 introduces the city to a juvenile audience. “Uznai Moskvu” (“ Discover Moscow ”) offers both searchable textual and visual, historical and contemporary information on the city. Leading American, Canadian, and British historians manage the Russian History Blog on which one can find multiple posts about Moscow. The English-language Moscow Times newspaper provides up-to-date information on Moscow events.

Akademiia nauk SSSR: Institut istorii. Istoriia Moskvy v shesti tomakh . 6 vols. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1952–1959.

This massive six-volume (seven book) set produced by historians at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Institute of History, covers the history of Moscow from the 12th century through June 1941 from a Marxist perspective: Vol. 1: 12th-17th centuries; Vol. 2. 18th century; Vol. 3. 1800–1856; Vol. 4: 1860s-1880s; Vol. 5. 1890s-1916; Vol. 6. 1917–1941. It includes map, illustrations, and colored plates.

Colton, Timothy J. Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1995.

DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674283725

After introducing Moscow’s history prior to the October 1917 revolution, this comprehensive volume details its urban development intertwined with its role as the capital of not just the Soviet Union, but the socialist second world in general. Colton discusses both the city’s development under Soviet general secretaries as well as housing, migration, and planning, and covers local governance in the city across different regimes. The final two chapters cover the capital and its institutions during perestroika and the post-Soviet period.

Corona, Laurel. Life in Moscow . The Way People Live series. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 2001.

Illustrated with black-and-white photographs of everyday life and Moscow landmarks, this book is an appropriate introduction to Moscow for a juvenile audience. It covers transportation, socioeconomic status, home life, education, careers, crime and law enforcement, and entertainment.

Discover Moscow .

“Uznai Moskvu” or “Discover Moscow,” a searchable online Russian and English-language guide to Moscow, provides information on houses, routes, museums, monuments, and other places. The site includes maps, photographs—both historical and contemporary, and historical information on notable sites.

Harris, Adrienne. “Moscow.” In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies . Edited by Anthony M. Orum, 1264–1271. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2019.

A concise introduction appropriate for undergraduates. Although the article is focused primarily on history, it concludes with a short list of literature and films set in Moscow.

The Moscow Times .

This English-language newspaper, having only recently moved to an all-digital format, began circulation in 1992 for an audience of primarily expats living in Moscow. It stopped publishing in print in 2017 and turned to an entirely digital format.

Murrell, Kathleen Berton. Moscow: An Illustrated History . New York: Hippocrene Books, 2003.

This accessible history covers the history of Moscow from its settlement by Slavic tribes through the first post-Soviet decade. It includes a map, chronology, and black-and-white illustrations.

Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D Steinberg. A History of Russia . 9th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.

Although this authoritative history covers Russian history in general, there are several chapters dedicated solely to Moscow and the Muscovite state that provide the reader an excellent overview of Moscow history.

Ruble, Blair A. Second Metropolis: Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka . Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001.

In this excellent comparative study, the author compares Moscow, Chicago, and Osaka during a period (1870–1920) in which all three experienced robust industrial development, rapid population growth, and increases in both diversity and fragmentation. Three chapters cover Moscow’s development as an industrial center, the relatively successful education of Moscow workers, and the city’s housing ills. Ruble challenges Russian exceptionalism by highlighting similarities to other cities.

Russian History Blog .

Leading Western scholars manage the English-language Russian History Blog on which one finds multiple posts related to Moscow.

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10 Top Tips for an Oxford Human Sciences Personal Statement 

Your Oxford Human Sciences personal statement is a crucial component in your Oxford application. It gives you a chance to articulate why you’re particularly interested in Human Sciences and to distinguish yourself from other applicants. While Oxford admissions tutors are most interested in your academic performance and ability, a great personal statement could make all the difference between you and a candidate with the same grade. Additionally, it offers the Oxford interviewer a focal point to base discussions around your personality and interests. Ultimately, they can deduce your commitment to the subject you’re applying for. 

To help guide you through the process, our Oxford application experts have compiled a list of top 10 tips. It includes everything you should and should not do for your Human Science Personal Statement for the 2024/25 application cycle. 

Human Sciences is an interdisciplinary degree course which enables students to study humans from multiple interconnecting perspectives across the biological and social sciences. Underlying the degree concept is the recognition that it is important to understand connections among biological, social, and cultural phenomena in order to address the major issues and problems humans face in a rapidly changing world. When planning out your Oxford Human Sciences personal statement, make sure you research Oxford’s achievements and use it as a guide to illustrate your interest in Human Sciences. 

Top 5 Tips for an Oxford Human Sciences Personal Statement

Tell your story.

