meaning of the term paper money

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Meaning of paper money in English

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• anti-kickback
• automatic withdrawal
• meal ticket
• microtransaction
• monetization
• ready money
• wave and pay
• That meant the paper money was worth a certain amount of gold.  
• Under the gold standard, you could go to a bank, give them your paper money, and ask for gold.  
• When paper money was invented, it was often with a gold standard.  

paper money | Business English

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a bitter pill (to swallow)

something that is very unpleasant but must be accepted

Sitting on the fence (Newspaper idioms)

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Home > Finance > Paper Money: Definition, History, Use, Need For It, And Examples

Paper Money: Definition, History, Use, Need For It, And Examples

Published: January 5, 2024

Learn about the history, definition, and use of paper money in finance. Explore the need for it and discover examples of its significance.

• Definition starting with P

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Paper Money: Definition, History, Use, Need for It, and Examples

Welcome to our “FINANCE” category, where we dive into various topics related to the world of finance. In today’s post, we will be discussing paper money – its definition, history, use, need for it, and provide some examples to help you better understand its significance in our modern economy. So, let’s jump straight into it!

Key Takeaways:

• Paper money is a form of currency that is made from paper or similar materials and is widely used in transactions worldwide.
• Its history dates back to ancient China, and its introduction was a significant milestone in the development of modern economies.

What is Paper Money?

Paper money, also known as fiat currency, refers to a form of currency that is physically represented by banknotes or bills. These banknotes are made from paper or other materials and are recognized as a legal tender by the government that issues them. Unlike commodity money, which has intrinsic value (such as gold or silver), paper money has value only because the government guarantees its acceptance as a means of payment.

A Brief History of Paper Money

The origins of paper money can be traced back to ancient China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD). It is believed that the first paper money, known as “Jiaozi,” was used to facilitate trade and economic activities. This early form of paper money served as a convenient alternative to carrying heavy copper coins.

Over the centuries, paper money evolved and spread to other regions of the world. In the 13th century, Marco Polo described the use of paper money during his travels to the Mongol Empire. However, it wasn’t until the 17th century that paper money was officially introduced in Europe, followed by its adoption in other parts of the world.

The Use of Paper Money

Today, paper money is used as a primary medium of exchange in most economies worldwide. It plays a crucial role in facilitating trade, enabling people to buy goods and services, paying debts, and saving for the future. The convenience of paper money lies in its portability and the ease of its transfer compared to other forms of payment.

Alongside physical banknotes, the use of digital forms of money, such as credit cards and mobile payments, has been increasing. These digital representations of paper money have further revolutionized the way transactions are conducted, making payments faster and more secure.

The Need for Paper Money

Paper money serves several essential functions in our economy:

• Medium of Exchange: Paper money allows for smooth and efficient transactions, replacing the need for bartering or carrying valuable commodities.
• Store of Value: People can accumulate paper money as a means of preserving their wealth over time. It provides a stable medium for savings and serves as a tangible representation of financial security.
• Unit of Account: Paper money provides a standardized unit for measuring the value of goods and services. It allows for easy price comparison and helps in evaluating economic trends.

Without paper money, economies would face significant challenges in conducting trade and managing their financial systems. It would be difficult to conduct large-scale business transactions, create a stable pricing system, or provide a universally accepted medium of exchange.

Examples of Paper Money

Throughout history, numerous countries have issued their own paper currencies, each with unique designs and denominations. Here are a few examples of widely used paper currencies:

• The United States Dollar (USD)
• The Euro (EUR)
• The British Pound (GBP)
• The Japanese Yen (JPY)
• The Chinese Yuan (CNY)

These examples represent just a fraction of the vast array of paper currencies that exist around the world. Each currency tells a story of its nation’s history, culture, and economic significance.

As we conclude our exploration of paper money, we hope you have gained a deeper understanding of its definition, historical roots, use, and importance in today’s economy. Paper money plays a fundamental role in facilitating trade, preserving wealth, and providing a standard unit of account.

So, the next time you hold a banknote in your hand, take a moment to appreciate the significance it holds in our financial system, connecting nations, and enabling economic progress.

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Definition of paper money noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

paper money

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Definition of 'paper money'

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What Is Money?

Medium of exchange, impressions create everything, how is money measured, active money, how money is created, the history of american money, the bottom line, what is money definition, history, types, and creation.

Money is any item or medium of exchange that symbolizes perceived value. As a result, it is accepted by people for the payment of goods and services, as well as the repayment of loans. Money makes the world go 'round. Economies rely on money to facilitate transactions and to power financial growth. Typically, it is economists who define money, where it comes from, and what it's worth. Here are the multifaceted characteristics of money.

Key Takeaways

• Money is a medium of exchange; it allows people and businesses to obtain what they need to live and thrive.
• Bartering was one way that people exchanged goods for other goods before money was created.
• Like gold and other precious metals, money has worth because for most people it represents something valuable.
• Fiat money is government-issued currency that is not backed by a physical commodity but by the stability of the issuing government.
• Above all, money is a unit of account - a socially accepted standard unit with which things are priced.

Before the development of a medium of exchange —that is, money—people would barter to obtain the goods and services they needed. Two individuals, each possessing some goods the other wanted, would enter into an agreement to trade.

Early forms of bartering, however, do not provide the transferability and divisibility that makes trading efficient. For instance, if someone has cows but needs bananas, they must find someone who not only has bananas but also the desire for meat. What if that individual finds someone who has the need for meat but no bananas and can only offer potatoes? To get meat, that person must find someone who has bananas and wants potatoes, and so on.

The lack of transferability of bartering for goods is tiring, confusing, and inefficient. But that is not where the problems end; even if the person finds someone with whom to trade meat for bananas, they may not consider a bunch of bananas to be worth a whole cow. Such a trade requires coming to an agreement and devising a way to determine how many bananas are worth certain parts of the cow.

Commodity money solved these problems. Commodity money is a type of good that functions as currency. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, for example, American colonists used beaver pelts and dried corn in transactions. Possessing generally accepted values, these commodities were used to buy and sell other things. The commodities used for trade had certain characteristics: they were widely desired and, therefore, valuable, but they were also durable, portable, and easily stored.

Another, more advanced example of commodity money is a precious metal such as gold. For centuries, gold was used to back paper currency—up until the 1970s. In the case of the U.S. dollar, for example, this meant that foreign governments were able to take their dollars and exchange them at a specified rate for gold with the U.S. Federal Reserve. What's interesting is that, unlike the beaver pelts and dried corn (which can be used for clothing and food, respectively), gold is precious purely because people want it. It is not necessarily useful—you can't eat gold, and it won't keep you warm at night, but the majority of people think it is beautiful, and they know others think it is beautiful. So, gold is something that has worth. Gold, therefore, serves as a physical token of wealth based on people's perceptions.

This relationship between money and gold provides insight into how money gains its value—as a representation of something valuable.

