air pollution in rajasthan essay

Bhiwadi: Breathing the world’s worst air

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Case Study of Air Pollution in Rajasthan

Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems. It can cause serious health consequences such as cancer, heart disease and high mortality rates. The people of Rajasthan contribute significantly to air pollution in urban and rural areas or areas. The first largest state in India, Rajasthan, the subject of this concept, is one of the most polluted areas in the country. Severe air pollution of concern particles and high hydrocarbons. The height of the Rajasthan industry is a major source of air pollution compared to the rest of India. This project provides an analysis of the practice of fixed respiratory tract (PM10) and fixed particle matter (PM2.5) throughout the city of Rajasthan, India. Filtering of air particles compares with national standards for air quality of last year's data. Prices for PM10 and PM2.5 were lower during the rainy season compared to the summer winter. The ARIMA Season Model (SARIMA) time analysis is used for air analysis and pollution forecasting....

Related Papers

https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.7_Issue.4_April2020/Abstract_IJRR0034.html

International Journal of Research & Review (IJRR)

Air pollution has significant impacts on Human Health. PM2.5 stands for Particulate Matter measuring 2.5 microns or less in diameter suspended in the air. PM2.5 can cause significant negative health impacts such as Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), and Lung cancer. In India, 1.4 million people die each effect due to a health problem caused by air pollution. Heart disease 18,819 (2015), lung cancer 732,921 (2016) and 13% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are some of the major problems is observed in India. The objective of this study will be achieved using a Model estimated by ARIMA methodology. ARIMA methodology provides predicts prediction and forecasting abilities so that pollutant levels will be forecasting over time. We consider an Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to explain the variability of particulate matter (PM2.5) levels across six different cities in India, using the daily observation data provided by the Central Pollution Control Board of India. Results from our model indicate that statistically significant differences exist in pollutant levels between Bangalore, Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, and Vishakhapatnam. Seasonality in pollutant levels is also significant. Mean levels of pollutants are generally higher during winter months and lower around the monsoon season for all the south Indian cities. Results from our model could be useful for understanding and predicting the air pollutant trends and patterns of south Indian cities. The results can be of vital importance for environmental policy designs.

Indian Journal of Economics and Development

Objectives: Air pollution has become a serious problem in India. Seven out of top ten most polluted cities in the World in 2018 are Indian Cities (World Air Quality Ranking report). PM2.5 stands for Particulate Matter measuring 2.5 microns or less in diameter suspended in air. PM2.5 can cause significant negative health impacts such as Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), and Lung cancer. The objective of this study is to estimate trends and patterns of Particulate Matter 2.5 Concentration levels in Indian cities. Methods: We consider an Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to explain the variability of particulate matter (PM2.5) levels across six different cities in India, using the daily observation data provided by the Central Pollution Control Board of India. Findings: Results from our model indicate that statistically significant differences exist in pollutant levels between Bangalore, Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, and Vishakhapatnam. Seasonality in pollutant levels is also significant. Mean levels of pollutants are generally higher during winter months and lower around the monsoon season for all the south Indian cities. Applications: Results from our model could be useful for understanding and predicting the air pollutant trends and patterns of south Indian cities.

isara solutions

International Research Journal Commerce arts science

The concentration of particulate matters in the air is compared with national air quality standards for year 2005 to 2015. The analysis covers six air quality monitoring stations in Jaipur It is found that every year recorded mean values of particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) are very much higher than the specified limit by NAAQS. The PM10 and PM2.5 values were lower in monsoon season compared to winter and summer season. A seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) model of time series analysis is used for analysis and forecasting of air pollutants.

Ashima Tyagi

In the past few years, urbanization has led to a widespread increase in air pollution around the world, which has forced extensive research in this field. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution kills approximately seven million people worldwide every year. Despite dramatic progress cleaning the air for so many years, air pollution continues to affect the environment causing severe health hazards. This paper aims to scrutinize the trends of air pollution in the World as well as in India. We have considered the effects of the two most fatal pollutants, particulate matter PM2.5, and PM10. The paper will investigate the places around the world with a high concentration of particulate matter along with the detailed analysis of air quality in India.

Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research

laveena gulabchandani

: This study presents an analysis of the variation of concentration of air pollutants namely NO2, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 at civil lines in Ajmer city, Rajasthan, India from January 2019 to December 2019 and their comparison with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards to assess the ambient air quality at study area. The analysis of the data shows that the concentrations of NO2 and SO2 were always below the permissible limits of CPCB while PM2.5 crosses the permissible only once in the month of May and it was found that more than 50% of the time concentrations of PM10 were violating the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The study also shows the PM10 has the highest concentration among all the pollutants while NO2has the lowest concentration of all. This shows that PM10 is a critical pollutant polluting the ambient air quality of Ajmer city.

Amit Dutta , Raktim Mandal

Over the last few years, the whole nation is consistently facing a severe level of air pollution during the winter season. Air pollution level in all over India has started to get aggravated during the post-monsoon season due to an association of both atmospheric and anthropogenic factors. PM10. i.e. inhalable particles with a diameter less than or equal 10 micrometres, is a criteria air pollutant out of total twelve in India having great importance. In this study, seasonal variation of PM10 concentration was measured near Jadavpur, Kolkata from December 2017 to March 2018. During the study period results of ambient air quality monitoring data for the average concentration of PM10 ranged between 103.67 – 323.70 µg/m3. It is observed that in 100% of the cases, the 24hr average concentration of PM10 contravened the NAAQS (100 μg/m3) limit. The maximum concentration of PM10 was observed during the winter season (238.81±63.12 μg/m3) from January to February. To understand the existing a...

IRJET Journal

Where pollutants has become a major problem around the world, air pollutants is the mostdangerous, surprising and intense pollutants amongst different pollutions e.g. water pollutants, soilpollution,noisepollutants,lightpollutants,thermalpollutant setc.Airpollutantsisthemajorcauseofdiseaseslikeasthma,cance r,bronchitis,birthdefectsand immunesystemlikediseases. Human exposure to fine particles can have considerable dangerous effects on the respiration andcardiovascular system. To look into day by day publicity traits to PM2.5and PM10withambient concentrations in a arban areas environment, personal publicity measurements at the road,from Dhamora to Ambedkar park in urban areas of rampur ’ withinside the Ramput city, India. In order to accountfor all of the reassets of particulate count publicity, measurements on numerous distinct daysin the course of July 2022 to have been completed Smile pressure Air Quality Pollution Monitor have been used todegree PM2.5and PM10concentration. The studies findings offer perception into possiblereassetsandtheir interactionwith human activitiesin modifyingthehumanpublicitylevels. Airborne particulate count has now grow to be an problem withinside the global surroundings because of thefitnessproblemsandenvironmentaldegradationitcauses.Th ishasnecessitatedthatmostarbanregions attempt to set requirements for coarse and great debris because of their substantial influences at thesurroundings. This paper is a vital evaluation of ways PM2.5 and PM10 withinside the atmosphere affectsvisualairqualityandhumanfitness.Thechallengeinthispa peristodescribethecomprehensiveoutcomesofthePM2.5andP M10soastoidentifyitsminimizationintheenvironmentswiththe viewofarbanregionsitseffectivecontrolstrategiesforadequatea irqualitymanagement. On the street web website online places are important source of air pollutants emitting pollutants like PM2.5and PM10, etc. which adversely have an effect on human fitness in particular the respiration system. Thepresent study aims at tracking of PM2.5 and PM10, fitness circumstance of people lives at thestreet side, withinside the area of street web website online places. In the existing examine relevant literature evaluationhas additionally been completed to examine and examine the effect of air pollutants on human fitness.Reconnaissance survey of 06 decided on places from Dhamora to Ambedkar Park in urban areas of rampur has been conducted for the duration July 2022. The common PM2.5 and PM10 levelofall of the siteshas beenestimated andcomparedwith theprescribed value.

IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology and Engineering

Like many countries central pollution control board (CPCB) conducted evaluation of air pollution in many cities against National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) on the basis of which we can understand the quality of India as there exceedances' gives the idea of level of pollution. Online monitoring station gives the opportunity to understand the level of air pollution in particular area daily or yearly basis. That facilitate to calculate health risk assessment in that areas. The potential for adverse health effects is substantial. According to a detailed analysis of most of the criteria pollutants in Delhi, except for SO2, all criteria pollutants exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) applicable in USA (V. P. Aneja et al. 2001). As we know that carbon dioxide (SO2), oxide of nitrogen (NOX), particulate matter (PM10), mainly affects the human health so study is being focus on the diseases caused by these pollutants.

Journal of Environment and Earth Science

Smita Sharma

Aerosol and Air Quality Research

Disha Sharma

Air Pollution > Press Releases

Strategies for ensuring clean air in rajasthan (with special focus on jaipur region), php if (empty($dataarray['content_publised_at'])) { echo date('f d, y', strtotime($dataarray['content_publised_at'])); } >.

This Briefing Note is being released on the occasion of an Online Stakeholder Meeting on Multi-sector Implementation Strategies for Clean Air in Rajasthan with Special Focus on Jaipur, organised jointly by CSE and RSPCB on December 23, 2020. This note provides the key highlights of the sector-specific assessment done by RSPCB and CSE.

For the details of the Meeting, please visit: https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?tab=rm&ogbl#inbox

For CSE’s latest assessment of winter pollution in Rajasthan, please see :

Under the National Clean Air Programme, implementation of comprehensive clean air action plans is underway in five non-attainment cities of Rajasthan including Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Udaipur, and Alwar. The objective is to meet the target of reducing particulate pollution by at least 20-30 per cent from the 2017 level by 2024. The Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB) has prepared the plan and now taken the lead to enhance the implementation strategies for an effective impact.

In this regard, the RSPCB, in collaboration with CSE, has initiated an assessment of the current challenges, status of baseline action in each sector of pollution, identify the gaps and next steps to inform and enhance more granular strategies. This multi-sector strategy encompasses industry, power plants, vehicles and transportation, waste management and solid fuels in households. The state government has already initiated several measures in all these sectors. But assessment of the progress and emerging challenges in each sector across the region will further help to raise the level of ambition and effectiveness of the strategy.

As part of this initiative, the RSPCB is among the very few in the country to have taken the lead to adopt a unique approach of mitigating pollution at a regional scale to maximise air quality gains. RSPCB has recognised the importance of aligning action across sectors in a given airshed to minimise the regional influence on local pollution while enhancing the local action. Even though under the NCAP the RSPCB is implementing city-specific clean air action plans in five non-attainment cities, it is additionally creating a framework for regional approach. To pilot this approach, the administrative boundary of the Jaipur division has been prioritised for develop regional scale action plan. Division comprises of different districts, cities, towns and rural hinterland and is a useful framework to test out the multi-jurisdiction regional sale of approach to mitigation.

As part of this collaborative effort, field investigation has been carried out in targeted hotspots and in cities to understand the ground realities and implementation challenges. This has been contextualised within emerging and changing air quality trends in the region, and changing pattern of public health risk. For each sector baseline action has been identified to chart the next steps.

