thesis title in agriculture animal science in the philippines

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• Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Major in Animal Science

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Bsa – animal science • bachelor of science in agriculture major in animal science.

At a glance

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About the Program

The Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (BSA) Major in Animal Science is a new 4-year curriculum under the College of Agriculture and Food Science (CAFS) after it has been approved by BOR Resolution No. 81 series of 2018. It has replaced the long time offering of the degree in Bachelor of Animal Science from the Department of Animal Science (DAS), mainly to prepare graduates for a more holistic perspective in Agriculture and to prepare them for a board examination after graduation. This curriculum is currently an AACCUP Level IV accredited program.

The program is offered by the Department of Animal Science under the College of Agriculture and Food Science as approved by CHED CMO Order No. 14 Series of 2008. It aims to educate students in the scientific habit of thought, entrepreneurial skills and prepare them to become professionals with entry level competencies in technical agriculture. The BSA Animal Science curriculum is based on competency standards for agriculture with a total of 74 units of General Education Courses, 49 units of fundamental agriculture courses, 39 core/major courses, 6 units of field practice, and 6 units of undergraduate thesis.

The Department of Animal Science (formerly called Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, of DASVM) was created in 1974-1975. It is a pillar for instruction, research, and extension in Animal Science. Currently, DAS has a total of 12 regular faculty members, 4 PhD degree holders, 4 PhD candidates, and 4 Master’s Degree holders. In terms of students, DAS has a total of more than 300 Animal Science majors, which makes it one of the most preferred specialization under BSA curriculum.

Program highlights

• AnSc 112 - Swine Production and Management
• AnSc 121 - Poultry Production and Management
• AnSc 131 - Ruminant Production and Management
• AnSc 133 - Dairy Production and Management
• AnSc 142 - Animal Nutrition and Feeding
• AnSc 151 - Animal Breeding
• AnSc 153 - Ecology and Behavior of Animals
• AnSc 164 - Animal Parasitology
• AnSc 199 - Undergraduate Seminar
• AnSc 200 – Undergraduate Thesis
• AnSc 200a – Field Practice
• Animal Nutrition Laboratory
• Animal Breeding Laboratory
• Meat Processing Laboratory
• Feed Processing Laboratory
• Animal Health Laboratory
• Poultry Project
• Piggery Project
• Goat & Sheep Project
• Beef Cattle Project
• Dairy Buffalo Farm at PCC-VSU
• Pasture Area

Career Opportunities

Graduates of this program can be

• Academician
• Animal Nutritionist
• Feed Sales Representative
• Farm Technician
• Farm Managers
• Science Research Specialist
• Farm Consultant
• Extension Worker
• Meat Inspector
• Meat Processor
• Animal Quarantine Officer
• Trainor for Vocational/Livelihood Skills
• Livestock or Agrivet Entrepreneur
• Farmer-Contractor (contract growers)
• Overseas Worker (Dairy Farms, Piggery Farms, Poultry Farms, Meat Plants, etc).
• Other Government Profession

Notable Alumni

The following Viscans who graduated in this program have made a name in their field:

• Hon. Mayor Jonas C. Cortes – Class of 1987. Elected as City Mayor of Mandaue in 2007, then reelected in 2013 for his second term. In 2016-2019, he assumed office in Cebu City’s 6th district as a House Representative. From 2019 until present, he is Mayor of Mandaue City, Cebu. He was noted for his government reform and integrity campaign which led to the economic boom of Mandaue City.
• Dr. Adrian P. Ybañez – Class of 2001. He is a Veterinarian, a multi-awarded researcher with more than a hundred publications and citations in high indexed journals, a full-fledged Professor, and currently the Vice President for Research and Development in Cebu Technical University.
• Ms. Lou Anne Mary Noval – Class of 2002. After 12 years in the dairy industry in New Zealand, she finally established the RD and LAN Dairy Limited as the Director and major shareholder. The dairy farm is creating hundreds of jobs in the dairy industry based in the South Island of New Zealand. Noval is one of the hundreds of Animal Science alumni who has now an established career in livestock production overseas.
• Mr. Roel Subere – Class of 1995. He has a record of 20 years as Sales Account Specialist of the San Miguel Corporation. Like many of our alumni employed in Feed Manufacturing Industries as area managers or technical sales representatives, he performs duties such as sales, technical support, demand creations, and dealer’s development.
• PCol. Orlando S. Gardiola, Jr – Class of 1994. He pursued a career as a Police Officer after graduating from the Philippine National Police Academy. With good standing and leadership records, he now holds the position as Regional Chief of the Region 8’8 Hi-Way Patrol Group.