The second type of money is fiat money , which does not require backing by a physical commodity. Instead, the value of fiat currencies is set by supply and demand and people's faith in its worth. Fiat money developed because gold was a scarce resource, and rapidly growing economies growing couldn't always mine enough to back their currency supply requirements. For a booming economy, the need for gold to give money value is extremely inefficient, especially when its value is really created by people's perceptions.

Fiat money becomes the token of people's perception of worth, the basis for why money is created. An economy that is growing is apparently succeeding in producing other things that are valuable to itself and other economies. The stronger the economy, the stronger its money will be perceived (and sought after) and vice versa. However, people's perceptions must be supported by an economy that can produce the products and services that people want.

For example, beginning in 1971, the U.S. dollar was taken off the gold standard—the dollar was no longer redeemable in gold, and the price of gold was no longer fixed to any dollar amount. This was made official in 1976. This meant that it was now possible to create more paper money than there was gold to back it; the health of the U.S. economy backed the dollar's value. If the economy stalls, the value of the U.S. dollar will drop both domestically through inflation and internationally through currency exchange rates. The implosion of the U.S. economy would plunge the world into a financial dark age, so many other countries and entities are working tirelessly to ensure that never happens.

Today, the value of money (not just the dollar, but most currencies) is decided purely by its purchasing power , as dictated by inflation. That is why simply printing new money will not create wealth for a country. Money is created by a kind of a perpetual interaction between real, tangible things, our desire for them, and our abstract faith in what has value. Money is valuable because we want it, but we want it only because it can get us a desired product or service.

But exactly how much money is out there, and what forms does it take? Economists and investors ask this question to determine whether there is inflation or deflation. Money is separated into three categories so that it is more discernible for measurement purposes:

• M1 – This category of money includes all physical denominations of coins and currency; demand deposits, which are checking accounts and NOW accounts; and travelers' checks. It also includes other forms of liquid deposits and assets such as savings accounts. This category of money is the narrowest of the three, and is essentially the money used to buy things and make payments (see the "active money" section below).
• M2 – With broader criteria, this category adds all the money found in M1 to all time-related deposits, many types of retirement accounts, and non-institutional money market funds. This category represents money that can be readily transferred into cash.
• M3 – The broadest class of money, M3 combines all money found in the M2 definition and adds to it all large time deposits, institutional money market funds, short-term repurchase agreements, along with other larger liquid assets. M3 indicates a country's money supply or the total amount of money within an economy.

The M1 category includes what's known as active money—the total value of coins and paper currency in circulation as well as liquid deposits and accounts. The amount of active money fluctuates seasonally, monthly, weekly, and daily. In the United States, Federal Reserve Banks distribute new currency for the U.S. Treasury Department. Banks lend money out to customers, which becomes active money once it is actively circulated.

The variable demand for cash equates to a constantly fluctuating active money total. For example, people typically cash paychecks or withdraw from ATMs over the weekend, so there is more active cash on a Monday than on a Friday. The public demand for cash declines at certain times—following the December holiday season, for example.

We have discussed why and how money, a representation of perceived value, is created in the economy, but another important factor concerning money and the economy is how a country's central bank (the central bank in the United States is the Federal Reserve or the Fed) can influence and manipulate the money supply.

If the Fed wants to increase the amount of money in circulation, perhaps to boost economic activity, the central bank can, of course, print it. However, the physical bills are only a small part of the money supply.

Another way for the central bank to increase the money supply is to buy government fixed-income securities in the market. When the central bank buys these government securities, it puts money into the marketplace, and effectively into the hands of the public. How does a central bank such as the Fed pay for this? As strange as it sounds, the central bank simply creates the money and transfers it to those selling the securities. Alternatively, the Fed can lower interest rates allowing banks to extend low-cost loans or credit—a phenomenon known as cheap money—and encouraging businesses and individuals to borrow and spend.

To shrink the money supply, perhaps to reduce inflation, the central bank does the opposite and sells government securities. The money with which the buyer pays the central bank is essentially taken out of circulation. Keep in mind that we are generalizing in this example to keep things simple.

A central bank cannot print money without end. If too much money is issued, the value of that currency will drop consistent with the law of supply and demand.

Remember, as long as people have faith in the currency, a central bank can issue more of it. But if the Fed issues too much money, the value will go down, as with anything that has a higher supply than demand. Therefore, the central bank cannot simply print money as it wants.

Currency Wars

In the 17th century, Great Britain was determined to keep control of both the American colonies and the natural resources they controlled. To do this, the British limited the money supply and made it illegal for the colonies to mint coins of their own. Instead, the colonies were forced to trade using English bills of exchange that could only be redeemed for English goods. Colonists were paid for their goods with these same bills, effectively cutting them off from trading with other countries.

In response, the colonies regressed to a barter system using ammunition, tobacco, nails, pelts, and anything else that could be traded. Colonists also gathered whatever foreign currencies they could, the most popular being the large, silver Spanish dollars. These were called pieces of eight because, when you had to make change, you pulled out your knife and hacked it into eight bits. From this, we have the expression "two bits," meaning a quarter of a dollar.

Massachusetts Money

Massachusetts was the first colony to defy the mother country. In 1652, the state minted its own silver coins including the Oak Tree and Pine Tree shillings. The state circumvented the British law stating that only the monarch of the British empire could issue coins by dating all their coins in 1652, a period when there was no monarch. In 1690, Massachusetts also issued the first paper money calling it bills of credit.

Tensions between America and Britain continued to mount until the Revolutionary War broke out in 1775. The colonial leaders declared independence and created a new currency called Continentals to finance their side of the war. Unfortunately, each government printed as much money as it needed without backing it to any standard or asset, so the Continentals experienced rapid inflation and became worthless. This experience discouraged the American government from using paper money for almost a century.

Aftermath of the Revolution

The chaos from the Revolutionary War left the new nation's monetary system a complete wreck. Most of the currencies in the newly formed United States of America were useless. The problem wasn't resolved until 13 years later in 1788 when Congress was granted constitutional powers to coin money and regulate its value. In 1792, the Coinage Act was passed establishing the first national mint which created a national monetary system and unit of money, the dollar. There was also a bimetallic standard, meaning that both silver and gold could be valued in and used to back paper dollars.

It took years to get all the foreign coins as well as competing state and local bank currencies out of circulation. Banks issued their own notes during this time period, which was technically illegal as only Congress and the federal government had this power. Most of these banks issued more notes than they had coin to cover, as a result these notes often traded at less than face value.

In the 1860s, the U.S. government created $450 million in legal tender to finance its battle against the Confederacy in the American Civil War. These were called greenbacks because their backs were printed in green. The government-backed this currency and stated that it could be used to pay back both public and private debts. The value did, however, fluctuate according to the North's success or failure at certain stages in the war.

Confederate dollars, issued by the seceding states during the 1860s, followed the fate of the Confederacy and were worthless by the end of the war.