Based on this assessment, more sector specific investigation, stakeholder consultation, best practice sharing and capacity building exercise will be carried out to continually improve implementation and compliance.

On the occasion of the release of the findings of this new study – “Enhanced Strategies for Clean Air Action Plan in Jaipur Division, Rajasthan” -- a stakeholder workshop was organised as part of the RSPCB-CSE collaboration. This gathering had the presence of Ms Veena Gupta (IAS), Chairperson, Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, Sunita Narain, Director General, Centre for Science and Environment, Ravi Jain, Transport Commissioner, Dr Mukesh Sharma, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Dr Vijai Singhal, Chief Environment Engineer, RSPCB, and Anumita Roychowdhury, Executive Director, CSE. This gathering had also brought together diverse set of officials from urban local bodies, bus transport corporation, Metro Rail, Industry association, academia from Jodhpur IIT, media representatives among others. This new report also included additional assessment of industrial and power plant pollution in Jaipur division. CSE experts Parth Kumar, Vinay Trivedi, and Shantanu Gupta shared the findings.

This summary note captures the key highlights of the sector-specific assessment.

Air quality assessment

Informing clean air target for action planning: Even though the NCAP has set a target of 20-30 per cent reduction in particulate pollution from 2017 level by 2024, the actual target reduction needed in cities to meet the clean air standards varies. At this stage, without an appropriate protocol, it is not possible to set a uniform region-wide reduction target. Air quality monitoring is also limited to only a few cities of the region. As per the global good practice, if the current baseline is taken as the three-year average and compared with the national ambient air quality standards for PM2.5, accordingly, Jaipur needs to cut its annual PM2.5 level by 23 per cent, Jodhpur by 54 per cent, Udaipur 16 per cent, Kota 23 per cent, and Alwar by 16 per cent. In addition, Bhiwadi, an industrial cluster requires 64 per cent cut followed by Pali at 34 per cent, and Ajmer by 8 per cent.

This indicates the scale and speed of action needed to meet the clean air benchmark. In fact, the reduction target for PM10, coarser particles, is expected to be higher. However, PM2.5 monitoring is still limited in the state.

Long-term trends in pollution in cities of Jaipur division : Available data for PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 for cities of Jaipur division show high but a stabilised trend. The annual average concentration of PM10 has started declining in the key cities of Jaipur, Alwar and Bhiwadi. But it is still exceeding the standard. The highest exceedance is in Bhiwadi followed by Jaipur and Alwar. While in Bhiwadi the levels are exceeding the standards by three times, in Jaipur 1.6 times and Alwar 1.2 times.

Similarly, the annual level of PM2.5, the tinier particulates, is showing a declining trend in all the three cities but it is exceeding the standard in Bhiwadi by 2.35 times, and in other two it is exceeding the standard.

The nitrogen dioxide levels on the other hand are stable in all the cities and are within the standard in Jaipur and Alwar but exceeds in Bhiwadi.

Lockdown and clear blue sky : This has been an extraordinary year due to the COVID19 pandemic. The shutting down of the economy during the lockdown phases had led to dramatic clean up in pollution across all regions. RSPCB has carried out an extensive analysis of the pollution levels during the extraordinary phase of pandemic linked lockdown. This shows significant increase in number of days in the satisfactory and moderate categories - increased by up to 40 to 60 per cent. Highest reduction in the average AQI levels was in Bhiwadi. Except in Alwar, all other stations witnessed a rise in the AQI level during the modified lockdown period—20 April to 03 May 2020— when restrictions were lowered. This assessment has shown how clean the air can get once local pollution in controlled and regional influence is minimised. While this temporary relief came from the shutting down of the economy, this has kindled interest in deeper systemic reforms for lasting change.

Rising trend during winter : Predictably, the pollution levels increase every winter due to inversion, colder temperature and slow wind, even though the seasonal difference is not as big as in the larger Indo-Gangetic plain. Despite the dramatic decline in pollution due to the lockdown this summer the levels have increased substantially this winter when the Indo Gangetic Plain was trapped in choking haze of pollution. The 2020 winter pollution in Japipur has seen more number of days in “Poor” AQI category for PM2.5 – in fact the number of days has more than doubled, compared to 2019. In the recent years, the episodes of bad air quality are of longer duration and comparatively more severe. Winter pollution has increased across nearly all cities and towns of Rajasthan.

Air quality gets more toxic with the onset of winter with ratio of tinier PM2.5 increasing: The share of tinier and finer particles in the overall coarser PM10 concentration determines the toxicity of air. When the overall share of tinier PM2.5 in the overall coarser PM10 is higher, the air is more toxic as the tiny particles penetrate deep inside the lungs and cut through the blood barrier increasing health risk. Interestingly, during lockdown, when the overall suspended coarser particles had settled down reducing the PM10 levels, the PM2.5 had also come down. But its share increased with the onset of winter. Monthly average PM 2.5 percentage in Jaipur rose beyond 50 per cent in November and hit a daily high of 70 per cent this year. The ratio is higher in 2020 winter months than in 2019.

Ozone – an emerging challenge : While the current policy focus is on particulate pollution, the available data shows that ozone is beginning to rise. In several cities of Rajasthan the number of days in a year not meeting the 8 hour ozone standard has begun to increase. Only in Udaipur all days have met the standards since 2018. In Jaipur the number of days not meeting the standards is the highest. However, the interesting trend is that high NO2 areas in the region are low ozone areas and high ozone areas are low NO2 areas. This is consistent with the known science that ozone dissipates in high NO2 areas through secondary reaction. Ozone is not directly emitted by any source but gets created under the influence of sun and temperature when volatile organic compounds react and NOx is a catalyst. But to control ozone primary gases from combustion sources will have to be controlled. This is a highly reactive gas and has high health risk. This demands strong action on combustion sources to control gaseous emissions. This is also needed to control secondary particulates in the air, which according to the IIT Kanpur study can be 21 per cent of the PM2.5 concentration during winter.

Growing health risk

High health cost: According to the newly released Lancet report 2020, economic loss attributable to air pollution as a percentage of state GDP for Rajasthan is 1·70 per cent. Economic loss due to lost output from premature deaths and morbidity attributable to household air pollution as a percentage of state GDP in Rajasthan is 0·79 per cent. Total and per-capita economic loss due to premature deaths attributable to air pollution in Rajasthan is USD 2294 millions. Economic loss due to premature deaths and morbidity as a percentage of state GDP in 2019 for Rajasthan was highest for ambient particulate pollution followed by household air pollution and then ambient ozone pollution.

Air pollution ranks as the second-largest risk factor for premature deaths in Rajasthan as per the 2016, state-level disease burden estimates (IHME, ICMR and PHFI) Death rate per 100,000 population attributable to air pollution in Rajasthan at 112.5, was the highest in India. It was estimated that if air pollution concentration could be lowered, the life expectancy in Rajasthan could increase by 2.5 years. Children are particularly vulnerable to air pollution.

Baseline action in different sectors

The time-bound, integrated and multi-sectoral action requires adoption of several new generation compliance methods and systems to control real world emissions, and comprehensive design details of mitigation strategies. This also requires capability to assess air quality and pollution sources. RSPCB has taken several steps in this direction. There is a growing learning curve.

Expanding air quality monitoring network enables better understanding of air quality :

Air quality monitoring network has expanded in cities of Rajasthan since 2016. While total manual monitoring stations have increased from 30 stations in 2016 to 39 in 2019, the real time monitors have jumped from none in 2016 to 10 in 2020. Expansion of real time monitors has helped to track daily change more efficiently and enabled public dissemination of air quality information based on national air quality index (NAQI). 41per cent of total monitors (manual + realtime) are in Jaipur Division. While the scope of real time monitoring need to be further expanded, RSPCB is also exploring adoption of alternative monitoring methods including satellite data and sensor based monitoring to generate data for the regions without adequate regulatory monitors. Currently, RSPCB is adding 30-40 more stations in the state. Real time data will also enable forecasting of pollution and advance action.

Understanding pollution sources

RSPCB has taken the lead to collaborate with the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, to carry out emissions source inventory and source apportionment studies to assess the relative contribution of pollution sources to pollution load and pollution concentration respectively. The inventory study shows that road dust dominates the pollution inventory with 47 per cent of the particulate load followed by vehicles at 20 per cent, and industry at 19 per cent. But it may be noted that road dust contains maximum traces of highly toxic and cancer causing substances and accumulates toxins from combustion sources. It is also evident that vehicles are the highest contributor to nitrogen oxides at 85 per cent.

The source apportionment study that assesses the relative contribution of sources to pollution concentration in the air shows that during winter there is huge impact of combustion sources on PM2.5 concentration. Biomass burning dominates at 31 per cent, followed by secondary aerosols at 21 per cent and vehicles at 16 per cent. This indicates that the regional plans now need special strategies to reduce primary gas emissions like Sox and Nox and others to control secondary particulates. This evidence on pollutioj source profile helps to further prioritisie action.

iii. Controlling action in power plants

The collaborative study of CSE and RSPCB has assessed the current compliance status of coal-based thermal power plant in Rajasthan with the 2015 standards for PM, SO2, NOx, Hg, and Water. It also highlights fly ash utilization status and issues related to continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS).

This shows that more than two third of the capacity is owned by state sector. Fleet is young with two third of the capacity is less than 10-year-old. Only one-third of Rajasthan’s coal-based capacity is compliant with the PM standards, which is much below the national compliance rate of 56 per cent. Majority of capacity is non-compliant with SO2 standard, and, further, progress is poor in taking SO2 control measures as no plant awarded work till November, 2020. Plant will not meet deadlines if measures further delayed. NOx compliance is better considering recently relaxed norms of 450 mg/Nm3. Compliance with Water and Mercury is average, however, CSE observed better transparency in disclosing water and mercury data in Rajasthan TPPs. Fly ash utilization is good, in fact, Rajasthan should be used as a case study to improve fly ash utilization in other states.

It is therefore recommended that that the plant wise detailed action plan is crucial for meeting PM, SO2 and NOx standards to ensure compliance before 2022 deadlines. Separate deadlines should be given to meet water norms. CEMS data connectivity need to be addressed and CEMS data should be made publicly available for bringing transparency. Water audits and CEMS audits are also recommended. A clear phase out plan for older units and a few of them can also trialed for biomass co-firing.

Controlling emissions from industry

CSE has carried out assessment of industrial air pollution in the key industry clusters in Jaipur along with Alwar and Bhiwadi (as these were one of the most industrialized regions in this airshed). This has assessed the local industry profile, and nature of their pollution to chart a roadmap for more locally appropriate action. Some of the key industrial pollution hotspots identified includes Vishwa Karma Industrial Area (VKIA) in Jaipur, Matsya Industrial Area in Alwar, and Bhiwadi Industrial Area (Phase I to IV) in Bhiwadi.

Total air polluting industries in Jaipur district are 1261 and the major industries are metal based, stone works, mineral grinding, brick kilns etc. There are overall 48 designated industrial areas and 8 of them are major ones. VKIA is the largest coal and liquid fuel consumer and uses almost 30 percent of the coal used by industries in the district. On the other hand Kotputli is the largest agro residue consumer. VKIA is one of the biggest contributors to the industrial pollution loading in the area and is responsible for 33 per cent of the total industrial loading. Metal and food processing sectors are the largest contributors.