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PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

The Master of Science in Agriculture (MSA is a 2-year graduate degree program specialized in Crop Science and Animal Science). It is designed to advance the knowledge, skills and competency of graduate students in instruction, research, extension and production including the holistic development of professionals working in the academe, government units, non-government organizations and agricultural enterprises.

PROGRAM CURRICULUM

• ANIMAL SCIENCE
• CROP SCIENCE

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDIES URDANETA CITY

Master of Science in Agriculture MAJOR IN ANIMAL SCIENCE (CMO 36 s. 1998, Effective SY 2020-2021)

I. Foundation Courses (9 Units)

II. Specialization Courses (15 Units)

III. Elective/Cognate Courses (3 Units)

IV. Computer Courses (3 Units)

V. Comprehensive Examination

VI. Thesis Writing (6 Units)

CHED REQUIREMENT- SUMMARY OF UNITS:

Master of Science in Agriculture MAJOR IN CROP SCIENCE (CMO 36 s. 1998, Effective SY 2020-2021)

CORE FACULTY

Animal Science

Crop science.

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BSA in Animal Science in the Philippines

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Program overview, admission requirements for the bsa in animal science program in the philippines.

• Must have the original and photocopy of the high school report card (form 138)
• Must have recommendation from High school principal and guidance counsellor
• Must have most recent medical and dental health record
• Must take and pass the college entrance examination
• Must have a copy of NSO certified birth certificate
• Must have a certificate of good moral character
• Must have a copy of the honourable dismissal
• Must have a copy of the high school diploma
• One 2”x 2” copy of latest photo

Duration of the BSA in Animal Science program in the Philippines

Subjects included in the bsa in animal science program.

• Pagbasa at Pagsulat sa Iba’t-ibang Disiplina
• Phil. Gov’t Politics & the New Constitution
• Fundamentals of Agricultural Engineering
• Agricultural Extension& Communication
• Fundamentals of Agronomic Production
• Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals
• Windows Explorer & Intro to MS Word
• Fund. of Agricltural Entrepreneurship
• Computer Applications in Agriculture
• Livestock & Poultry Prods & By-Prods
• Fundamentals of Animal Climatology
• Prin. of Environmental Science & Mgt.
• Thesis and Manuscript Preparation
• Introduction to Animal Science
• Fundamentals of Hortilculture
• Research & Technical Writing
• Introduction to Plant Science
• Sining ng Pakikipagtalastasan
• Principles of Crop Protection
• Methods of Animal Breedng
• Fundamentals of Farm Mgt
• Intro to Livestock &Poultry
• Animal Health & Sanitation
• Fundamentals of Agri Eng
• Fundamentals of Speech
• Gen Eco w/Taxation & LR
• Principles of Soil Science
• Animal Disease Control
• Postharvest Technology
• General Microbiology
• Ruminant Production
• Communication Skills
• Introduction to Logic
• Elementary Statistics
• Plane Trigonometry
• General Psychology
• Feeds and Feeding
• Poultry Production
• Pasture and Forage
• General Chemistry
• General Sociology
• Swine Production
• Meat Technology
• Philippine History
• Plant Physiology
• Feeds & Feeding
• World Literature
• Dairy Production
• Animal Breeding
• Animal Nutrition
• General Zoology
• College Algebra
• General Physics
• Art Appreciation

Career opportunities for graduates of BSA in Animal Science program in the Philippines

• Animal Science Specialist
• Farm Maintenance Staff
• Research Assistants
• Animal Technician
• Animal Attendant
• Farm Manager
• Employee in government and private agencies
• Professor in Agricultural Colleges
• Biological Science Technician

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The present and (hopefully) the future of Animal Agriculture in the Philippines

The view from taft.