Aftermath of the Civil War

In February 1863, the U.S. Congress passed the National Bank Act. This act established a monetary system whereby national banks issued notes backed by U.S. government bonds. The U.S. Treasury then worked to get state bank notes out of circulation so that the national bank notes would become the only currency.

During this period of rebuilding, there was debate over the bimetallic standard. Some advocated using just silver to back the dollar, others advocated for gold. The situation was resolved in 1900 when the Gold Standard Act was passed, which made gold the sole backing for the dollar. This backing meant that, in theory, you could take your paper money and exchange it for the corresponding value in gold. In 1913, the Federal Reserve was created and given the power to steer the economy by controlling the money supply and interest rates on loans.

What Does Money Symbolize?

In an economic context, money symbolizes perceived value. This allows money to be used as a means of exchanging goods and services. On a personal level, money can symbolize intangible qualities, including wealth, safety, status, and more.

What Is Liquidity?

Liquidity is a measure of how quickly an asset can be converted into legal tender. Cash is the most liquid of all assets. Short-term securities and assets in money market accounts follow. Less liquid assets include physical items like houses, cars, or jewelry. Though they can ultimately be converted into legal tender, it may take time to do so, and a conversion might come with depreciation in value.

What Is the Difference Between Money and Currency?

Money and currency are interrelated but different terms. Currency is one form of money. Often issued by a government, it is one type of payment that people can use within a jurisdiction. Money, however, refers more broadly to a system of perceived value, which allows for the exchange of goods and services.

Money has changed substantially since the days of shells and skins, but its main function hasn't changed at all. Regardless of what form it takes, money offers us a medium of exchange for goods and services and allows the economy to grow as transactions can be completed at greater speeds.

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Congressional Research Service. " Brief History of the Gold Standard in the United States ."

Congressional Research Service. " Brief History of the Gold Standard in the United States ," Pages 9-13.

Congressional Research Service. " Brief History of the Gold Standard in the United States ," Page 13.

Federal Reserve. " Money Stock Measures – H.6 Release ."

Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. " Money Supply ."

Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis. " What Is Quantitative Easing, and How Has It Been Used? "

Harvard Library. " Colonial Currency ."

Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. " Money in Colonial Times ."

The Met. " Shilling ."

Harvard Library. " Continental Currency ."

United States Mint. " History of the U.S. Mint ."

Congressional Research Service. " Brief History of the Gold Standard in the United States ," Page 2.

American Numismatic Society. " A History of American Currency ."

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Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. " American Currency Exhibit: Civil War ."

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• Sep 15, 2020

100 Slang Words for Money and How They Were Coined

“It’s all about the Benjamins,” sang Puff Daddy . But despite what you may have mistakenly thought, the legendary American rapper wasn’t singing about a good friend named Ben. Nope. Sean John Combs, a.k.a P. Diddy, was kindly explaining a simple truth about our capitalist society: It’s all about the money.

Actually, money is so important that people came up with dozens of ways to talk about it throughout the ages. Emerging in the US, the UK or elsewhere, slang words for money became a huge part of the language we use. But how well do you know them?

Well, luckily for you, we’ve listed the most common nicknames for money to add a playful element to your conversation, your eCommerce website , your news article, the dialogues of your novels—and of course, your next rap hit. Here are 100 slang words and terms for money:

Perhaps because it is so beloved, money is often referred to as this breakfast treat. Most commonly used as part of the phrase “bring[ing] home the bacon”.

The connection between bank and money needs no explanation. Use it to gossip about your friend’s salary increase: “Since he started working at the bank, Benjamin’s been making bank.”

03. Bankroll

Meant literally to supply money, it can also be used to refer to money itself, like: “I need some bankroll to get my bread business off the ground.”

An archaic term for a dollar; it’s not commonly used any more.

05. Benjamins

This one we covered above. The name references the appearance of founding father Benjamin Franklin on the one-hundred-dollar bill.

A nickname for our dear friend whose mug appears on the $100 bill.

07. Big ones

Like “grand” and “large”, which you’ll see below, each “big one” means $1,000. So if you’re buying a car for 10 big ones, you’re paying $10,000.

Another term with an obvious connection to money, this is most commonly used to refer to one-hundred-dollar bills.

Can be used in exchange for “dollars”, as in: “These grills cost 100 bones.”

A term for shady cash, like counterfeit, stolen or bribe money.

11. Brass (UK)

This is a Northern British slang term for money, believed to have originated from the region’s scrap dealers scrounging for materials that were valuable, like brass. It’s related to the phrase “Where there's muck, there's brass.”

A synonym for food in general, this has meant money since at least the 19th century. Like bacon, it’s something you “bring in”: “She’s selling bread online in order to bring in the bread.”

Perhaps the most commonly used slang term for dollars, it is believed to originate from early American colonists who would often trade deerskins, or buckskins.

C equals 100 in the Roman numeral system and stands for the latin word centum , which means “a hundred” (and which also originated the word cent ). Thus, a C note is a $100 bill.

15. Cabbage

When all those green bills are packed together, don’t they resemble cabbage? Ludacris thinks so: “Hustle real hard, gotta stack that cabbage / I'm addicted to money.”

Even better than bread or dough is a food that has icing and is served at parties.

17. Cash (or cash money)

Perhaps an obvious one, but still useful.

18. Capital

Not necessarily a slang term when employed in a business context, but can also be used as slang to refer to any kind of money, not just capital. Does that make cents? (See what I did there?)

Like cabbage and lettuce , this green veggie also means money. If you don’t believe me, take it from Jeezy, who boasts about a “pocket full of celery” in his 2009 hit “Put On” featuring Kanye West.

20. Cha-ching

It’s the best sound in the world to some—the cash register completing a sale. It’s also been used as a replacement term for money.

21. Chalupa

This mostly means a deliciously spicy Mexican taco, but is also slang for money.

22. Cheddar

If someone has the cheddar, it means they must be making bank.

A nickname for money because Americans used to receive cheese as a welfare benefit.

A reference to poker chips, it now just means money.

25. Chump change

This refers to a small amount of money, like the amount of cash a chump would have.

Means “dollars”, as in: “Karen raised my rent by 100 clams.”

This is an acronym of “Cash Rules Everything Around Me” and was popularized by the Wu-Tang Clan in the 90s: “Cash rules everything around me / C.R.E.A.M. / Get the money / Dollar, dollar bill y'all.” The song encouraged listeners to not make the mistake of chasing money by selling drugs.

Looking to borrow money from a friend? Ask her: “Can I borrow some coin?”

29. Dead presidents

American currency acts as a who’s who of dead presidents. (Plus Alexander Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin, who were never presidents but appear on the $10 and $100 bills, respectively.) Use this term to let people know you’re no sell out, like Eminem .

In the US, a dime is the coin worth ten cents, but the term can be used to mean money or an expense in general. For example, if your employee is sitting on social media instead of working, you can dramatically exclaim: “Not on my dime!”