Alwar has quite a number of furnaces and boilers. Most boilers are below the capacity of 2 TPH. MIA, largest coal consumer, – using up 63 .5 percent of the coal used in the district. MIA and Neemrana together contribute more than 60 per cent to the industrial pollution load of the district. But this area also shows highest use of agro residue as a fuel and Neemrana is largest agro residue consumer. On the other hand, Bhiwadi Industrial Area contributes around 65 per cent to the industrial pollution load of the region. Bhiwadi with a total of 328 air polluting industries with predominance of metal based & chemical/pharmaceutical, has overall 3 major designated industrial areas – Bhiwadi, Chopanki & Khuskhera. Majority boilers are below the capacity of 3 TPH. Bhiwadi Industrial Area is the largest coal, agro and wood consumer. Chopanki Industrial Area is the largest liquid fuel consumer.

There is a need for pollution hotspot-wise action plan to promote and mandate cleaner fuels. But this will require a clean fuel pricing policy. At the same time, it is important to assess the feasibility of introducing common boilers in place of numerous small boiler clusters that are difficult to monitor. Induction furnaces can be made mandatory, especially in Jaipur and Bhiwadi.

Combating fugitive emissions has become necessary. Strict adherence to RSPCB mineral grinding and Stone Crusher guidelines especially in Rajgarh and MIA in Alwar is important. Waste Management agencies need to be involved for non-hazardous industrial waste management along with secured dumpsites. Cement concrete roads in industrial areas need to be facilitated to prevent dust generation from heavy vehicle movement. It is important to insist on public display of the consent details to identify legal and illegal industries.

Controlling on-road emissions from vehicles

Jaipur region has about 30 per cent of the total registered vehicles in the state of Rajasthan. Per-capita vehicle ownership in Jaipur district is also very high i.e. 446 per thousand people compared to the regional average of 243 per thousand. Two-wheelers more than 70 per cent of the total registered vehicles. The second highest share of goods vehicles in Alwar, Sikar, Dausa and Jhunjhunu districts indicates the presence of industrial and freight activity in these areas.

This assessment has highlighted the pathways to advancement in strategies that are needed for improving on-road emissions monitoring and compliance system as the region has made the transition from Bharat Stage IV emissions standards to BSVI standards this year.

Currently, the state government is reforming the PUC scheme. It has been linked with the network server since 2017. Under the scheme, a total of 68.12 lakh vehicles till March 2019 have been checked. Challans are being issued for non-compliance. However, the current failure rates are very low – 406 per cent for petrol vehicles and less than 1 per cent for diesel vehicles. The programme will require stronger quality control and quality assurance.

Phasing out old vehicles : As per the NGT order dated 01 January 2014 regarding phase out of 10-yearold diesel and 15-year-old petrol vehicles in Delhi-NCR region, directions have been issued to all the RTOs. Policy states that vehicles older than 15 years are to be deregistered and permitted only after inspection. It is evident that 21.2 lakh vehicles have been deregistered, which is 12 per cent of the total registered vehicles. However, this will require a targeted state level vehicle scrappage policy and scrappage infrastructure for safe disposal and material recovery to make this programme effective.
Clean fuel initiative : As per the order of the transport department dated 10 July 2019, LPG and CNG vehicles get 50 per cent discount during registration. For improvement in air quality the registration of diesel autos/tempos has been restricted whereas LPG and CNG vehicle registration is being promoted. Rajasthan State Gas Limited (RSGL) supplying CNG to vehicles at two stations on Delhi–Jaipur National Highway (NH-8) at Neemrana and Kukas. Two more stations are being set up on NH-8 between Neemrana and Kukas. However, the CNG fuelling network has remained limited.
Electric vehicle programme : State government of Rajasthan is framing a draft electric vehicle policy to fast track the implementation of electric mobility. The state government is proposing 100 per cent exemption to electric vehicles from taxes. Rajasthan State Industrial Policy, 2019 proposes electric vehicle research and manufacturing zone, financial assistance to encourage electric vehicles and their component manufacturing units, and allotment of land for short-term and long-term leases to reduce land cost for entrepreneurs. This will require a robust and time-bound implementation roadmap. Given the fact that Rajasthan has a high level of tourism with large tourist centres, linking electric mobility with eco-tourism will be an important opportunity. But this will require careful planning of the electric vehicle ecosystem including charging infrastructure, electrification of targeted route clusters, fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, and disposal systems, etc. There is a great potential for promoting electric vehicles in Jaipur. The travel pattern in the city is most conducive. Short trip length dominate as more than half of the trips are below 5 km distance. Low powered two-wheelers are 73 per cent of the fleet and average vehicle speed is around 15-18 km/hour. This range can be comfortably achieved in a single charge by almost all existing EV models in the market today.
Mobility and transportaton strategy
Public transport strategy: It may be noted that Jaipur City Mobility Plan has set the goal of 50 per cent public transport modal share, 35 per cent of non motorized transport share and 100 per cent coverage of footpaths on all roads by 2030.

However, the decadal comparison of modal share in Jaipur city shows that share of public transport and Intermediate Para Transit has gone down by 18 per cent whereas private motor vehicle share has increased by 18 per cent. To achieve an optimal modal share, the city needs to increase the public transport and IPT share by almost three times.

Jaipur has already taken various initiatives such as introduction of city bus service, Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS), metro system, and Public Bicycle Sharing (PBS) to improve the overall mobility scenario. To fast forward transition to electric mobility, the state electric vehicle policy is in the pipeline. The Jaipur city is going to procure 100 more electric buses.

However, a lot more needs to be done. For example, the city has 24 buses per lakh population whereas it needs to achieve a target of 60 buses per lakh population. The aging of buses is further aggravating the situation as in 2018 around 215 buses had to be phased out. Also, the buses get overcrowded during peak hours, face competition with private minibuses and IPT due to poor rationalized routes, and poor operational performance. The IPT system caters to 7 per cent of the travel demand but is completely unorganized. Despite walking being a major mode of movement, only 19 per cent of the city roads have footpaths which are majorly encroached.

For improving public transport usage, bus fleet needs to be increased, routes have to be rationalized, equipped with Intelligent Transport System (ITS), and carry out multi-modal integration. Public transport will only work efficiently if the last mile connectivity will be provided. For this, the IPT service will have to organized along with providing infrastructure required. The phase out of older vehicles has to be linked with incentives to purchase clean vehicles such as Bharat Stage VI and electric IPT. The roads need to be redesigned based on the principle of complete street design.

Improve walking and cycling: The modal share Jaipur division shows that more than 50 per cent of the trips are being made by walk and bicycle and end within 5 km. As these trips are within potential walkable/bicyclable distance, therefore improvements of Non-Motorized-Transport (NMT) infrastructure can help in retaining the existing captive NMT users along with attracting the other potential users.

vii) Need vehicle restraint measures

Insatiable demand for parking has created enormous demand for land that is unsustainable. Unorgansied parking is also aggravating congestion. As much as 62 per cent of the road network in Japipur is vulnerable to legal and illegal parking. The demand for total land for parking in the city is estiamted to be 4 times higher than the walled city area.

As part of the comprehensive action plan of the Delhi NCR that also applies to Rajasthan part of the NCR, has included parking policy as a demand management and vehicle restraint measure. There needs to be a shift from increasing the parking supply to optimizing the available service and using parking as a vehicle restraint measure. Therefore, a comprehensive parking policy and parking area management plan is required to reduce demand for parking and free up land and roads from parking encroachment by following well defined demand management principles.

Currently, the region lacks a comprehensive parking management strategy. Almost all the parking supply is provided free of cost despite a high revenue generation opportunity from the land.

But there is a big opportunity. Rajasthan is the only state where proof of parking is required before getting the vehicle registered- as per the Rajasthan High Court order 2012 but the compliance with the order is poor. It is impotant to implement parking magament area plan across all land uses to identify and earmark on ground the legal larking area, stop illegal parking, introduce variable parking pricing in all legal parking areas, ban parking in green areas and footaths etc. While providing for organised and well regulate dparking ot also has to restrain unlimited supply of free parking.

Overall, Jaipur has the unique opportunity to build upon its advantage of having a diverse set of public transport systems. It is important to identify the pathways for efficient and more upgraded integration. As Jaipur embarks on expanding and modernizing its public transport systems, additional strategies will be needed to keep services affordable and the systems financially viable. Connecting new urban development with a well integrated public transport system will be crucial to ensure the sprawling metropolitan areas do not fall into the trap of motorization and lose their inherent advantages.

This dialogue will be taken forward to enable knowledge sharing to build capacity, design advanced strategies and strengthen implementation for cleaner air.

viii) Ensure circular economy for proper waste management and material recovery to prevent waste burning

Rajasthan has already taken steps to implement the waste management rules and is also setting up infrastructure to address different streams of waste to prevent waste burning. This will have to be taken forward fo rmore robust managemet staretgies to implement decentralised waste management system including segregation and recycling. Adopt effective landfill management and create roadmap for zero landfill policy.

Similalry promote decentralized C&D waste segregation and collection and make it obligatory for developers to- carry out on-site recycling and/or disposal at designated sites. Set-up facilities for recycling of C&D waste to promote recycling of construction and demolition waste. At the same time control fugitive emissions from material handling, conveying and screening. Implement provision of Central regulations for construction and demolition waste management rules 2016. Ensure dust pollution control in all construction sites.

ix) Traget 100% LPG access in households to eliminate solid fuels for coooking

The 2020 Lancel study has shown how premature deaths from household air pollution is responsible for health cost that is equivalent to close to 1 per cent of the state’s GDP in Rajasthan. This will have to be addressed urgently by maximising clean energy access and enableing 100 per cent coverage of household with reliable LPG conenction. At the same time eliminate use of solid fuels from open eateries and resturaunts and link this with their commercial license.

This collaborative initiative of RSPCB-CSE will be taken forward for more deep dive support to multi-sector action for clean air in all regions of Rajasthan. This will provide the model template for regional airshed level interventions that can provide a learning curve to other states of India.

For more information: Sukanya Nair of The CSE Media Resource Centre, [email protected] , 8816818864

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Air quality assessment of Jaipur city Rajasthan after the COVID-19 lockdown

Mukesh ruhela.

1 Department of Environmental Engineering (SITE), Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, 250005 UP India

Vedansh Maheshwari

Faheem ahamad.