By Judith Marie D. Siapno

What would a meal look like in 31 years? That is the big question scientists are now urging governments and private institutions to answer. By 2050, the global population is expected to rise to 10 billion with no assurance that all those mouths will be fed.

Our stomachs are stuck to primal cravings: meat, meat, and more meat. With the rise in popularity of the unlimited Korean pork fare or samgyeopsal comes the unprecedented increase in demand for this delectable fatty pork. The process of breeding and, dare I say, slaughtering these animals, is what is called Animal Agriculture. According to Cameron & Cameron (2017), Animal Agriculture is so prevalent globally that we are literally choking the Earth. How so?

In 2017, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations forecast an increase in food demand from 59% to 98% by 2050. Therefore, both big and small scale farmers must adjust their production, causing an increase in green house gas emissions.

The Philippine Statistics Authority’s January-March 2019 brief reported a massive surge in the commercial inventory of cattle, swine or pig, and chicken. Surprisingly, their combined increase of 13.39% was still not enough to sustain the Philippines’ population of 108.12 million. Proof is that the undernutrition rate amongst children aged 0 to 5 is at its highest in 10 years at 26.2%.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT It is imperative that the government act upon this issue. President Ferdinand Marcos implemented Presidential Decree No. 914, or the protection and creation of powers for the Livestock Development Council under the Department of Agriculture. It is a regulatory body which oversees livestock production to ensure its efficiency and sustainability. However, it turns out that this was counterintuitive. Imports of livestock and poultry increased by 5.6%, worth a staggering $261 billion. I guess, we Filipinos really do love that unlimited Korean barbeque!

Furthermore, Senate Bill No. 1758, an effort to restructure the current industry while still supporting an already crippled food system, is still pending for approval. Senator Cynthia Villar’s bill proposes to rethink livestock development and focus efforts on Filipino farmers. Unfortunately, this bill did not provide avenues for small scale farmers to have access to capital. Instead, it focused on improving pre-existing infrastructure without addressing how to reduce the risk of investing in agriculture.

These policies are glaringly inefficient, especially since the Department of Agriculture has recently asked for an additional budget of P70.3 billion. The request is both warranted and unwarranted because of the equally unprecedented decline of farming in the Philippine heartlands. The capital intensity in agriculture is driving our farmers away from their farms and towards congested cities where they serve a lesser purpose.

To think the government can have a hand in changing this. Banks and financing terms can be overhauled to be more inclusive to small and medium-scale farmers. Once the appropriate institutions have segued into a more inclusive organizations, these farmers consequently have to rethink their own practices. The two most realistic and still profitable changes are Livestock with Care and Precision Farming.

SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS APPROACH On top of the partnership of the public and private sector, a slightly more radical approach can be taken. The government or any crazy rich Filipino must consider a Sustainable Food Systems Approach.

This approach considers how to adjust food production according to population growth, urbanization, changing consumer patterns and climate change. All of which are not considered in the slightest in current Animal Agriculture practices. A Sustainable Food System (SFS) approach has three main components; Economic, Social, and Environmental impact. Achieving a successful integration between these three will provide a fiscally viable equal distribution of sustainably grown nutritious food.

Better policies will allow capital-poor farmers to access resources for the system to be more profitable for both the farmers and the investors. Doing so will deliver immediate benefit to consumers. Who will be the main drivers of inclusive eco-social growth? For the FAO, holistic value creation is a cycle starting from the institutions up top.