Because who doesn’t love the sound of Spanish? Dinero is the Spanish word for “money” and was first popularized in the Old West as early as the mid-19th century.

32. Dollar dollar bill y’all

Okay, this one is mostly an excuse to link to this rap classic from 2009. You’re welcome.

33. Dosh (UK)

A British slang term for money.

Another very commonly used term for money, it’s been around for a while. It likely became common as a branch off from “bread”, but the Oxford Dictionary found the term used as early as 1851, in a Yale publication: “He thinks he will pick his way out of the Society’s embarrassments, provided he can get sufficient dough.”

35. Dubs (or doubles or double sawbuck)

This term means a twenty-dollar bill, so two dubs refers to 40 bucks.

A gold or silver coin that was used in Europe, mostly in Venice, starting from the Middle Ages.

37. Ducketts

The very American pronunciation of the previous word is used to refer to poker chips—but also money.

A gross mispronunciation of the Spanish word feria , which in Mexico is used to mean coins. But maybe the term is also the result of the confetti-like image of money pouring from the sky when someone “makes it rain” .

A hip-hop term to describe the number of figures in an amount of money.

A slang term for five-dollar bills. The source is likely from the German/Yiddish word for five: German— Funf , Yiddish— Finnif .

41. Five spot

A five-dollar bill.

Another term for the five-dollar bill, as in: “I make about a fiver on each t-shirt I sell.”

43. Folding stuff

This refers to the stuff that folds, i.e. paper money. “I can’t believe you spent so much folding stuff on that lemon of a car.”

44. Franklins

And once again, we are back to our friend Benjamin, who appears on that much-beloved one-hundred-dollar bill.

45. Frogskin

An archaic term for dollar bills, perhaps related to the term “greenback”.

“I’d plan a trip to Hawaii, but I got no funds.”

Short for “grand”, this refers to $1,000 dollars. Having five G in the bank shouldn’t cause you to worry about cellphone towers, but should result in a celebration for having “dollar dollar bill y’all”. (Not to confuse with G, which is also short for “gangster”, as in “Benjamin Franklin was a real G”.)

A Yiddish term meaning “gold” and is most commonly used to refer to the money (chocolate or real) given by parents on the Jewish festival of Hanukkah.

Does this need any explanation?

Rapper E-40 coined this term for money in his hit “Gouda” . The slang king then goes on to explain the meaning by using many of the other terms listed here: “The definition of Gouda, what's the definition? / Chalupa, scrilla, scratch, paper, yaper, capital…”

Refers to $1,000 since the mob coined the term (no pun intended) in the early 1900s. Back then $1,000 was a “grand” amount of money, and they wanted to be discreet .

A $50 bill, in reference to President Ulysses S. Grant, whose face is featured. (Speaking of Uly, did you know that the S doesn’t stand for anything ?)

If you grease someone’s palm or someone’s pockets, it means you gave them some money, usually as a bribe.

A reference to the color of American money. Can be used like in: “I’m all out of green, so I’ll pay you back next week.”

55. Greenbacks

A form of American currency printed in the Civil War. The front of the bill was printed in black while the back was printed in green.

Same pronunciation as gwop , this refers to a large amount of money.

Another related term to guap and gwop that means a stack of cash, as in: “Grease his pockets with a little gwala.”

This slang term for money is actually an acronym of “George Washington On Paper”—referring to the first US president, who appears on the one-dollar bill.

59. Hamilton

Even though he wasn’t a president, the Founding Father without a father got a lot farther by being on the ten-dollar bill.

60. Jackson

Not as expensive as a Franklin or a Benjamin, this refers to President Andrew Jackson who appears on the twenty-dollar bill.

Refers to the prefix kilo , i.e. one thousand. So 500K means $500,000.

Similar to grand , this term also refers to $1,000.

63. Lettuce

Like cabbage and celery , this is an old slang term that means “money” or “currency”.

64. Long green

Another slang term for “cash” that references the color and shape of that dollar dollar bill y’all.

Referring to money, you can tell your customer to “Hand over the loot”—but you probably shouldn’t.

An Italian sounding word that rappers like to use to talk about money, but it’s not Italian for anything so it’s unclear why. (Some people believe it’s slang for lucre .)

Often used in the phrase filthy lucre to refer to a “shameful gain”, according to Merriam-Webster . While the term has taken on a slang-like connotation, it’s a legit word and is related to lucrative .

This one can actually be confusing. While M is the Roman numeral for a thousand, when used with money, it usually means a million. So $3M equals $3,000,000.

69. MM (or MN)

Many banks will use this to refer to millions of dollars.

This is another popular abbreviation of million, when talking dollars.

71. Moola (or moolah)

This is another age-old slang term for money, but nobody seems to really know where it originated. Merriam-Webster says the word was first used to mean money in 1936.

The metal that makes up a crucial element of the Earth’s core is also used to make five-cent coins. Used as slang, this term can mean $5 or $500 worth of something—particularly when talking about gambling or drugs.

73. Nuggets

A term for money that probably refers to gold nuggets, but may as well refer to the many other valuable things that come in the form of nuggets: chicken, wisdom, truth, Denver’s basketball team, etc.

Means one-dollar bills. If you’re all out of ones, you’ll need to ask for change to buy a can of coke from the machine.

The material used to print that dollar dollar bill y’all. Chasin’ that paper is just a part of “living your life”, according to this 2008 classic by Rihanna and T.I .

The official currency of Mexico can be used in American slang to refer to dollars as well.

78. Quid (UK)

The origin of this slang term for the British pound (or sterling) is uncertain, but it’s been around since the late 1600s , according to Merriam-Webster .

$1,000 or more in cash.

80. Resources

Use it to sound fancy but also street: “Ain’t got the resources to pay for that activity at the moment.”

An especially useful word to refer to money when you’re trying to sound like you have lots of it. Technically speaking, a gorgeous example of a synecdoche .

If lettuce , cabbage , celery and beans all mean money, you might as well put it all together and dress it.

83. Sawbucks

A ten-dollar bill. The source of this term comes from the sawhorse that resembles the Roman numeral X (for “10”) that was found on the back of the 10-dollar bill. The word then evolved to sawbuck because “buck” means “dollar”.

84. Scratch

This word has been used to mean money since the beginning of the 20th century, but we don’t seem to know why. Some believe it’s a reference to the phrase “starting from scratch” to imply that everything starts with money.

84. Shekels

A biblical currency that is also used presently in Israel. The word shekel is rooted in the Hebrew term for “weight”.

85. Simoleon

Slang for “dollar” associated with old-timey American gangsters.

86. Skrilla (or scrilla or scrill)

The origin of this term to mean money or cash is also unknown, but it was used in rap music starting in the 1990s.

87. Smackers

An East Coast way of saying dollars, especially if you’re a 60+ year-old man betting on a football game: “I’ll bet ya 100 smackers that the Jets find a way to lose this one.” It usually refers to enough cash to smack someone in the face with.