2 Keral Verma Subharti College of Science (KVSCOS), Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, 250005 UP India

Vishal Kamboj

3 Department of Environmental Science, BFIT Group of Institutions, Suddhowala, Dehradun, 248007 UK India

Associated Data

In the whole world, most of the air polluted cities were normalized during the COVID-19 lockdown but after the lockdown, the air pollution is continuously increasing day by day. In the present study, we assessed the air quality at the selected sites of Jaipur city after the COVID-19 lockdown from October 2020 to February 2021 to quantify the enhancement in air pollution. The obtained data was processed using air quality index (AQI), principal component analysis (PCA) and pearson correlation matric (PCM). The obtained data were also compared with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Values of particulate matter (PM 10 , PM 2.5 ) were found beyond the limits of NAAQS (100 µg/m 3 , 60 µg/m 3 ) while the values of gaseous pollutant such as SO 2 , NO 2 , and CO was found below the limits of NAAQS (80 µg/m 3 , 80 µg/m 3 , 4.0 mg/m 3 ). Based on AQI, air quality of site 1 (114.80) and site 2 (110.48) was found severely polluted while air quality of site 3 (70.47) was found moderately polluted. Based on PCA, the highest loading factor was declared to PM 10 and the lowest loading factor was SO 2 . The study concludes that by adopting the control measures of particulate matter and periodical transport lockdown, air pollution can be minimised.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41324-022-00456-3.

Introduction

Air pollution is one of the serious environmental concerns of both developed and developing countries due to its direct impact on the health of the human population. According to a report (2021), 22 Indian cities are in the top 30 most polluted cities of the world and they are Ghaziabad, Bulandshahar, Bisrakh Jalalpur, Noida, Greater Noida, Kanpur, Lucknow, Meerut, Agra, and Muzaffarnagar in Uttar Pradesh, Bhiwari in Rajasthan, Faridabad, Jind, Hisar, Fatehabad, Bandhwari, Gurugram, Yamuna Nagar, Rohtak and Dharuhera in Haryana, and Muzaffarpur in Bihar [ 1 ]. Most of the cities listed in the mentioned section are industrial areas. All the cities are fast growing with respect to population, technological application and economical aspects in comparison to other cities which are not listed. New Delhi is the most polluted capital in the World. Ghaziabad is considered the second most polluted city in the world after Xinjiang in China.

As the activities, discoveries, and uses of energy have manifested in the form of urbanization, green revolution, industrialization, communication, transport, and the comfortable mode of living, the generation of a variety of waste products particularly air pollutants takes place [ 2 ]. Along with these, desertification of soil also leads to air pollution due to increased amount of dust in air [ 3 – 5 ]. Air pollution is more complex than most other environmental challenges. Any slight change in the meteorological and topographical condition affects the dispersion and transport of pollutants, which can result in ambient concentrations that may harm people, structures, and the environment. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that a third of all premature deaths in the western Asia–Pacific region are due to air pollution. While globally every year, 7 million people die [ 6 ] because of exposure to a high level of air pollutants while many more suffer from breathing ailments, heart disease, lung infections, and even cancer. These problems become severe in all metro cities of the world. In the last decade, the air quality of most metro cities in the world is the poorest [ 7 ].

The cities are the hotspots of air pollution due to the high population density which results in more transportation activities. Lack of proper maintenance of vehicles is also a major cause of air pollution which results in worsened air quality. The effect of the pollutant on human health depends on various factors such as the group of individuals involved, organ considered, type and concentration of pollutants, and time of exposure. Vehicular exhaust proves to be one of the significant sources of air pollution in urban areas [ 8 , 9 ]. Many studies have shown that motor vehicle air pollution-induced cardiovascular and respiratory diseases [ 10 ].

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation has gone disastrous due to the exponential spreading of the corona virus at the global level. To reduce the spreading of this infectious disease, WHO has recommended the lockdown at the global level [ 11 ]. This results to the shutdown of human activities throughout the world. Similarly, the Indian government also follow the WHO guidelines and on 23rd March 2020, lockdown starts in all the states of India but the complete lockdown was imposed on 25th March 2020. It has been noticed that during the lockdown, anthropogenic activities such as traveling, and industries were properly stopped which results in improving the air quality [ 12 , 13 ]. However, after the lockdown, the transportation, industries and different other routine activities starts properly resulting in the air quality degradation in all the major cities at all the places and especially in metro cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Bengaluru and many others [ 14 , 15 ].

Like other cities in India, Jaipur is also facing the problem of increased urbanization, industrial emission, traffic congestion, and poor road conditions. Bedsides these, Jaipur is also a tourist place. All these factors resulted in increased air pollution in the city [ 16 ]. Strict control on all the human activities during COVID-19 lockdown resulted an improvement in the air quality worldwide [ 16 , 17 ]. Several authors also reported the significant improvement in the air quality of Jaipur city during COVID-19 lockdown period [ 18 ]. But soon after the lockdown, the monitoring station installed by the Governments shows an increase in all the criteria pollutants in all the major cities as well as in Jaipur. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the air quality of Jaipur City after the COVID-19 lockdown using Air Quality Index (AQI). The obtained results provide baseline data that show the rate of increment in air pollutants in Jaipur City.

Materials and methods

Jaipur is situated in the eastern part of Rajasthan, surrounded on three sides by the rugged Aravali hills. Jaipur is located at 26°55′ N 75°49′ E (26.92° N 75.82° E). It is surrounded by Alwar and Sikar in the North; by Sikar, Nagaur, and Ajmer in the West; by Ajmer, Tonk, and Sawai Madhopur in the South, and by Dausa and Bharatpur districts in the East. It has an average elevation of 430 m (1414 ft). Jaipur has a semi-arid climate. The climate of Jaipur is dry and healthy and is subject to the extremeness of cold and heat in various places. The minimum and maximum temperatures recorded in the Jaipur district vary from 5 to 48 °C. Normal annual rainfall is 50 cm. In this study, we selected the three main places namely Badi Chaupar (SS-01), Choti Chaupar (SS-02), and Bhankrota (SS-03) of the Jaipur city. These selected locations are attractive and always busy and crowdy where tourists enjoyed with various activities. The description of all the sampling sites was presented in Table Table1 1 and Fig. 1 .

Sampling sites location

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Location of all the sampling sites

Sampling site 1 (SS-01) is Badi Chaupar which is also known as “Large Square” or “Manak Chowk” is a residential, commercial area as well as tourist place situated near Hawa Mahal. It is a busy and big market of narrow lanes selling textiles, leather products, and jewelry, to handicrafts. Because of the big market hub, transport is also a big issue in this area. It is surrounded by Ramganj Bazaar (East side), Tripolia Bazar (West side), and Johari Bazaar (South side). Sampling site 2 (SS-02) is Choti chaupar which is also known as “Small Square” or “Amber Chowk” a residential and commercial area. It is located at the midpoint of Chandpole and Kishanpole Bazar. Sampling site 3 (SS-03) is Bhankrota which is a residential as well as institutional area. The market area is small as compared to SS-01 and SS-02.

Ambient air quality sampling methodology

Ambient air quality was monitored monthly at three locations (Badi Chaupar, Choti Chaupar, and Bhankrota) in Jaipur city after the COVID-19 lockdown for a period of five months from October 2020 to February 2021. The air quality monitoring program was initiated in the morning hours between 7.00 am and 11.00 am and was carried out using a Respirable Dust Sampler (RDS) with gaseous sampling attachment in accordance with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) conceptual guidelines and common methodology. The RDS (Model No: Envirotech-ETC APM 415 BL) was placed at the respiratory height (1.5 m). Filter papers were folded lengthwise after monitoring, kept in plastic zip bags, and transported to the laboratory immediately after sampling and weighed after oven drying. Particulate matter (PM 10 , PM 2.5 ), non-respirable suspended particulate matter (NRSPM), nitrogen oxides (NO 2 ), sulphur oxides (SO 2 ), and carbon monoxide (CO) were the parameters studied during the study period.

Data processing and analysis

The obtained data were analyzed using the Air quality index (AQI), Pearson correlation matrix (PCM) as well as Principal component analysis (PCA).

Air quality index (AQI)

AQI is a methodology of conversion of complex air quality data into a single digit, to make it understandable and useable by the common people. It is calculated by aggregating the ratio of pollutant concentration in ambient air to the standard limit of pollutants in ambient air. Several researchers calculated the AQI for the different regions [ 9 , 19 , 20 ] to understand the cumulative impact of pollutants. AQI has been calculated for four criteria pollutants PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 NO 2 , and CO by the following formula.

PM 10 = Concentration of PM 10 in ambient air, PM 10 (s) = Standard limit of PM 10 in ambient air, PM 2.5 = Concentration of PM 2.5 in ambient air, PM 2.5 (s) = Standard limit of PM 2.5 in ambient air, SO 2 = Concentration of SO 2 in ambient air, SO 2 (s) = Standard limit of SO 2 in ambient air, NO 2 = Concentration of NO 2 in ambient air, NO 2 (s) = Standard limit of NO 2 in ambient air, CO = Concentration of CO in ambient air, CO(s) = Standard limit of CO in ambient air.

Pearson correlation matrix (PCM)

The PCM showed the interaction i.e., positive and negative between the selected air quality parameters at selected sampling locations.

Principal component analysis (PCA)

PCA reduced the large dataset into simple dataset; thereby present the available information in summarized form for understanding which parameters are largely affected by showing the factor loadings. PCA reduced the number of high loading variables on each component which make the interpretation of variables simple. The PCA showed that using two axes namely PCA 1 and PCA 2 along with its eigenvalue and cumulative percentage using the vector length. The eigenvalue higher than 1 is considered. The PCM and PCA were performed using the ORIGIN Pro (Student Version).

The results of all the parameters studied during the study period were given in Table Table2 2 and Fig. 2 . Results of AQI were given in Table Table3 3 and prediction of AQI range was given in table S4.

Sites wise average physicochemical properties during the study period

* Average value of particular parameter at that site, ** Range of particular parameter at that site

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Graphical representation of the sites wise average of physicochemical parameters during the study period

Air quality index of each parameters and cumulative AQI of each site

* OV = Observed Value *Si = Sub index

Particulate matter

PM 10 is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances. It causes the greatest risk, after reaching the sensitive portions of the respiratory system which results in health problems and premature mortality [ 6 ]. During the study period, PM 10 ranged from 82.60 µg/m 3 (at site-3 in October) to 235.40 µg/m 3 (at site-2 in January) and the average value was found 200.15 µg/m 3 ± 8.52, 206.18 µg/m 3 ± 30.67, and 121.18 µg/m 3 ± 26.95 at site-1, site-2, and site-3 respectively. A more or less similar result was observed by several researchers during their study [ 21 , 22 ].

PM 2.5 concentration is an important index used in air quality evaluation systems. Due to the increasing public awareness, it is of great significance to analyze and forecast PM 2.5 concentrations [ 23 ]. These particles are of great concern. Due to its small size, PM 2.5 enters the respiratory tract and affects the functioning of the lungs. During the study period, PM 2.5 ranged from 35.13 µg/m 3 (at site-3 in October) to 98.12 µg/m 3 (at site-1 in January) and the average value was found 89.72 µg/m 3 ± 7.12, 72.22 µg/m 3 ± 10.71, and 44.11 µg/m 3 ± 7.55 at site-1, site-2, and site-3, respectively. A more or less similar result was observed by Biswas et al. [ 24 ].