The Animal Agriculture industry is challenged by unbridled globalization. Our policymakers have forgone self-sufficiency and have reverted to dependency. First, the feed used to sustain these animals is imported. Second, land used to breed these animals are loaned. Third, these breeders are often uneducated and lack proper government/private support. Financing institutions lend or borrow capital at such ungodly rates that ultimately deplete these farmer’s profit margins. Fourth, there is no research and development in finding alternatives to address the gap between the producer and consumer. While meat alternatives is not a popular topic to consider, at our current fertility rate we need all possible solutions to address this looming crisis.

If our policymakers continue to beat around the bush, only to stuff more taxpayer money down their matte Himalaya Niloticus crocodile Birkin bags, Filipinos will probably be end up eating kangkong (swamp cabbage) three times a day.

Judith Marie D. Siapno is an undergraduate marketing management student in De La Salle University.

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Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (PJVAS) is an open access journal dealing with both basic and applied researches as well as special topics in all species of animals, including companion, laboratory and farm animals and wildlife. It is a peer-reviewed journal which publishes full research works, short communications, research notes, case reports and review articles which advance the knowledge of animal and veterinary sciences and enhance the development of the livestock and poultry industry.

The PJVAS is published semi-annually. It is the official journal of the Philippine Society of Animal Science.

Current Issue : January - June 2023

Select an issue from the archive : 2010 - 2022.

Editorial Staff

Joseph F. dela Cruz, Editor-in-Chief

Jay Ronel V. Conejos, Associate Editor

Jeric H. Rosales, Editorial Assistant

Ione G. Sarmago, Business Manager

EDITORIAL BOARD 2023

JOSEPH F. DELA CRUZ College of Veterinary Medicine University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, 4031 Laguna, Philippines

JAY RONEL V. CONEJOS College of Agriculture and Food Science University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, 4031 Laguna, Philippines

MICHELLE V. PARASO (Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry) College of Veterinary Medicine University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, 4031 Laguna, Philippines

CLARO N. MINGALA (Biotechnology [Reproduction, Health, Nutrition]) Livestock Biotechnology Center Philippine Carabao Center HQ, Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija, Philippines

NADIATUR AKMAR ZULKIFLI (Breeding and Genetics) Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resources National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

GERRY A. CAMER (Diseases and Diagnostics) College of Veterinary Medicine University of Eastern Philippines, Catarman, 6400 Samar, Philippines

ROSALINA M. LAPITAN (Nutrition) Philippine Carabao Center at UP Los Baños College, 4031 Laguna, Philippines VIRGILIO T. VILLANCIO (Socio-Economics) College of Agriculture and Food Science University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, 4031 Laguna, Philippines

ANASTASIO ARGUELLO HENRIQUEZ (Production and Processing) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas, Spain

Vol 49, No 1 (2023): January - June 2023

Table of contents.

Philippine E-Journals

vol. 39, no. 2 (2013) Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

Description.

The Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (PJVAS) is an open access journal dealing with both basic and applied researches as well as special topics in all species of animals, including companion, laboratory and farm animals and wildlife. It is a peer-reviewed journal which publishes full research works, short communications, case reports and review articles which advance the knowledge of animal and veterinary sciences and enhance the development of the livestock and poultry industry.

Publisher: University of the Philippines - Los Baños

Potential citation/s: 46, category: women's studies |, issn 2619-7731 (online), issn 2094-8271 (print), share issue :.