88. Spondulix

A 19th-century term for money, you can also spell it spondulicks , spondoolicks , spondulacks , spondulics , and spondoolics . Be really hip and refer to it as spondoolies .

Similar to racks , this term also means $1,000. “I had to get my car fixed and it cost me 3 stacks.”

Refers mostly to money you have hidden away.

91. Tamales

Nobody really uses this term anymore, but it was a common term to mean dollars.

92. Ten spot

A ten-dollar bill.

From the longer (and more boring sounding) term legal tender .

94. Tenners

Ten-dollar bills, as in: “Can I get two tenners for one of these dubs?”

95. Treasure

This is an especially useful term for money if you’re a pirate.

A bunch of cash, enough that you can roll it up into a wad.

Polished shells worn by Native Americans and sometimes used as a form of currency. The term was popular as slang for money for a while, but now is mostly used to refer to marijuana.

98. Wonga (UK)

A Romani word that means “coal”, which was another term used by Brits to refer to money.

Usually refers to drug money.

Usually refers to $100, but apparently can also be used to mean $1 billion —just in case that’s an amount of money you and your friends chat about.

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What Does Paper Mean? – Meaning, Uses and More

What Does Paper Mean?

The term paper is a slang term that refers to money, specifically cash. It comes from the material that dollar bills are made of, even though they are actually made from cotton. Other slang terms for money include scrilla, bread, dough, and dead presidents. Teenagers often use the term when talking about their paycheck, and it is also commonly used by drug dealers when referring to getting paid by customers. Here are some examples of how to use the term paper in conversation:

• “Hey man, are you making a lot of paper at your new job?”
• “I need to find a way to earn some extra paper before the weekend.”
• “I just received my paycheck and it’s all in paper . Time to go shopping!”
• “My cousin always talks about how he’s making big paper in the stock market.”
• “I’m saving all my paper for a trip to Europe next year.”

The term paper originated from the material that dollar bills are made of and is commonly used to refer to cash. It is used by teenagers to talk about their paycheck and by drug dealers to talk about getting paid by customers. It does not have a sexual meaning and is not a typo or typing mistake.

What Does Paper Mean From a Girl?

When a girl uses the term paper , she is most likely referring to money, just like everyone else. Girls use it in the same way as guys do, to talk about their paycheck or to discuss earning or saving money. There is no specific meaning of paper from a girl that differs from its general slang meaning.

Girls may use paper in conversations with their friends or when discussing financial matters. For example, they might say “I need to make some serious paper this month” or “I’m saving up all my paper for a new car.” Girls use it similarly to everyone else, without any significant differences in usage or meaning.

If someone uses paper in a conversation with you, you can reply in a variety of ways depending on the context. Here are some possible responses:

• “Yeah, I’m trying to save up some paper too!”
• “I wish I had more paper. Any tips on how to make extra cash?”
• “Money can’t buy happiness, but it can buy a lot of paper!”

Remember, when using slang terms like paper , it’s important to consider the context and the relationship you have with the person you’re talking to.

• Girl A: I just got my paycheck!
• Girl B: Nice! Time to stack that paper !
• Girl: I’m going shopping this weekend.
• Friend: Make sure you bring enough paper to splurge!
• Girl A: I need to start saving money for my trip.
• Girl B: Yeah, let’s both hustle and make that paper !
• Girl: I’m thinking of starting a side gig to earn some extra cash.
• Friend: That’s a great idea! More paper means more opportunities.
• Girl A: I just won $100 in a raffle!
• Girl B: Woohoo! That’s some easy paper right there. Treat yourself!

What Does Paper Mean From a Guy?

When a guy uses the term paper , it generally has the same meaning as when a girl uses it. Guys use it to refer to money, just like everyone else. They might use it in conversations about their paycheck, earning money, or saving up for something. There is no specific meaning of paper from a guy that differs from its general slang meaning.

Guys may use paper in conversations with their friends or when discussing financial matters. For example, they might say “I need to make some serious paper this month” or “I’m saving up all my paper for a new car.” Guys use it similarly to girls and everyone else, without any significant differences in usage or meaning.

If a guy uses paper in a conversation with you, you can reply in a variety of ways depending on the context. Here are some possible responses:

Remember, when using slang terms like paper , it’s important to consider the context and the relationship you have with the person you’re talking to. And hey, who doesn’t love talking about money? It’s the universal language we all understand, even if our wallets don’t always agree. So go ahead and embrace the slang, because when it comes to paper , we’re all on the same page!

• Guy 1: Dude, I just won a poker game and walked away with a stack of paper !
• Guy 2: No way! You’re on fire, man! Time to hit the casino.
• Guy 1: Bro, check out this new side hustle I found. I can make some serious paper !
• Guy 2: That’s awesome! Let me know if it’s legit. I could use some extra cash too.
• Guy 1: I’m thinking about investing in stocks. I heard you can make some serious paper .
• Guy 2: Yeah, it’s a risky game, but if you play it right, the returns can be insane!
• Guy 1: My boss just gave me a raise. Finally, some more paper in my pocket!
• Guy 2: Congrats, man! Time to treat yourself to something nice.
• Guy: I just sold my old video game collection and made some good paper .
• Girl: Nice! What are you gonna do with all that cash?
• Guy: Probably save it for a rainy day or splurge on a new gaming console.

Origin of Paper

The term “paper” is a slang term that refers to money, specifically cash. It comes from the material that dollar bills are made of, even though they are actually made from cotton. Other slang terms for money include scrilla, bread, dough, and dead presidents. Teenagers often use the term when talking about their paycheck, and it is also commonly used by drug dealers when referring to getting paid by customers. The term “paper” does not appear to be a typo or derived from a misspelling of another word. Its origin is not clear, but it is likely that it emerged as a convenient and catchy term to refer to money.

Frequently Asked Questions

Slangs similar to paper.

Money, paycheck, cash, dough, and moolah are similar to “paper” because they all refer to money or earnings. These terms are slang words used to talk about cash or income.

Is Paper A Bad Word?

No, the word “paper” is not a bad word or vulgar word. It is a slang term for money, specifically cash money. The term is commonly used by teenagers looking to get their paycheck and by drug dealers looking to get paid by customers.

Is Paper a Typo or Misspelling?

No, “paper” is not a misspelling or a typo. It is a slang term that refers to money, specifically cash. It originated from the material that dollar bills are made of and is commonly used by teenagers and drug dealers.

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Definition of money

 (Entry 1 of 2)

Definition of money  (Entry 2 of 2)

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the plural of money ?

In its most common uses, money has no plural . We say "some money," not "a money" or "many moneys/monies." But when money refers to discrete sums of money obtained from a particular source or allocated to a particular cause, the word can be pluralized as moneys or monies , with monies being the more common spelling.

Is it 'how much money' or 'how many money'?

When we want to know an amount of money, we say "how much money," not "how many money."