The term RSPM is given to denote the amounts of fine particles obtained (having diameters < 10 microns). It includes the sum of both PM 10 and PM 2.5 . During the study period, RSPM ranged from 117.73 µg/m 3 (at site-3 in October) to 316.05 µg/m 3 (at site-2 in January) and the average value was found 289.88 µg/m 3 ± 13.79, 278.40 µg/m 3 ± 41.17, and 165.29 µg/m 3 ± 34.39 at site-1, site-2, and site-3 respectively. The term NRSPM is given to denote the amounts of coarse particles (having diameters > 10 microns) obtained in the cup attached with a cyclone separator. It shows very less impact on the health of humans and other living beings. During the study period, NRSPM ranged from 268.91 µg/m 3 (at site-3 in January) to 496.80 µg/m 3 (at site-1 in December) and the average value was found 444.54 µg/m 3 ± 43.15, 463.66 µg/m 3 ± 23.06, and 323.43 µg/m 3 ± 37.93 at site-1, site-2, and site-3 respectively. A more or less similar result was observed by Nasir et al. [ 25 ].

Gaseous pollutants

Nitrogen oxide (NOX = NO + NO 2 ) is the common name given to all oxides of nitrogen as nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), produced by both anthropogenic sources, e.g., the combustion of fossil fuels, thermal power plants, and transportation activities, and natural sources, e.g., microbiological processes in soil and lightening [ 26 ]. A lot of studies on the emissions of NO 2 have been performed and concluded that it significantly affects tropospheric chemical reactions on Earth [ 27 ]. NO 2 reacts with carbon monoxide to form ozone in the atmosphere. During the study period, NOx ranged from 33.42 µg/m 3 (at site-3 in October) to 54.56 µg/m 3 (at site-2 in December) and the average value was found 45.57 µg/m 3 ± 1.21, 49.81 µg/m 3 ± 3.25, and 37.72 µg/m 3 ± 4.48 at site-1, site-2, and site-3 respectively. A more or less similar result was observed by Saxena and Shekhawat [ 28 ].

The formation of sulphur di oxide (SO 2 ) takes place due to the burning of agriculture residues and nonconventional fuels in industries and vehicles. The SO 2 is also responsible for the formation of acid rain [ 13 ]. During the study period, SO 2 ranged from 12.12 µg/m 3 (at site-3 in October) to 16.81 µg/m 3 (at site-2 in December) and the average value was found 13.72 µg/m 3 ± 1.31, 15.38 µg/m 3 ± 0.98, and 12.62 µg/m 3 ± 0.42 at site-1, site-2, and site-3 respectively. All the values were found below the NAAQ value which is 80 µg/m 3 .

Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is the result of an incomplete combustion process either from vehicles or industries. Forest fires are also responsible for this gas. During the study period CO ranged from 0.60 mg/m 3 (at site-3 in October) to 1.63 mg/m 3 (at site-2 in December) and the average value was found 1.42 mg/m 3 ± 0.19, 1.36 mg/m3 ± 0.21, and 0.97 mg/m 3 ± 0.26 at site-1, site-2, and site-3 respectively. Results observed during the study confirmed that the industrial combustion process and transport sectors are the two dominant factors in the production of CO as fewer values were observed at a residential site in comparison to the industrial and commercial sites.

Assessment of air quality using AQI

The purpose of AQI is to reflect the real-time changes in the air quality of the concerned area. The parameter, whose Si value was found higher, became the criteria pollutant for that location. More will be the AQI value, more will be the adverse impact on plant and animal health and damage to property. The AQI scale was divided into five categories based on of impact on human health, i.e. 0–25 (clean air); 26–50 (light air pollution); 51–75 (moderate air pollution); 76–100 (heavy air pollution); > 100 (severe air pollution) [ 29 ]. The results were presented in Table Table3 3 .

AQI was calculated site-wise and parameters wise. When parameters-wise results were compared, the sub-index (Si) of all the concern parameters was found as 1.76, 1.14, 0.55, 0.17, and 0.31 for PM 10 , PM 2.5 , NO 2 , SO 2 , and CO respectively. The sum of sub-index was found as 3.94. The AQI value of SS-01, SS-02, and SS-03 was calculated as 114.80, 110.48, and 70.47.

The PCM showed the positive and negative interaction between the selected parameters shown in Fig. 3 . PM 10 showed the strong positive correlation with PM 2.5 (0.89), NRSPM (0.80), RSPM (0.99) and NO 2 (0.86) while weak positive correlation with SO 2 (0.59). In addition, PM2.5 showed the strong positive correlation with RSPM (0.95) while weak positive correlation with NRSPM (0.73), NO 2 (0.69), CO (0.77) and SO 2 (0.32) respectively. Moreover, Oxides of Nitrogen, Sulphur, and Carbon showed a moderate positive correlation to each other in selected sampling sites.

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Pearson correlation matrix showed the positive and negative interaction between the selected air quality parameters

PCA is a widely used statistical technique that provides significant data by reducing the large data into simple data. The vector length showed the factor loading parameters shown in Fig. 4 and Table Table4. 4 . The PC1 axis showed 75.8% of the cumulative variance of the total data variability with an eigen-value of 5.305. The PC1 axis showed the factor loading parameters in the order PM 10 > RSPM > NO 2 > PM 2.5 > NRSPM > CO > SO 2 respectively. In addition, the PC2 axis showed a 13.7% cumulative variance of the total data variability with an eigen-value of 0.962. PC2 axis showed the major factor loading parameters are in the order SO 2 > NRSPM > NO 2 respectively.

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PCA analysis showed the factor loading air quality parameters in selected sites

PCA showed the factor loading air quality parameters

The present study was performed at three sites in which two are residential as well as commercial and one is residential as well as institutional. None of them belongs to an industrial site. At SS-01 and SS-02, PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found above the limit and this may be due to dust arising from the foot of travelers and transport [ 30 ] in the area as two sites are marketing hubs of the city as mentioned in the material and method section. Values of PM 10 observed during the study period (82–235 µg/m 3 ) were found above the NAAQ value which is 100 µg/m 3 at all the sites. Variation in the PM 10 values from the NAAQs was observed less at site-3 (Bhankrota) was observed as less polluted which may be due to the small market area as compared to sites 1 and 2. During the lockdown period, Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB) published the air quality results which showed the improvements in air quality based on PM 10 values (53–97 µg/m 3 ) but in the present study which was conducted soon after the lockdown period, a great increase was observed in values of PM 10 . PCA analysis also declared the PM 10 as the highest contributed parameter to degrade the air quality of the study area.

Combustion is considered the major cause of PM 2.5 [ 31 ]. Several authors reported the decline in the values of PM 2.5 during the lockdown phase in Jaipur and other parts of India may be due to cease of industrial and transportation activities [ 9 , 32 ]. RSPCB also confirms the reduction in values of PM 2.5 (18–62 µg/m 3 ) during the lockdown period [ 18 ]. In the present study, a great increase was observed in the values of PM 2.5 (35–98 µg/m 3 ). The increase in the values of particulate matter after lockdown reached up to the pre lockdown period which reflects the beginning of all the routine activities (transport, industrial operation, and marketing). Based on PCA analysis, PM 2.5 marked the fourth-highest air quality degrading parameter. Moreover, values of PM 2.5 observed during the study period (35–98 µg/m 3 ) were found above the NAAQ value which is 60 µg/m 3 at sites 1 and 2 while at site 3 below the NAAQ value. The duration of the present study was from October to February i.e. winter season. Thus, high values of particulate matter can be attributed due to low dispersion, wind speed, temperature, and reasonably steady atmospheric circumstances [ 10 ].

Similar to particulate matter, gaseous pollutant shows a reduction in their concentration during the lockdown period [ 33 ]. The transport sector and industrial operations due to the combustion of fossil fuels are considered the major contributor to gaseous pollutants [ 34 ]. The major cause of CO and NO 2 in the environment is the combustion of various fuels in the vehicles and industries [ 35 ] while the source of SO 2 in the environment is the combustion of coal [ 36 ]. Thus, the concentration of NO 2 was found above the concentration of SO 2 as the study area is residential and commercial so the combustion of coal is very less in comparison to other fuels. Although, during the study period, values of NO 2 (33–54 µg/m 3 ) were found below the NAAQ value which is 80 µg/m 3 an increase was observed from the NO 2 values (6–31 µg/m 3 ) during the lockdown period. A similar pattern was observed in the case of SO 2 values. Values of SO2 were observed far below the standard NAAQ value during the lockdown and also in the present study (12–16 µg/m 3 ). This may be due to advancements in the industrial, processes automobile sector [ 12 ] and reasonably steady atmospheric circumstances. Based on PCA analysis, NO 2 and SO 2 marked the third and seventh rank contributor to the air quality degrading in the study area.

Unfinished combustion of fuels, biomass, and hydrocarbons are the main sources of CO. Out of total CO emissions in urban centres, 3/4th is contributed by vehicular activities [ 37 ]. In the initial phase of lockdown decrease in CO concentration was observed but soon after slight enhancement was observed might be due to the permission of transport on roads [ 18 ]. Values of CO observed during the study period (35–98 µg/m 3 ) were found above the NAAQ value which is 4 mg/m 3 . Based on PCA analysis, CO marked the 6th rank contributor to the air quality degrading in the study area. Based on the Si value, PM10 is considered a criteria pollutant in Jaipur city among all the studied parameters (highest Si value among all the studied parameters).

The least concerning parameter is considered SO 2 due to the lowest Si value among all the studied parameters. When site-wise results were compared, Badi Chaupar is considered the most polluted site due to the highest AQI value among all the studied sites while Bhankrota is considered the least polluted site. When the results of AQI obtained is compared with that of the standard scale given by Rao and Rao [ 29 ], the air quality of both site 1 and 2 (Badi Chaupar and Choti Chaupar) falls in the category of severe air pollution as residential and commercial activity were dominant at these two sites while the air quality of Bhankrota falls in the category of Moderate air pollution. Bhankrota is a residential as well as an institutional site. None of the sites was observed in the category of clean air class which is a matter of concern for Jaipur Municipal Corporation. Values of PM10 and PM2.5 were found above the standard limit at site 1 and site 2 during the whole study period. Values of NO2 and CO were found within the standard limits but if all the activities on the sites will continue as it is as they were running during the study period, values of NO 2 and CO will soon cross the standard limits of NAAQS.

The strong positive correlation between PM10 and other studied parameters confirms the release of variable size particulate matter from the transport sector pressurizing the studies focussing on various size particulate matter and their ill effects. Similar observations were also observed for PM2.5. The observations of the present study also confirm that transport is the major cause of air pollution at the studied sites as a strong positive correlation was observed among oxides of nitrogen, sulphur, and particulate matter of various sizes.