Other issues

vol. 43, no. 2 (2017)

Vol. 43, no. 1 (2017), vol. 42, no. 2 (2016), vol. 40, no. 2 (2014), vol. 40, no. 1 (2014), vol. 41, no. 2 (2015), vol. 42, no. 1 (2016), vol. 41, no. 1 (2015), vol. 39, no. 1 (2013), vol. 38, no. 1 (2012), vol. 38, no. 2 (2012), vol. 37, no. 2 (2011), vol. 37, no. 1 (2011), vol. 36, no. 2 (2010), vol. 36, no. 1 (2010), vol. 35, no. 2 (2009), vol. 35, no. 1 (2009), vol. 34, no. 2 (2008), vol. 34, no. 1 (2008), vol. 33, no. 2 (2007), vol. 33, no. 1 (2007), vol. 32, no. 1 (2006), vol. 32, no. 2 (2006), vol. 31, no. 2 (2005), vol. 31, no. 1 (2005), vol. 30, no. 2 (2004), vol. 30, no. 1 (2004), vol. 29, no. 2 (2003), vol. 29, no. 1 (2003), vol. 28, no. 2 (2002), vol. 28, no. 1 (2002), vol. 27, no. 2 (2001), vol. 27, no. 1 (2001), vol. 26, no. 2 (2000), vol. 26, no. 1 (2000), table of contents.

Front Matter

Editorial board, instructional materials, instructions for authors, phenotypic characterization of native chicken in palawan, philippines.

Rogelio V. Lopez Jr. | Angel L. Lambio | Renato S.A Vega | Anna Pauline O. De Guia

Discipline: Agriculture , Animal Science

Correlation of Circulating Vitellogenin at Sexual Maturity with Selected Laying Traits in Philippine Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus L.)

Arnolfo M. Monleon | Angel L. Lambio | Renato S.A Vega | Severino S. Capitan

Participatory Approach in Definition of Breeding Objective Traits for Boholano Strain of Native Chicken

Agapita J. Salces | Liza M. Quirog | Edgar I. Chatto

In Situ Ruminal Degradation of Foliage with Varying pH Levels from Selected Trees and Shrubs

Maita L. Aban | Lolito C. Bestil

Yield, Quality and Feed Cost Efficiency of Milk Produced by Anglo-Nubian Goats Fed Different Mixtures of Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) Grass and Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)

Ilene Saya-ao Basitan | Emma G. Jarcia

In Situ Degradation of Selected Protein Sources in Rumen-Cannulated Brahman Cattle (Bos indicus Linn.)

Angelo Francis F. Atole | Lolito C. Bestil

Growth Performance and Carcass Drip Loss and Water Holding Capacity of Broilers Fed Low Density Diets Supplemented with Liquid Multi-Vitamins and Amino Acids during Periods of Stress

Veneranda A. Magpantay | Rodeza Kristine S. Cu-cordoves | Maria Cynthia R. Oliveros | Julienne Maria Undine Paz A. Hurtada

Hen-Day Egg Production and Egg Qualities of Philippine Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus L.) with Varying Plumage Colors

Julie Ross M. Datuin | Veneranda A. Magpantay

Relationship of Backfat Thickness and Ribeye Echogenicity to Hepatic and Splenic Echogenicity in Crossbred Cattle (Bos indicus L.) and Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.)

Alyssa B. Asilo | Jesalyn L. Constante | Jezie A. Acorda

Chemical, Functional and Sensory Qualities of Mozzarella Cheese Made from Combinations of Buffalo’s Milk and Reconstituted Skim Milk

Ronald John L. Lamano | Maria Cynthia R. Oliveros | Ione G. Sarmago | Veneranda A. Magpantay | Rosalina M. Lapitan

Sero-Surveillance of Hog Cholera in Backyard Piggery Farms in Nueva Ecija and Pampanga, Philippines

Gemerlyn G. Garcia | Elmer S. Felix | Cristina C. Garcia

Discipline: Agriculture

Ultrasonography of the Urogenital Organs of Male Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus marmoratus, Weigmann, 1834)

Rachel B. Prades | Emilia A. Lastica | Jezie A. Acorda

Ultrasonographic Features of the Kidneys in Apparently Healthy Ostriches (Struthio camelus) Raised in Captivity