What does 'money is no object' mean?

If money is no object, the price or cost of something does not matter.

• bread [ slang ]
• cabbage [ slang ]
• jack [ slang ]
• kale [ slang ]
• legal tender
• lolly [ British ]
• long green [ slang ]
• moola [ slang ]
• moolah
• scratch [ slang ]
• sheqels
• shekelim
• shekalim
• sheqalim

Examples of money in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'money.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Noun and Adjective

Middle English moneye , from Anglo-French moneie , from Latin moneta mint, money — more at mint

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1

circa 1934, in the meaning defined above

Phrases Containing money

• a license to print money
• front money
• danger money
• marry money
• marry into money
• money of account
• money - back guarantee
• paper money
• money to burn
• waste of money
• the money supply
• Chinese money plant
• blood money
• for love or money
• give (someone) a run for his / her / your / their money
• for love nor money
• come from money
• a fool and his money are soon parted
• money plant
• money for jam
• dirty money
• conscience money
• in the money
• funny money
• folding money
• money - spinner
• money riding
• money is no object
• money market
• made of money
• for one's money
• money order
• money - grubber
• plastic money
• get his money's worth
• money changer
• money supply
• money talks
• money for old rope
• throw money around
• put (one's) money on
• pay good money
• token money
• prize money
• money - back
• value for money
• pocket money
• someone's money's worth
• time is money
• spending money
• throw money at
• run for one's money
• on the money
• smart money
• put one's money where one's mouth is
• pouring your money down the plughole

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Cite this entry.

“Money.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/money. Accessed 31 Mar. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of money.

Middle English moneye "money," from early French moneie (same meaning), from Latin moneta "coin, place where coins are made," from Moneta "a special name for the goddess Juno"; so called because the ancient Romans made coins at the temple of Juno Moneta — related to mint entry 2

Legal Definition

Legal definition of money, more from merriam-webster on money.

Nglish: Translation of money for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of money for Arabic Speakers

Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about money

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Home » Term Paper – Format, Examples and Writing Guide

Term Paper – Format, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Definition:

Term paper is a type of academic writing assignment that is typically assigned to students at the end of a semester or term. It is usually a research-based paper that is meant to demonstrate the student’s understanding of a particular topic, as well as their ability to analyze and synthesize information from various sources.

Term papers are usually longer than other types of academic writing assignments and can range anywhere from 5 to 20 pages or more, depending on the level of study and the specific requirements of the assignment. They often require extensive research and the use of a variety of sources, including books, articles, and other academic publications.

Term Paper Format

The format of a term paper may vary depending on the specific requirements of your professor or institution. However, a typical term paper usually consists of the following sections:

• Title page: This should include the title of your paper, your name, the course name and number, your instructor’s name, and the date.
• Abstract : This is a brief summary of your paper, usually no more than 250 words. It should provide an overview of your topic, the research question or hypothesis, your methodology, and your main findings or conclusions.
• Introduction : This section should introduce your topic and provide background information on the subject. You should also state your research question or hypothesis and explain the importance of your research.
• Literature review : This section should review the existing literature on your topic. You should summarize the key findings and arguments made by other scholars and identify any gaps in the literature that your research aims to address.
• Methodology: This section should describe the methods you used to collect and analyze your data. You should explain your research design, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
• Results : This section should present your findings. You can use tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate your data.
• Discussion : This section should interpret your findings and explain what they mean in relation to your research question or hypothesis. You should also discuss any limitations of your study and suggest areas for future research.
• Conclusion : This section should summarize your main findings and conclusions. You should also restate the importance of your research and its implications for the field.
• References : This section should list all the sources you cited in your paper using a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
• Appendices : This section should include any additional materials that are relevant to your study but not essential to your main argument (e.g., survey questions, interview transcripts).

Structure of Term Paper

Here’s an example structure for a term paper:

I. Introduction

A. Background information on the topic

B. Thesis statement

II. Literature Review

A. Overview of current literature on the topic

B. Discussion of key themes and findings from literature

C. Identification of gaps in current literature

III. Methodology

A. Description of research design

B. Discussion of data collection methods

C. Explanation of data analysis techniques

IV. Results

A. Presentation of findings

B. Analysis and interpretation of results

C. Comparison of results with previous studies

V. Discussion

A. Summary of key findings

B. Explanation of how results address the research questions

C. Implications of results for the field

VI. Conclusion

A. Recap of key points

B. Significance of findings

C. Future directions for research

VII. References

A. List of sources cited in the paper

How to Write Term Paper

Here are some steps to help you write a term paper:

• Choose a topic: Choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your course. If your professor has assigned a topic, make sure you understand it and clarify any doubts before you start.
• Research : Conduct research on your topic by gathering information from various sources such as books, academic journals, and online resources. Take notes and organize your information systematically.
• Create an outline : Create an outline of your term paper by arranging your ideas and information in a logical sequence. Your outline should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Write a thesis statement: Write a clear and concise thesis statement that states the main idea of your paper. Your thesis statement should be included in your introduction.
• Write the introduction: The introduction should grab the reader’s attention, provide background information on your topic, and introduce your thesis statement.
• Write the body : The body of your paper should provide supporting evidence for your thesis statement. Use your research to provide details and examples to support your argument. Make sure to organize your ideas logically and use transition words to connect paragraphs.
• Write the conclusion : The conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.
• Edit and proofread: Edit and proofread your term paper carefully to ensure that it is free of errors and flows smoothly. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
• Format and cite your sources: Follow the formatting guidelines provided by your professor and cite your sources properly using the appropriate citation style.
• Submit your paper : Submit your paper on time and according to the instructions provided by your professor.

Term Paper Example

Here’s an example of a term paper:

Title : The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity

As the world becomes more digitally interconnected, cybersecurity threats are increasing in frequency and sophistication. Traditional security measures are no longer enough to protect against these threats. This paper explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity, including how AI can be used to detect and respond to threats in real-time, the challenges of implementing AI in cybersecurity, and the potential ethical implications of AI-powered security systems. The paper concludes with recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their cybersecurity strategies.

Introduction :

The increasing number of cybersecurity threats in recent years has led to a growing interest in the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve cybersecurity. AI has the ability to analyze vast amounts of data and identify patterns and anomalies that may indicate a security breach. Additionally, AI can automate responses to threats, allowing for faster and more effective mitigation of security incidents. However, there are also challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for large amounts of high-quality data, the potential for AI systems to make mistakes, and the ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI in security.

Literature Review:

This section of the paper reviews existing research on the use of AI in cybersecurity. It begins by discussing the types of AI techniques used in cybersecurity, including machine learning, natural language processing, and neural networks. The literature review then explores the advantages of using AI in cybersecurity, such as its ability to detect previously unknown threats and its potential to reduce the workload of security analysts. However, the review also highlights some of the challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for high-quality training data and the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks.