Knowledge regarding pollution prevention measures is limited to the scientific community and for effective implementation; knowledge should be disseminated to common people. Based on the literature study of pre, during, and post lockdown related to air pollution, it was observed that lockdown reduces the air pollution to a great extent but after the lockdown, all the parameters reached to pre lockdown values. As the transport sector is the main contributor to air pollutants, therefore the use of electric vehicles and solar vehicles can reduce air pollution. As the study areas are market places, therefore, water sprinkling on the ground can also be an effective measure of air pollution reduction.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all activities were stopped in all states of India due to the lockdown. However, when the lockdown was open, the movement of people from one place to another place increased. Jaipur city is one of the known tourist places of India, where peoples come for enjoyment and to visit the historical monuments of Indian Cultures. So, air quality assessment was carried out at selected sites in Jaipur city of Rajasthan state and AQI was also calculated based on data obtained after the COVID-19 lockdown. The air of the selected sites was found heavily polluted due to excess particulate matter although the concentration of gases was found below the limits of NAAQS. The low concentration of gases may be due to the high dispersion of pollutants due to the high temperature in the study area. Among all the selected sites lowest concentration of all the studied parameters was at site 3. Although, site 3 is a residential, as well as institutional area low concentration of the parameters, may be due to due to higher tree density (in the institutes) in comparison to SS-01 & SS-02. SS-01 & SS-02 were a combination of residential and commercial areas. A higher concentration of a pollutant at sites 1 & 2 may be due to higher vehicular activity, low density of trees in the area, and maybe due to construction activities at these sites. Based on AQI, SS-1&2 were found heavily polluted while site 3 was observed moderately polluted. Based on PCA analysis, the highest loading factor was declared to be PM10 and the lowest loading factor was SO 2 . The study also concludes that by adopting the control measures of particulate matter (such as scrubber in industries, clean fuel in vehicles and water sprinkling on ground), and periodical transport lockdown air pollution can be minimised at the selected sites as well as other air polluted sites.

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Swami Vivekanand Subharti University Meerut, (UP) India for providing the necessary experimental facilities to carry out this study. The authors are also highly thankful to the anonymous reviewers whose healthy comments and suggestion helped in the improvement of the final version of the manuscript.

Not applicable.

Declarations

The authors declare no competing interests.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Growing Air Pollution Risks in Rajasthan: A multi-pollutant analysis - Centre for Science and EnvironmentJune, 2023

Meyer, Thomas

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Air Quality Status in Jaipur and Nearby Areas of Rajasthan

Conference paper
First Online: 29 February 2020
Cite this conference paper

Harshit Tiwari 9 ,
Meena Tekriwal 9 &
Rekha Nair 9

Part of the book series: Algorithms for Intelligent Systems ((AIS))

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Air pollution in Rajasthan is now a big issue for citizens of Rajasthan and especially for those who reside near industrial areas. Gases having various pollutants cause so many diseases related to lungs. As Rajasthan is a dry area where high wind flows, pollutants can spread very easily. Comparison of Jaipur and nearby areas like Ajmer, Dausa and Kota are made on the basis of pollution data provided by central pollution control burrow. Different parameters like concentration of pollutants in air, particle size, effect of pollutants in day and night time, etc. are being compared. Air quality seems to be very poor in cities as compared to village areas. Also, air pollution seems to be less in the night because of less traffic. Comparison is made in day and night time and the data is shown in tabular as well as graphical form.

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Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302022, India

Harshit Tiwari, Meena Tekriwal & Rekha Nair

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Correspondence to Rekha Nair .

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Garima Mathur

Department of CSE, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan, India

Harish Sharma

Director, Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Mahesh Bundele

Department of IT, Techno India College of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

Nilanjan Dey

Polish Academy of Science, Systems Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Marcin Paprzycki

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Tiwari, H., Tekriwal, M., Nair, R. (2020). Air Quality Status in Jaipur and Nearby Areas of Rajasthan. In: Mathur, G., Sharma, H., Bundele, M., Dey, N., Paprzycki, M. (eds) International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Advances and Applications 2019. Algorithms for Intelligent Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1059-5_19

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Air-Pollution in Rajasthan

In 2018, a state-wise report released by Indian Council of Medical Research highlighted that the average life expectancy in Rajasthan would have been 2.5 years higher, if the air pollution levels were less than the minimal level. Kota along with Jaipur , Alwar and Jodhpur comes in the top 100 polluted cities in the country.

What is Air Pollution ?

When air is contaminated by unwanted substances which have a harmful effect on both the living and the non-living, it is referred to as air pollution.

Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases (such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and biological molecules are introduced into Earth’s atmosphere. Wikipedia

Major Air Pollutants & Their Sources

The substances which contaminate the air are called air pollutants. Pollutants can be added to atmosphere both by natural processes (volcanic eruptions, sand storms, forest fires etc) and man-made processes like ( factories, power plants, automobile exhausts). Few major air-pollutants are

Vehicle exhaust & burning of fossil fuels.
Principal greenhouse gas
Burning of fossil fuels.
Petroleum refineries, thermal power plants
Vehicle exhausts, thermal power plants
Air-conditioning & refrigeration
Occurs naturally in upper layers of atmosphere. Shields from harmful UV rays.
However, vehicle exhaust & industries release Ozone near ground. Pollutant with high toxic effects.
Consists of solids in air in form of smoke, dust & vapour.
Particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5 ): tiny particles or droplets in the air that are 2.5 micrometers or smaller in width.
Particulate matter 10 (PM 10 ): Inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller.’
VOCs are categorized as either methane (CH 4 ) or non-methane (NMVOCs).

Indoor Air Pollution in Rajasthan

Indoor air-pollution refers to physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air in indoor environment within a home, institution or commercial space.

More indoor pollution as people reply on traditional fuels such as firewood, charcoal, cowdung for cooking & heating.
Sources of indoor air-pollution in urban areas include lack of ventilation, construction activity etc.

Impact of Air Pollution in Rajasthan

Deaths linked to air pollution.

As per a TOI report , over 90 thousand deaths in 2017 in Rajasthan were linked to air pollution.
According to a 2020 study on health and economic impact of air pollution published in Lancet journal, over 1.13 lakh deaths in Rajasthan have been attributed to air pollution for the year 2019. This is 21.2% of the total deaths reported from Rajasthan in 2019 and is higher than India’s average of 18%.
The number of deaths caused by air pollution is a sum of deaths attributable to ambient particulate matter, household air pollution and ambient ozone pollution.
In Rajasthan, the number of deaths resulting from ambient particulate matter pollution stood at 58,167, while 49,352 deaths have been caused by household air pollution and over 2,000 deaths have been attributed to ambient ozone pollution. ( source )

Control Measures Air Pollution in Rajasthan

Rajasthan state pollution control board (rspcb).

RSPCB is the nodal agency for controlling pollution in the state of Rajasthan. It is responsible for implementation of:

Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
Rajasthan Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Rules, 1983.
Fly Ash Act, 1999.
Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation) Rules, 2000.
In June 2016, Rajasthan Government had launched mobile application RajVayu for sharing information about air quality index of Jaipur, Udaipur and Jodhpur.

National Air Quality Index (NAQI)

On April 6, 2015, India had launched its first ever National Air Quality Index (NAQI).
NAQI classifies pollution levels into 6 categories—good, satisfactory, moderate, poor, very poor and severe—and denotes a color code on the basis of how harmful the pollution in a specific area is.
Pollutions measured include—PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NH3, SO2, CO and Ozone.
In Rajasthan, NAQI is measured for Alwar , Ajmer, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Pali, Udaipur.

Uranium Contamination in Ground Water in Rajasthan

National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) in Rajasthan

Camels of Rajasthan | Camel Population Declining | Breeds of Camel

Declining Camel Population in Rajasthan

Rajasthan State Wetland Authority

Are you breathing in Rajasthan?

Air pollution is a global public health emergency. Currently 56,485,833 people in Rajasthan are breathing toxic air that does not meet WHO's clean air guidelines. The district with the worst air pollution in Rajasthan is Bharatpur , where PM2.5 is forecasted to be 84.3 µg/m3 . That's moderately polluted.

BREATHING IS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH

Air pollution in rajasthan.

Air pollution varies from one place to another. Select a district below to get a detailed PM2.5 air quality report.

1. Bharatpur

2. dhaulpur, 4. hanumangarh, 5. ganganagar, 9. sawai madhopur, 10. jaisalmer, 11. jhunjhunun.

Frequently Asked Questions

Everything you wanted to know about air pollution in Rajasthan.

What is the most polluted district in Rajasthan right now?

Currently in Rajasthan, the most polluted district is Bharatpur .

I have asthma | .

You're likely at high risk to experience adverse health effects due to air pollution. You should try to identify the sources of air pollution around you and try to reduce your exposure to it. It is not usually possible to eliminate air pollution, but proactive measures can help. In the meantime, you can wear a face mask , use an air purifier or get an air quality monitor to track your personal exposure to air pollution. Please consult your physician.

What is the data source for these air quality forecasts?

All the air quality forecasts on AirPollution.io come from Urban Emissions , India's leading source of information, research and analysis about air pollution. It is led by Dr. Sarath Guttikunda .

What city has the worst air pollution in India?

It is tempting to ask this question, but let's first recognize that air pollution is a problem that affects the vast majority of India. Currently Indians across districts are breathing air that does not meet WHO's clean air guidelines. But to answer your question, the residents of Faridkot district in Punjab are breathing the worst air pollution in India right now with µg/m3 of PM2.5 pollution.

I don't have money to buy an expensive face mask and air purifier. What can I do?

I am glad you asked. Many face masks and air purifiers available in the market are quite expensive, but not all of them. A company called Smart Air Filters sells affordable air purifiers and face masks . This is not an ad.

Where are India's most polluted districts ?

The health effects of air pollution are staggering. According to a story in The Guardian , air pollution may damage every organ and virtually every cell in the human body. Yes, air pollution increases the risk of heart attacks, lung cancer, asthma and COPD, but it is also known to exacerbate depression and also increase violent crime in a city.

Faridkot , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 303.4 µg/m3

Moga , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 247.8 µg/m3

Bathinda , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 225.6 µg/m3

Barnala , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 221.2 µg/m3

Firozpur , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 220.2 µg/m3

Mohali , Punjab

PM2.5 forecast is 213.8 µg/m3

Central Delhi , Delhi

PM2.5 forecast is 208.4 µg/m3

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Essay On Air Pollution 200 Words 500 Words

Essay on Air Pollution

Essay on air pollution is a crucial topic for students from an academic perspective. Moreover, an essay is one of the most effective ways to educate students about the plight of nature and the repercussions of human activities. Creating awareness for future generations is important if we have to undo decades of ignorance and neglect.

Furthermore, air pollution essay helps students to realize the gravity of the scenario and enable them to take action. Some as simple as using public transport or even carpooling will help reduce a significant amount of air pollution. Read on to discover how to write an engaging essay on air pollution.

Essay on Air Pollution – Important Points to Note

Please consider adopting the following points when writing an essay on air pollution. These tips are also helpful for other essay topics as well:

Always begin with an introductory paragraph about the topic, preferably detailing its origin.
Unless the topic is technical, try to avoid jargons.
Present content in bulleted points wherever possible
Insert factual data, such as important dates, places or name wherever possible.
Avoid writing the content in a large monotonous block of text. Remember to break up the content into digestible chunks
Always conclude the essay with a closing paragraph.