Your story of how you considered a degree in Human Sciences’ and why you applied to Oxford should be what distinguishes you from other applicants. Outline why you want to pursue a degree in Human Sciences. Consider your future career plans, extra-curricular work. Also address why you chose to study at Oxford over all other universities.

What makes you suitable

Your application should demonstrate what makes you an ideal candidate to study Human Sciences at Oxford. What skills or experience do you have? Since it’s such a varied degree, are there any experiences you can draw on that not only make you suitable for studying Human Sciences but also to be an Oxford University student. 

Read around the subject you’re applying for

The competition at Oxford will be great. Extracurricular reading is a good way to stand out from other students and this can range from reading books or journals. A typical book is ‘The Selfish Gene’ by Richard Dawkins, or a podcast such as ‘ Hidden Brain .’ Be sure to have some things to talk about as you may be questioned at an interview.

Proofread & read your work out loud

Once you’re happy with the content of your draft, check it and then check it again! Useful people to ask to proofread your work include a teacher in the field, a current Oxford student, and a student who is studying Human Sciences. Oxbridge Mind also offer a personal statement check . By allowing people to take a look at your Human Sciences Oxford personal statement, they would be able to pick up mistakes or name improvements that you may have missed.

Why Human Sciences

What was it that first got you interested in Human Sciences? Consider why you would be an ideal Oxford candidate too. What skills or experience do you have? Examples include analytical and critical thinking skills. What careers will this degree open for you and how does this align with your own plans for the future.

Top 5 things to AVOID for your Oxford Human Sciences Personal Statement

Writing a list of achievements.

Reflect and expand on some key points to demonstrate your understanding and what you have learnt from them rather than listing achievements which will appear tedious. Talk about the skills you have gained from the work you have undertaken. How have these skills furthered your desire to study Human Sciences, and to study at Oxford University.

Don’t write anything that isn’t true

Don’t exaggerate. You may be asked to provide evidence of your stated achievements, or if you are interviewed you may be asked detailed questions about things you’ve mentioned. It will reflect poorly on you if you are unable to answer questions about your Human Sciences Oxford personal statement. 

Copying someone else’s personal statements

Don’t plagiarise. Do not copy someone else’s UCAS personal statement or use something you have found on the internet. UCAS uses software to check every personal statement for plagiarism.

Not reflecting on or justifying your point

Write succinctly and explain points without repeating yourself. Examples include analytical skills, and other transferable skills. Remember, quality is always better than quantity- it’s better to expand on a few points than to list every point you can without going into detail.

Don’t sound unprofessional

Steer clear of slang, clichés and quotes. It will sound repetitive to Oxford admissions tutors to hear about how students are “passionate” about their subject or that they have a “thirst for knowledge”. Write about your personal experience with your Human Sciences’ journey, and allow the Oxford admissions tutors to do the rest.

If you’re unsure whether you’ve covered everything in your Human Sciences Oxford personal statement, why not book a personal statement check where our experts will give you feedback within 24 hours and you can even have a 1-1 online session on how to improve your statement.

→What is Oxford Human Sciences?

Oxford Human Sciences is an interdisciplinary field of study that combines aspects of biology, psychology, anthropology, and sociology to better understand human behavior and health. Students studying Human Sciences at Oxford University will explore the social, cultural, biological, and evolutionary aspects of human beings, as well as how they interact with their environment.

→What should I include in my Oxford Human Sciences personal statement?

Your personal statement should highlight your academic background and relevant experiences, as well as your motivation for studying Human Sciences at Oxford. You should also demonstrate your critical thinking skills, ability to analyze complex issues, and passion for understanding human behavior.

→How long should my Oxford Human Sciences personal statement be?

Oxford University recommends that your personal statement should be no longer than 4,000 characters, or about 500 words. It is important to be concise and focus on the most relevant and compelling aspects of your experience and qualifications.

→What qualities are Oxford Human Sciences admissions looking for in applicants?

Oxford Human Sciences admissions are looking for applicants who demonstrate a strong academic record, critical thinking skills, creativity, and a genuine interest in understanding human behavior. They also value experiences that demonstrate leadership, teamwork, and communication skills.

→How important is the personal statement in the Oxford Human Sciences admissions process?

The personal statement is an important part of the Oxford Human Sciences admissions process, as it provides admissions officers with insights into your academic background, experiences, and motivation for studying Human Sciences. It is an opportunity to showcase your unique perspective and strengths as an applicant.

→Can I get help with my Oxford Human Sciences personal statement?

Yes, there are a range of resources available to help you with your personal statement, including online guides, writing workshops, and tutoring services. However, it is important to ensure that the content of your personal statement is entirely your own and reflects your own thoughts and experiences.

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