Methodology :

To better understand the challenges and opportunities associated with using AI in cybersecurity, this paper conducted a survey of cybersecurity professionals working in a variety of industries. The survey included questions about the types of AI techniques used in their organizations, the challenges they faced when implementing AI in cybersecurity, and their perceptions of the ethical implications of using AI in security.

The results of the survey showed that while many organizations are interested in using AI in cybersecurity, they face several challenges when implementing these systems. These challenges include the need for high-quality training data, the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks, and the difficulty of integrating AI with existing security systems. Additionally, many respondents expressed concerns about the ethical implications of using AI in security, such as the potential for AI to be biased or to make decisions that are harmful to individuals or society as a whole.

Discussion :

Based on the results of the survey and the existing literature, this paper discusses the potential benefits and risks of using AI in cybersecurity. It also provides recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their security strategies, such as the need to prioritize data quality and to ensure that AI systems are transparent and accountable.

Conclusion :

While there are challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, the potential benefits of using these systems are significant. AI can help organizations detect and respond to threats more quickly and effectively, reducing the risk of security breaches. However, it is important for organizations to be aware of the potential ethical implications of using AI in security and to take steps to ensure that these systems are transparent and accountable.

References:

• Alkhaldi, S., Al-Daraiseh, A., & Lutfiyya, H. (2019). A Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Cyber Security. Journal of Information Security, 10(03), 191-207.
• Gartner. (2019). Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2020. Retrieved from https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2020/
• Kshetri, N. (2018). Blockchain’s roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives. International Journal of Information Management, 39, 80-89.
• Lipton, Z. C. (2018). The mythos of model interpretability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.03490.
• Schneier, B. (2019). Click Here to Kill Everybody: Security and Survival in a Hyper-Connected World. WW Norton & Company.
• Wahab, M. A., Rahman, M. S., & Islam, M. R. (2020). A Survey on AI Techniques in Cybersecurity. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 11(2), 22-27.

When to Write Term Paper

A term paper is usually a lengthy research paper that is assigned to students at the end of a term or semester. There are several situations when writing a term paper may be required, including:

• As a course requirement: In most cases, a term paper is required as part of the coursework for a particular course. It may be assigned by the instructor as a way of assessing the student’s understanding of the course material.
• To explore a specific topic : A term paper can be an excellent opportunity for students to explore a specific topic of interest in-depth. It allows them to conduct extensive research on the topic and develop their understanding of it.
• To develop critical thinking skills : Writing a term paper requires students to engage in critical thinking and analysis. It helps them to develop their ability to evaluate and interpret information, as well as to present their ideas in a clear and coherent manner.
• To prepare for future academic or professional pursuits: Writing a term paper can be an excellent way for students to prepare for future academic or professional pursuits. It can help them to develop the research and writing skills necessary for success in higher education or in a professional career.

Purpose of Term Paper

The main purposes of a term paper are:

• Demonstrate mastery of a subject: A term paper provides an opportunity for students to showcase their knowledge and understanding of a particular subject. It requires students to research and analyze the topic, and then present their findings in a clear and organized manner.
• Develop critical thinking skills: Writing a term paper requires students to think critically about their subject matter, analyzing various sources and viewpoints, and evaluating evidence to support their arguments.
• Improve writing skills : Writing a term paper helps students improve their writing skills, including organization, clarity, and coherence. It also requires them to follow specific formatting and citation guidelines, which can be valuable skills for future academic and professional endeavors.
• Contribute to academic discourse : A well-written term paper can contribute to academic discourse by presenting new insights, ideas, and arguments that add to the existing body of knowledge on a particular topic.
• Prepare for future research : Writing a term paper can help prepare students for future research, by teaching them how to conduct a literature review, evaluate sources, and formulate research questions and hypotheses. It can also help them develop research skills that they can apply in future academic or professional endeavors.

Advantages of Term Paper

There are several advantages of writing a term paper, including:

• In-depth exploration: Writing a term paper allows you to delve deeper into a specific topic, allowing you to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
• Improved writing skills: Writing a term paper involves extensive research, critical thinking, and the organization of ideas into a cohesive written document. As a result, writing a term paper can improve your writing skills significantly.
• Demonstration of knowledge: A well-written term paper demonstrates your knowledge and understanding of the subject matter, which can be beneficial for academic or professional purposes.
• Development of research skills : Writing a term paper requires conducting thorough research, analyzing data, and synthesizing information from various sources. This process can help you develop essential research skills that can be applied in many other areas.
• Enhancement of critical thinking : Writing a term paper encourages you to think critically, evaluate information, and develop well-supported arguments. These skills can be useful in many areas of life, including personal and professional decision-making.
• Preparation for further academic work : Writing a term paper is excellent preparation for more extensive academic projects, such as a thesis or dissertation.

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A Revised Definition of Left Bundle Branch Block Using Time to Notch in Lead I

• 1 Center for Arrhythmia Care, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois

Question   How does the performance of a new left bundle branch block (LBBB) criterion developed based on intracardiac recordings of patients compare with that of current strict criteria?

Findings   In this diagnostic study of 75 patients, LBBB pattern on surface electrocardiography (ECG) was categorized as being due to complete conduction block or intraventricular conduction delay based on assessment of intracardiac recordings. After correlation with surface ECGs, a time to notch in lead I longer than 75 milliseconds was proposed as a new ECG criterion for LBBB, and this criterion demonstrated improved specificity compared with conventional criteria in the derivation population as well as good performance in an independent validation population.

Meaning   Improving the specificity for LBBB criteria to identify patients with conduction block can aid in decision-making for corrective pacing procedures, including biventricular pacing or conduction system pacing.

Importance   Current left bundle branch block (LBBB) criteria are based on animal experiments or mathematical models of cardiac tissue conduction and may misclassify patients. Improved criteria would impact referral decisions and device type for cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Objective   To develop a simple new criterion for LBBB based on electrophysiological studies of human patients, and then to validate this criterion in an independent population.

Design, Setting, and Participants   In this diagnostic study, the derivation cohort was from a single-center, prospective study of patients undergoing electrophysiological study from March 2016 through November 2019. The validation cohort was assembled by retrospectively reviewing medical records for patients from the same center who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) from October 2015 through May 2022.

Exposures   Patients were classified as having LBBB or intraventricular conduction delay (IVCD) as assessed by intracardiac recording.

Main Outcomes and Measures   Sensitivity and specificity of the electrocardiography (ECG) criteria assessed in patients with LBBB or IVCD.