Precious E. Bang-asan | Jezie A. Acorda

Discipline: Veterinary Medicine , Animal Science

Macroscopic and Microscopic Changes in the Wound After Intradermal Closure Using Buried Knot and Pulley Knot-Free Patterns Following Ovariectomy in Cats

James Patrick M. Chupeco | Marianne Leila S. Flores | Marco F. Reyes

Discipline: Animal Science

Detection of Antibodies Against Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydophila felis in Malayan Civets (Viverra tangalunga), Palawan Bearcats (Arctictis binturong whitei) and Asian Palm Civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) at a Wildlife Facility in Quezon City, Phili

Rey B. Oronan | Daphne A. Licuan | Justine Paola S. Delos Santos | Emilia A. Lastica

Electrocardiographic Profile of Captive Marbled Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus marmoratus, Weigmann, 1834)

Yasmin Francesca S. Tan | Karlo Romano B. Gicana | Emilia A. Lastica

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• An Assessment of Animal Housing and Environmental Control Systems in...

An Assessment of Animal Housing and Environmental Control Systems in Beef and Dairy Cattle Farms in the Philippines

Thesis abstract:.

This study was conducted to assess practices on housing and environmental control systems in selected beef and dairy cattle farms in the Philippines. A total of 53 ranches, 10 feedlots, 6 backyard beef cattle farms, and 27 dairy cattle farms were studied.

It was noted that weather conditions were not being monitored in practically all farms. Climatic factors were seldom considered in animal management decisions. It was also observed that the recommended practices on animal management were seldom considered in most ranches. Farm infrastructure and production facilities were often neglected, resulting in poor herd management activities. Adequate animal housing was provided in most feedlots.

The open-sided housing with galvanized iron (GI) roofing, concrete floor, feed and water troughts, and GI pipe or wooden pen enclosure were used. The animals were usually tethered during the day and confined in a shed at night. In dairy farms, mature stock were usually raised indoors or indoor-outdoors using either the free-stall or the loose-housing system. Crowding calves were also raised in elevated calf stalls with slatted floors, sides, and partitions.

As in feedlots, the open-sided housing with GI roofing, concrete floor, and feed and water troughts were commonly used. However, the loafing areas were seldom butwith concrete resulting in drainage and mud problems, especially during the rainy season.

It was noted that the systems and practices in some farms can be recommended for use in some areas in the Philippines.

A list of researchable areas on housing and environmental control systems was also presented.

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Animal science is the study of the biology of animals that are under the control of humankind. It can be described as the production and management of farm animals. Afribary publishes list of academic papers and project topics in Animal science. You can browse Animal science project topics and materials, Animal science thesis topics, dissertation topics, seminar topics, essays, lesson notes and all academic papers in Animal science field.

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Animals in Agriculture in the Philippines

Introduction

The Philippines is an island country that is situated in Southeast Asia. The country consists of 7 641 islands, divided into three major island groups, and, apart from aquaculture and fishing being the main industries, the use of animals in agriculture is a common practice as well. Agriculture in the Philippines is composed of four sub-sectors, which are crops, livestock, poultry, and fisheries, and is the main source of livelihood for approximately 25-30% of the labor force.

Agriculture Production

During the second quarter of 2021, the value of agricultural production at constant 2018 prices decreased by -1.5%. This was related to the decline in livestock and fisheries production. At the same time, production increments were noted for crops and poultry.

Livestock production, which dropped by -19.3%, contributed 14.2% to the total agricultural production. Hog production decreased by -26.2%. Poultry production, which shared 13.5% in the total agricultural production, increase by 2.5% during the second quarter of 2021, from a -4.7% decline in the same period last year. Duck, chicken eggs, and duck eggs posted production increments. At current prices, the value of agricultural production amounted to PhP 503.3 billion in the second quarter of 2021. This was 7.2% higher than the level recorded in the same period of the previous year.