Essay on Air Pollution – Sample 1 (200 Words)

Air pollution is a serious issue and a cause for major concern in today’s world. A report published in 2014 by the World Health Organisation states that 4.21 million individuals died prematurely in 2012 as a result of air pollution. Air pollution existed much before humans, in the form of volcanic eruptions and forest fires. However, it became much more prevalent after the Industrial Revolution.

Rapid industrial growth, unregulated emissions and a host of other issues significantly contributed to the rise in air pollution. In some cases, the severity of air pollution reached an extent where government intervention was necessary. The Great Smog of London, 1952, was an extreme case of air pollution where visibility was severely hampered. It also caused a host of illnesses and the consequent deaths of countless civilians. In November 2017, the levels of air pollution in Delhi were ten times above the safe limits. For reference, the healthy air quality index is between 0 to 50, but during that particular time period, the air quality index hit 500+. This event is now called the Great Smog of Delhi.

An air quality index of 500 and above indicates that the air is heavily polluted and will cause irreversible lung damage and a host of other illnesses to everyone who is exposed to it. Therefore, to avoid such situations in the future, relevant actions must be implemented.

Essay on Air Pollution – Sample 2 (500 Words)

Air pollution may seem like the result of anthropological activities, however, it has been around even before humans evolved. Places which are naturally arid and have minimal vegetation are prone to dust storms. When this particulate matter is added to the air, it can cause health issues in animals exposed to the dust storms.

Furthermore, active volcanoes pump extremely large amounts of toxic plumes and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Wildfires also pump large amounts of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere and hamper photosynthesis for plants. Even animals, especially ruminants such as cows contribute to global warming by producing large quantities of methane, a greenhouse gas.

However, air pollution was never a major concern until the industrial revolution. Industries grew rapidly, untreated emissions were pumped into the atmosphere, and the rise of automobiles significantly contributed to air pollution. Such activities continued without any restrictions until they started to cause a wide range of repercussions.

In humans, air polluted with contaminants can cause a wide array of illnesses ranging from asthma and bronchitis the various forms of cancer. Air pollution is not only present outdoors; interior air pollution is also a great concern. Recent research has actually found credible evidence that room fresheners have the many compounds within them, some of which are classified carcinogens. This means some of those compounds present in the aerosol has the potential to cause some forms of cancer. Other sources of air pollution can include gases such as carbon monoxide and radon.

Radon, in particular, is quite alarming. It is an odourless, colourless gas that occurs naturally. It is found in the soil as Uranium, which breaks down and eventually turns into radon gas. Radon has limited repercussions on health if exposed to low concentrations, however, when this gas gets trapped indoor, the higher levels of concentration can have wreak havoc or ultimately be lethal. Radon is also reported to be released from building materials such as granite. Exposure to radon causes no immediate health effects, but long term exposure has the potential to cause lung cancer.

Air pollution not only affects the lungs but the central nervous system too. It has been linked to a lot of diseases such as schizophrenia and autism. A study also implied that it can cause short-term memory losses or distortion of memory.

Historically, air pollution has caused many crises with the worst ever being the Bhopal Disaster in 1984. Fatalities were estimated at 3,800, with at least 600,000 injured. Next in severity was the Great Smog of 1952 which formed over London, killing an estimated 4,000 civilians over the course of four days.

Though measures have been taken to reduce the effects of air pollution, a lot of irreversible damage has been done. For instance, the effects of global warming have drastically increased; this is very apparent with the rise in sea levels and melting glaciers. If the ice caps continue to melt, then we will have to face drastic repercussions. Scientists have proposed a hypothetical scenario where the greenhouse effect becomes “uncontrolled.” Here, greenhouse gases build up and temperatures continue to rise steeply. Oceans will start to evaporate, adding more water vapour into the earth’s atmosphere. This intensifies the effect, reaching a point where temperatures are sufficiently high for rocks start sublimating. Though this scenario is hypothetical, some speculate that this phenomenon already occurred on Venus. The supporters of this theory back this up by claiming Venus has an atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. The theory also explains why Venus has an extremely high surface temperature of 462 degrees Celcius; which is in fact, the hottest planet in the solar system.

Hence, we need to reduce our impact on the planet and make a conscious effort to reduce air pollution. Explore more essay topics or other fascinating concepts by registering at BYJU’S

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Air Pollution Essay

Essay on Air Pollution

Environmental changes are caused by the natural or artificial content of harmful pollutants and can cause instability, disturbance, or adverse effects on the ecosystem. Earth and its environment pose a more serious threat due to the increasing pollution of air, water, and soil. Environmental damage is caused by improper resource management or careless human activities. Therefore, any activity that violates the original nature of the environment and leads to degradation is called pollution. We need to understand the origin of these pollutants and find ways to control pollution. This can also be done by raising awareness of the effects of pollutants.

Air pollution is any physical, chemical, or biological change in the air. A certain percentage of the gas is present in the atmosphere. Increasing or decreasing the composition of these gasses is detrimental to survival. This imbalance in gas composition causes an increase in global temperature which is called global warming.

Introduction to air pollution

The Earth and its environment are facing a serious threat by the increasing pollution of the air, water, and soil—the vital life support systems of the Earth. The damage to the environment is caused by improper management of resources or by careless human activity. Hence any activity that violates the original character of nature and leads to its degradation is called pollution. We need to understand the sources of these pollutants and find ways to control pollution. This can be also done by making people aware of the effects of pollutants.

Air with 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 1% of all other gasses support life on Earth. Various processes take place to sustain the regular percentage of gasses and their composition in general.

Atmospheric pollution can have natural sources, for example, volcanic eruptions. The gaseous by-products of man-made processes such as energy production, waste incineration, transport, deforestation and agriculture, are the major air pollutants.

Although air is made up of mostly Oxygen and Nitrogen, mankind, through pollution, has increased the levels of many trace gasses, and in some cases, released completely new gasses to the atmosphere.

Air pollution can result in poor air quality, both in cities and in the countryside. Some air pollutants make people sick, causing breathing problems and increasing the likelihood of cancer.

Some air pollutants are harmful to plants, animals, and the ecosystems in which they live. Statues, monuments, and buildings are being corroded by the air pollutants in the form of acid rain. It also damages crops and forests, and makes lakes and streams unsuitable for fish and other plant and animal life.

Air pollution created by man-made resources is also changing the Earth’s atmosphere. It is causing the depletion of the ozone layer and letting in more harmful radiation from the Sun. The greenhouse gasses released into the atmosphere prevents heat from escaping back into space and leads to a rise in global average temperatures. Global warming affects the average sea-level and increases the spread of tropical diseases.

Air pollution occurs when large amounts of gas and tiny particles are released into the air and the ecological balance is disturbed. Each year millions of tons of gasses and particulate matter are emitted into the air.

Primary air pollutants are pollutants, which are directly released into the air. They are called SPM, i.e., Suspended Particulate Matter. For example, smoke, dust, ash, sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, and radioactive compounds, etc.

Secondary Pollutants are pollutants, which are formed due to chemical interactions between the atmospheric components and primary pollutants. For example, Smog (i.e. Smoke and fog), ozone, etc.

Major gaseous air pollutants include Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide, etc.

Natural sources are volcanic eruptions, forest fires, dust storms, etc.

Man-made sources include gasses released from the automobiles, industries, burning of garbage and bricks kilns, etc.

Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health

Air pollution has adverse effects on human health.

Breathing polluted air puts you at higher risk of asthma.

When exposed to ground ozone for 6 to 7 hours, people suffer from respiratory inflammation.

Damages the immune system, endocrine, and reproductive systems.

A high level of air pollution has been associated with higher incidents of heart problems.

The toxic chemicals released into the air are affecting the flora and fauna immensely.

Preventive Measures to Reduce Air Pollution

We can prevent pollution by utilizing raw materials, water energy, and other resources more efficiently. When less harmful substances are substituted for hazardous ones, and when toxic substances are eliminated from the production process, human health can be protected and economic wellbeing can be strengthened.

There are several measures that can be adopted by people to reduce pollution and to save the environment.

Carpooling.

Promotion of public transport.

No smoking zone.

Restricted use of fossil fuels.

Saving energy.

Encouraging organic farming.

The government has put restrictions on the amount of fossil fuels that can be used as well as restrictions on how much carbon dioxide and other pollutants can be emitted. Although the government is attempting to save our environment from these harmful gasses, it is not sufficient. We as a society need to keep the environment clean by controlling the pollution of air.

FAQs on Air Pollution Essay

1. State the Causes of Air Pollution ?

The following are the causes of air pollution.

Vehicular pollution consisting of Carbon Monoxide causes pollution.

Emission of Nitrogen oxide by a large number of supersonic transport airplanes causes deterioration of the Ozone layer and also causes serious damage to the flora and fauna.

The release of Chlorofluorocarbons into the Stratosphere causes depletion of Ozone, which is a serious concern to animals, microscopic, and aquatic organisms.

Burning garbage causes smoke, which pollutes the atmosphere. This smoke contains harmful gases such as Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen oxides.

In India, brick kilns are used for many purposes and coal is used to burn the bricks. They give out huge quantities of Carbon dioxide and particulate matter such as smoke, dust that are very harmful to people working there and the areas surrounding it.

Many cleansing agents release poisonous gases such as Ammonia and Chlorine into the atmosphere.

Radioactive elements emit harmful rays into the air.

Decomposed animals and plants emit Methane and Ammonia gas into the air.

2. What Does Global Warming Mean?

Global warming is the gradual rising average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere due to the concentration of methane in certain toxic gasses such as carbon dioxide. This has a major impact on the world climate. The world is warming. The land and the sea are now warmer than they were at the beginning and temperatures are still rising. This rise in temperature is, in short, global warming. This temperature rise is man-made. The burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere which capture solar heat and raise surface and air temperatures.

3. Name the Alternative Modes of Transport. In What Way Does it Help to Reduce Air Pollution?

Public transport could be an alternative mode of transport. Public transport like trains, buses and trams, can relieve traffic congestion and reduce air pollution from road transport. The use of public transport must be encouraged in order to develop a sustainable transport policy.

4. Mention other means of transportation! How can I help reduce air pollution?

Public transportation can be another mode of transportation. Public transport such as trains, buses and trams can reduce traffic congestion and reduce air pollution from road transport. The use of public transport and to develop sustainable transport policies should be encouraged. While one passenger vehicle has the convenience factor, other modes of transportation reduce travel costs, spend less time, reduce stress, improve health, and reduce energy consumption and parking. Other trips for work include walking/cycling, public transport, hybrid travel and transport.

5. What are the effects of pollution?

Excessive air pollution can increase the risk of heart attack, wheezing, coughing and difficulty breathing, as well as irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. Air pollution can also cause heart problems, asthma, and other lung problems. Due to the emission of greenhouse gases, the composition of the air in the air is disturbed. This causes an increase in global temperature. The damaging ozone layer due to air pollution does not prevent harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun, which cause skin and eye problems in individuals. Air pollution has caused a number of respiratory and heart diseases among people. The incidence of lung cancer has increased in recent decades. Children living in contaminated areas are more likely to develop pneumonia and asthma. Many people die every year due to the direct or indirect effects of air pollution. When burning fossil fuels, harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the air. Water droplets combine with these pollutants and become acidic and fall as acid rain, which harms human, animal and plant life.