Results   A total of 75 patients (median [IQR] age, 63 [53-70.5] years; 21 [28.0%] female) with baseline LBBB on 12-lead ECG underwent intracardiac recording of the left ventricular septum: 48 demonstrated complete conduction block (CCB) and 27 demonstrated intact Purkinje activation (IPA). Analysis of surface ECGs revealed that late notches in the QRS complexes of lateral leads were associated with CCB (40 of 48 patients [83.3%] with CCB vs 13 of 27 patients [48.1%] with IPA had a notch or slur in lead I; P  = .003). Receiver operating characteristic curves for all septal and lateral leads were constructed, and lead I displayed the best performance with a time to notch longer than 75 milliseconds. Used in conjunction with the criteria for LBBB from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Rhythm Society, this criterion had a sensitivity of 71% (95% CI, 56%-83%) and specificity of 74% (95% CI, 54%-89%) in the derivation population, contrasting with a sensitivity of 96% (95% CI, 86%-99%) and specificity of 33% (95% CI, 17%-54%) for the Strauss criteria. In an independent validation cohort of 46 patients (median [IQR] age, 78.5 [70-84] years; 21 [45.7%] female) undergoing TAVR with interval development of new LBBB, the time-to-notch criterion demonstrated a sensitivity of 87% (95% CI, 74%-95%). In the subset of 10 patients with preprocedural IVCD, the criterion correctly distinguished IVCD from LBBB in all cases. Application of the Strauss criteria performed similarly in the validation cohort.

Conclusions and Relevance   The findings suggest that time to notch longer than 75 milliseconds in lead I is a simple ECG criterion that, when used in conjunction with standard LBBB criteria, may improve specificity for identifying patients with LBBB from conduction block. This may help inform patient selection for cardiac resynchronization or conduction system pacing.

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Treger JS , Allaw AB , Razminia P, et al. A Revised Definition of Left Bundle Branch Block Using Time to Notch in Lead I. JAMA Cardiol. Published online March 27, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2024.0265

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Trump Media Merger Provides Trump a Potential Cash Lifeline

Having closed the merger of his social media company, Mr. Trump could find ways to raise cash against the value of his stake in the company, estimated at more than $3 billion.

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By Matthew Goldstein

Former President Donald J. Trump’s social media company — and the parent of his favorite communications platform, Truth Social — became a public company on Friday through a merger that will raise Mr. Trump’s wealth by billions of dollars and potentially help pay his mounting legal bills.

Trump Media & Technology Group is poised to debut on Wall Street at a market value of around $5 billion — based on the $37 share price of its merger partner, Digital World Acquisition Corp. Given that Mr. Trump owns more than 60 percent of the company, his overall net worth will increase by $3 billion — instantly doubling his wealth from the $2.6 billion estimate by Forbes magazine in October.

So far, those gains are on paper, and Mr. Trump is unlikely to be able to quickly turn it into cash because of restrictions in the merger agreement that prevent major shareholders from selling shares for at least six months, or using them as collateral for loans. But because Mr. Trump controls so much of Trump Media, and because his allies are expected to make up a majority of the new board, they could waive those restrictions on his request.

The question of where Mr. Trump can raise cash has become an urgent one because he is on the hook for hundreds of millions of dollars of legal bills tied to the multiple cases against him. Mr. Trump is facing a Monday deadline to cover a $454 million penalty in a civil fraud case brought by the New York State attorney general, which accuses him of greatly inflating the value of his real estate holdings in deals with banks.

If Mr. Trump cannot come up with the cash or a bond to cover the penalty while he appeals the ruling, the attorney general’s office could seize some of his properties.

Trump Media’s board might be reluctant to allow Mr. Trump to sell shares early as that would likely deflate the company’s share price. But lifting the restriction on using shares as collateral would help him secure a bond and minimize the negative impact on the stock price.

Before the merger closed, Mr. Trump was chairman of Trump Media but neither it nor Digital World disclosed whether he will continue to retain the title. Either way, Mr. Trump will hold enormous sway over the company as the company’s new seven-member board includes Mr. Trump’s eldest son, Donald Trump Jr., and three former members of his administration. His 79 million shares give him a large majority stake in the company and his brand is critical to the success of Truth Social, which has become his main megaphone with communicating to his supporters.

There is no guarantee that the stock of Trump Media will continue to trade at its current levels. If the share price falls over the coming months, the sizable increase to his net worth could be smaller over time. Digital World’s shares dropped about 14 percent after the shareholder vote approving the merger.

As part of the merger, investors in Digital World — the cash-rich shell company that voted to merge with Trump Media — will now become shareholders of Mr. Trump’s three-year-old company. The deal will transfer more than $300 million from Digital World’s coffers to Trump Media, a struggling business with little revenue, and allow Truth Social to keep operating.

Shares of Trump Media could begin trading on the stock market as early as Monday under the stock symbol DJT.

Many of Digital World’s 400,000 shareholders are ordinary investors and fans of Mr. Trump, whose enthusiasm about the former president has propped up the shares for years. But it remains to be seen whether they will hold on to the stock now that the merger is done.

In a statement before the vote, Trump Media said that “the merger will enable Truth Social to enhance and expand our platform.”

With the future of his real estate business in flux because of the ruling in the New York civil fraud case, Trump Media could become one of Mr. Trump’s main moneymakers — and a potential source of conflict should he win the presidency in November. Trump Media currently gets most of its revenue from Truth Social, its flagship platform where several upstart companies advertise their products, targeting Mr. Trump’s supporters and using slogans that are variations on America First or Make America Great Again.

In using the stock symbol DJT, Trump Media is taking a trip back in time. One of Mr. Trump’s former publicly traded companies, Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts, had traded under that stock symbol until it filed for bankruptcy in 2004.

The merger of Digital World and Trump Media, first proposed in October 2021, is one of the more prominent deals to emerge from a strategy that many companies used to go public that was all the rage during the pandemic. Special purpose acquisition companies like Digital World are speculative investment vehicles set up for the purpose of raising money in an initial public offering and then finding an operating business to buy.

In going public through a SPAC merger, Trump Media is following other so-called alt-right businesses like Rumble, an online video streaming service that caters to right-leaning media personalities, and PublicSquare, which bills itself as an online marketplace for the “patriotic parallel economy.”

Trump Media took in just $3.3 million in advertising revenue on Truth Social during the first nine months of last year, and the company, during that period, incurred a net loss of $49 million.

“It’s unclear to me what is the strategy to building out the platform especially so it may reach a broader advertiser,” said Shannon McGregor, a professor of journalism and media at the University of North Carolina. “There does seem to be a ceiling in these niche markets.”

The merger was almost derailed by a Securities and Exchange Commission investigation into deal talks between the two companies that took place before Digital World’s initial public offering. Securities rules prohibit SPACs from engaging in meaningful merger talks before going public.

But the deal got back on track after Digital World settled with the S.E.C. in July, agreeing to pay an $18 million penalty after the merger was completed and to revise its corporate filings.

After the deal was done on Friday, many shareholders and Trump fans celebrated online. Chad Nedohin, a vocal proponent of the merger on Truth Social, posted a livestream of the shareholder meeting on Rumble. In a chat room, viewers shared their enthusiasm for the deal, with messages such as “Great day to be alive” and “The day is finally here.”

Matthew Goldstein covers Wall Street and white-collar crime and housing issues. More about Matthew Goldstein