The Philippines is considered an agricultural country with a land area of 30 million ha, 47% of which is dedicated to the development of agriculture. What the country is well-known for in terms of agriculture is crocodile farming , where crocodiles are raised and harvested for commercial purposes, mainly for their meat and skin. The main species are the saltwater crocodile and the freshwater crocodile. Other popular species that are farmed in the Philippines are ostrich, the farming of whom has started not too long ago, in 1996.

Legal Regulations

The Animal Welfare Act of the Philippines is the main source for the protection of animals in the country. It contains the general anti-cruelty provisions and, in theory, is applied to farmed animals as well. Section 2 of the Act provides that the certificates of registration shall be acquired by a person who is engaged in the commercial use of animals, which also includes stockyards and slaughterhouses. Such certificates are only issued to those businesses that present proof that their facilities will not cause pain and suffering to animals.

There are also regulations that relate to the registration of such facilities as hog farms, poultry farms, slaughterhouses, stock farms, and stockyards. With that being said, Administrative Order No. 8 of 1999 provides the detailed rules on that matter, although this is only applied to those farms where the temperature inside may not be controlled within set limits, i.e, that would not apply to indoor temperature-controlled farms. These rules, according to the regulations, shall be managed by qualified staff who have the ability to undertake behavior observations for the purposes of making all animals free from pain and suffering. Yet, it is not prohibited in the country to run facilities with strong and extreme confinement, such as battery cages and dry sow stalls.

In 2013, amendments to the Animal Welfare Act have been made that included the interpretation of animal welfare and regulations related to it. This implied providing animals with physical and psychological well-being, including the avoidance of abusive practices, maltreatment, cruelty, and exploitation by humans. The practices of animals shall be maintained with proper standards and the application of the rule on freedom from fear, distress, harassment, unnecessary discomfort, and pain, as well as allowing animals to express their normal and natural behavior.

Administrative Order No. 41 of 2000 provides certain regulations and guidelines with regard to rearing pigs. The Order is focused on the welfare of pigs stating that good animal welfare is a significant part of the economic benefits of the country and the improvement of the quality of life of pigs. The Order uses the concept of Five Freedoms as the basis for regulating pig farming practices. The concept of Five Freedoms is an internationally accepted standard of care. These standards were developed by Britain's Farm Animal Welfare Council in 1965 and include: 

Freedom from hunger and thirst by ready access to fresh water and diet to maintain health and vigor.

Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area providing soft bedding and an area with the appropriate temperature, noise levels, and access to natural light. If animals are outside, they must have shelter from the elements and appropriate food and water bowls that will not freeze or tip over.

Freedom from pain, injury, or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment. This includes vaccinating animals, monitoring animals, physical health, treating any injuries, and providing appropriate medications.

Freedom to express normal behavior by providing sufficient space, proper facilities, and the company of the animal's own kind. Animals need to be able to interact with — or avoid — others of their own kind as desired. They must be able to stretch every part of their body (from nose to tail), and run, jump, and play.

Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering. The mental health of an animal is just as important as physical health — as psychological stress can quickly transition into physical illness. These conditions can be achieved by preventing overcrowding and providing sufficient enrichment and safe hiding spaces.

In the Philippines, all pig farms with more than 300 sows shall have a principal veterinarian who has the duty of supervision over the facility. It is prohibited to conduct any acts of cruelty, neglect, inadequate supply of food, water, and shelter, as well as slaughtering, branding, mutilating, confining, or carrying any pig - and any other acts that inflict pain and suffering to the pigs. Customary husbandry practices, such as castration are required to be done with anesthetics, however, tail docking and teeth clipping are allowed under the Order and do not require to be conducted with painkillers. The Order also allows the use of farrowing crates but requires the size of the crate to be large enough so the sow is able to lie down at full length without leg restriction, as well as being able to rise to a standing position in one movement and stand comfortably. Nevertheless, that may not be sufficient for the welfare of pigs - even though the size of the crate shall be large to lie down and rise, the Order does not mention anything about the ability for a sow to turn around, which means pigs may still have insufficient space. The Order also allows confinement in individual stalls or farrowing crates but not more for than 6 weeks and it also provides minimum recommendations for housing and shelter, including farrowing crate for a pig, depending on the animal’s weight.