6. What is the solution to air pollution?

Production of renewable fuels and clean energy. The basic solution to air pollution is to get away from fossil fuels and replace them with other energies such as solar, wind and geothermal. The government limits the amount of fossil fuel that can be used and how much carbon dioxide and other pollutants it can emit. While the government is trying to save our environment from this harmful gas, it is not enough. We as a society need to keep the environment clean by controlling air pollution. To more in detail about air pollution and its causes. To learn more about air pollution and its impact on the environment, visit the Vedantu website.

Essay on Pollution Due to Diwali for Students and Children

500 words essay on pollution due to diwali.

Diwali is the most famous Indian festival. Moreover, people of all religions and castes celebrate it. Furthermore, people call this festival as the festival of lights. However, there is one negative side associated with this great festival. This negative side is the massive amount of pollution which the festival of Diwali generates. The primary cause of this harmful pollution is certainly the use of firecrackers.

Types of Pollution on Diwali

Air pollution is certainly the biggest type of pollution on Diwali. Moreover, during the festival of Diwali, air pollution rises to dangerously high levels. Most noteworthy, there is the emission of a great amount of smoke on Diwali. This certainly makes the air very harmful to breathe. Also, this harmful effect of burning crackers remains for many days after Diwali. Furthermore, air pollution is also quite harmful to various animals and birds.

Land pollution is another significant type of pollution during Diwali. This certainly results from the leftover pieces of the burnt crackers. Furthermore, it can take many weeks to clean these. Most noteworthy, these pieces are non-biodegradable in nature. Hence, they cannot be disposed of so easily. Also, they turn toxic gradually with time.

Noise pollution is a major problem during Diwali. Firecrackers cause a tremendous amount of noise pollution. Most noteworthy, this noise pollution is pretty damaging to hearing. Also, noise pollution is a major problem for animals, old people, students, and sick people.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

How to Prevent Pollution During Diwali

First of all, people must strictly avoid burning firecrackers. Maximum pollution during Diwali occurs due to the burning of firecrackers. Furthermore, there is a release of toxins during the burning of firecrackers. This certainly makes it hard for people to breathe. Moreover, loud noises from firecrackers give anxiety attacks to many people and animals. Therefore, people must use eco-friendly crackers. These eco-friendly crackers produce a low amount of noise. Nevertheless, avoiding the use of firecrackers is the best solution.

Diwali is the festival of lights. To celebrate Diwali without lights is unthinkable. Furthermore, many people make use of electricity for lightening purposes. However, one must use diyas over electricity. Most noteworthy, the diyas or earthen lamps are bio-degradable in nature.

Cleaning up is an essential way of preventing pollution. The festival of Diwali ends up with a lot of garbage. After Diwali, the roads are filled with plastic, paper, chemicals, and other types of garbage. Hence, each individual must take the initiative to clean the streets and surroundings after Diwali. Most noteworthy, each individual must clean up his own mess.

Another efficient way of preventing pollution during Diwali is by using an air purifier. The level of air contamination significantly increases during Diwali. Therefore, one must make sure to keep the inside environment pollution-free. This way, people inside the house or office would be able to breathe safe and pure air. Most noteworthy, this is achievable by using air purifiers during Diwali.

To sum it up, Diwali is one of the happiest occasions of happiness in India. Let us not let this beautiful festival be marred by the evil of pollution. Most noteworthy, the festival must immediately become environmentally friendly. The government must take appropriate measures to ensure a pollution less Diwali.

FAQs on Pollution Due to Diwali

Q1 What are the various types of pollution caused by Diwali?

A1 The various types of pollution caused by Diwali are air pollution, land pollution, and noise pollution.

Q2 State any one way to prevent pollution during Diwali?

A2 One way to prevent pollution during Diwali is avoiding the burning of firecrackers.

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Pali Air Quality Index (AQI) | India

Real-time PM2.5, PM10 air pollution level Rajasthan

Last Update: 29 Apr 2024, 02:40am

Primary Pollutant

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Most polluted cities in india, least polluted cities in india, comparative exposure with pali.

24 hrs avg AQI

Major Air Pollutants in Pali

The current PM2.5 concentration in Pali is 4.9 times above the recommended limit given by the WHO 24 hrs air quality guidelines value.

PM2.5 air pollution in Pali is causing an estimated deaths of lives since January 1, 2021. It has cost the city's economy around US$3.3 billion so far this year. (Source: Greenpeace)

Pali - Locations Air Pollution Level

Weather conditions in pali.

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Pali Air Quality Forecast

Historic Air Quality Graph of Pali

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Oct 1, 2020

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Faqs of pali air quality index, (frequently asked questions).

Quick answers to some commonly asked questions about the air pollution of Pali.

The real-time air quality in Pali is 169 (POOR) AQI now. This was last updated 13 minutes ago .

The current concentration of PM2.5 in Pali is 74 (µg/m³). The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends 15 µg/m³ as the threshold concentration of PM2.5 for 24 hrs mean. Currently, the concentration is 2.96 times the recommended limit.

Generally, the air quality at Pali starts deteriorating in late October. The winters are the worst-hit season in terms of air pollution.

You should wear a good N95 mask when you go outdoor in Pali until the AQI is improving upto moderate range.

Office going people should avoid personal vehicles and use public transportations or carpooling.

(i) The primary causes of outdoor air pollution are solid, liquid particles called aerosols & gase from vehicles emissions, construction activities, factories, burning stubble & fossil fuels and wildfire, etc.

(ii) Main causes of indoor air pollution are harmful gases from cooking fuels (such as wood, crop wastes, charcoal, coal and dung), damp, mould smoke, chemicals from cleaning materials, etc.

Indoor air pollution in Pali is as dangerous as outdoor pollution, because the air pollutants come inside the houses or buildings through doors, windows and ventilation.

In Pali , you must use an air purifier or fresh air machine at home or office indoor and close all the doors, windows and ventilations when the outdoor air quality index (aqi) in Pali is very high. Proper ventilation is highly recommended only when outdoor air quality is improving and moderate AQI range.

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Essay on Rajasthan

Students are often asked to write an essay on Rajasthan in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Rajasthan

Introduction.

Rajasthan, a state in India, is known for its rich culture and heritage. It’s famous for its palaces, forts, and deserts.

Located in the northwestern part of India, Rajasthan is the largest state by area. It’s surrounded by five states and shares a border with Pakistan.

Rajasthan’s culture is vibrant and colorful. It’s known for its folk music, dance, and art. The state’s traditional attire is also very unique.

Tourist Attractions

Rajasthan is home to many historical sites and monuments. Some of the popular ones are Jaipur’s Hawa Mahal, Udaipur’s Lake Palace, and Jaisalmer’s Golden Fort.

The economy of Rajasthan is primarily based on agriculture, mining, and tourism. Handicrafts and textiles are also significant contributors.

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250 Words Essay on Rajasthan

Rajasthan, located in the northwestern part of India, is a state renowned for its rich cultural heritage and historical significance. It is a land of vibrant colors, majestic forts, and a thriving folk culture that vividly encapsulates the spirit of India.

Historical Significance

Rajasthan’s history is a saga of valor and chivalry. It was ruled by the Rajputs for centuries, who left an indelible mark on the region’s culture and architecture. The state’s historical cities, like Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Udaipur, are replete with grand palaces and forts that narrate tales of the glorious past.

Cultural Heritage

Rajasthan’s cultural heritage is as diverse as it is vibrant. The state is famous for its traditional music and dance forms, such as Ghoomar and Kalbeliya. The colourful attire, exquisite jewellery, and unique handicrafts add to the state’s cultural richness. The lively fairs and festivals, like the Pushkar Camel Fair and the Desert Festival, attract tourists from across the globe.

Rajasthan’s economy is primarily agricultural, but it also has a significant industrial sector. The state is the largest producer of wool in India and is known for its textile industry. In addition, Rajasthan is rich in mineral resources, including marble, gypsum, and zinc.

Rajasthan is a state that beautifully blends tradition with modernity. Its rich history, vibrant culture, and diverse economy make it a fascinating study for students of history, culture, and economics. The state’s charm lies in its ability to preserve its past while embracing the future, making it an epitome of the Indian spirit.

500 Words Essay on Rajasthan

Rajasthan, the land of kings and the largest state in India, is a vibrant amalgamation of colors, culture, and history. Its rich heritage, diverse flora and fauna, and the warmth of its people make it a fascinating study.

Rajasthan’s history is marked by the rule of several powerful kingdoms, each leaving an indelible imprint on its cultural fabric. The Rajputs, known for their chivalry and valor, ruled over Rajasthan for centuries, building magnificent forts and palaces that stand as a testament to their architectural genius. The influence of Mughal and British rule also shaped Rajasthan’s socio-political landscape, adding layers of complexity to its history.

Cultural Diversity

Rajasthan’s culture is a vibrant tapestry woven with the threads of music, dance, art, and cuisine. The state is known for its folk music and dance forms like Ghoomar and Kalbeliya, which are integral to its cultural identity. The art scene is equally diverse, with miniature paintings, blue pottery, block printing, and stone carving being popular. The cuisine, marked by its unique flavor profiles, is a gastronomic delight, with dishes like Dal Baati Churma and Laal Maas standing out.

Geographical Features

Rajasthan’s geography is as diverse as its culture. The Aravalli Range, one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world, bisects the state into two geographical entities – the Thar Desert to the west and fertile plains to the east. The state is also home to several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, including Ranthambore and Sariska, which house a diverse range of flora and fauna.

Economic Landscape

The economy of Rajasthan is multifaceted, with agriculture, mining, and tourism being the major contributors. The state is the largest producer of oilseeds, wool, and sandstone in India. The rich mineral resources, including marble and garnet, contribute significantly to the state’s economy. Tourism, driven by the state’s rich heritage and natural beauty, also plays a crucial role in its economic growth.

Rajasthan, with its rich history, vibrant culture, diverse geography, and dynamic economy, offers a unique blend of the traditional and the modern. Its resilience in the face of adversities, coupled with its ability to preserve its heritage while embracing change, makes it a fascinating subject of study. As we delve deeper into the study of Rajasthan, we unravel layers of its multifaceted personality, gaining insights into its past, understanding its present, and envisioning its future.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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air pollution in rajasthan essay

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Air quality assessment of Jaipur city Rajasthan after the COVID-19 lockdown

Vedansh Maheshwari

Vishal Kamboj

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Supplementary Information

Introduction

Materials and methods

Ambient air quality sampling methodology

Data processing and analysis

Air quality index (AQI)

Pearson correlation matrix (PCM)

Principal component analysis (PCA)

Particulate matter

Gaseous pollutants

Assessment of air quality using AQI

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Growing Air Pollution Risks in Rajasthan: A multi-pollutant analysis - Centre for Science and EnvironmentJune, 2023

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Air Quality Status in Jaipur and Nearby Areas of Rajasthan

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