As for the regulations for chickens, Administrative Order No. 12 provides the minimum standards for these animals, and also applies the concept of Five Freedoms prohibiting certain practices, such as “willfully or wantonly causing unreasonable or unnecessary pain, suffering, or distress to the chickens.” The Order claims that if farms in the Philippines contain more than 40 000 broiler chickens, the facility shall have an attending veterinarian to exercise supervision. Chickens shall have sufficient space in the farms, so they have the ability to lie down. Customary husbandry practices, such as debeaking and spur trimming are not prohibited.

This Order also applies to egg-laying hens. It states that farms having more than 30 000 egg-laying hens shall also have the attending veterinarian. The same general provisions as mentioned above are applied to the egg-laying hens.

Transportation

The AWA of the Philippines contains the provisions with regard to the transportation of animals in the country. Section 3 of the Act states that the Director of the Bureau of Animal Industry has a duty to supervise the transportation of animals to “provide maximum comfort while in transit and minimize, if not totally eradicate, the incidence of sickness and death and prevent any cruelty from being inflicted upon the animals.”

During the transportation itself, the transportation vehicle owner or operator has the obligation to provide adequate, clean, and sanitary facilities for the purposes of safe transportation, as well as food and water for animals in transit for more than 12 hours or under any other necessary circumstances. (Section 4) It also states that overcrowding of animals and any type of cruelty act are prohibited, even if the transportation carrier has a special permit for conducting the transportation.

There are other regulations that relate to the transportation of animals in the Philippines. Administrative Order No. 19, for instance, governs the live animals’ transportation by road and explicitly states the considerations of the Five Freedoms. The Order contains provisions with regard to acts during travel, protection during hot and cold weather, details on space allowances per animal by species and size, but the Order lacks penalty provisions for the violations of the regulations within this Order.

Live export of farmed animals in the Philippines is not prohibited by law but the law regulates the procedure of the practice. For instance, Administrative Order No. 41 prohibits the transportation of pigs at temperatures above 28 degrees C, and Administrative Order No. 12 provides recommendations and limitations on the transportation of chickens. The Philippines in its Administrative Order No. 2 also provides the regulations with regard to the transportation of animals by sea and air.

The slaughter of animals in the Philippines is also regulated by the national AWA under Section 6. This Section states that the slaughter of animals shall be done using humane procedures all the time. A humane procedure is defined as using the most “scientific methods available as may be determined and approved by the Committee.” Such animals as cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, poultry, rabbits, carabaos, horses, deer, and crocodiles are indicated as those that shall be slaughtered under humane procedures.

Moreover, the slaughter conduct is also covered by Administrative Order No. 21 and addresses the processes of euthanasia for companion animals and slaughtering animals for the purposes of food consumption. Euthanasia, according to the Order, shall be done “rapidly and humanely” and “must occur with the least fear, anxiety, pain, and distress” to animals. Furthermore, the Order provides that “consideration must be given to how the animal is handled immediately prior to and during the procedure.” The Order prohibits the use of sticks, metal pipes, clubs, pointed objects, or gates during moving animals. It also suggests using water sprays on such animals as pigs, cattle, carabao, horses, and goats during hot weather.

The slaughter itself shall be done with stunning, except for cases of religious or ritual practices of slaughter. Religious and ritual types of slaughter are governed by Administrative Order No. 25. This Order defines the animal as “any living being that has feelings and the power of voluntary motion.”

Stunning before slaughtering shall also possess the features of a humane manner, but what the humane manner actually implies in practice remains unclear. Administrative Order No. 18 provides the regulations for the slaughterhouses and similar facilities on space requirements, food, water, barred implements for moving animals, and barred inhumane acts, such as ear and tail twisting.