a research scientist

How to Become a Research Scientist

Industry Advice Science & Mathematics

Professionals with a background in biotechnology can choose to pursue many lucrative careers . One of the most common choices is to become a research scientist. These individuals work in drug and process development, consistently conducting research and performing experiments to help move the biotechnology industry forward. 

“At the highest level, a research scientist is somebody who can design and execute experiments to prove or disprove a hypothesis,” says Jared Auclair , director of the biotechnology and bioinformatics programs at Northeastern. “Within the world of biotechnology, that can mean a number of different things, from creating new drugs to improving the process of how we make a drug.”

Professionals in this industry are often drawn to the wide array of applications of this work, as well as the consistently positive career outlook. The average salary of a biotechnology research scientist is $85,907 per year, with plenty of opportunities for increased salary potential depending on specializations, location, and years of experience. 

These factors—alongside the growing demand for advancement in biotechnology over the last few decades—have led many aspiring biotechnologists to consider a career in research science. Below we offer five steps professionals can take to kick-start a career in this field.

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5 Steps to Become a Research Scientist

1. acquire the necessary technical skills..

According to Auclair, there are four main applications of research science within the biotechnology field:

• Molecular Biology
• Process Science
• Biochemistry
• Analytical Biotechnology

Professionals hoping to pursue a career in research science must begin by deciding which of these four areas is the best fit for their interests and backgrounds. They must then acquire the specific skill sets they need to excel in that area. 

Below, Auclair breaks down some of the key skills and knowledge required within each of these specializations:

• Molecular biologists should focus on developing a complex understanding of DNA and learn how to do a Polymerase Chain Reaction alongside other DNA-related experiments. 
• Process scientists must understand cell biology and how to work with living mammalian cells, as well as how to perform analytical experiments using mass spectrometry and other analytical tools.
• Biochemists should focus on obtaining the skills necessary to make a protein drug, including the expression and purification of proteins.
• Analytical biotechnicians must become comfortable with techniques like mass spectrometry—a process that uncovers what drug products are at a molecular level.

One efficient way aspiring research scientists can obtain these specific skill sets is to pursue a master’s degree in biotechnology at a top university like Northeastern. 

“The biotech program is designed in collaboration with industry so that we’re meeting their needs,” Auclair says. “This includes training students with the skills they need to be a successful research scientist.”

The curriculum of Northeastern’s program explores the core competencies required to excel in the general biotechnology field and provides students with the unique subsets of skills they need to specialize in a specific area of research science. Students can even declare one of 10 industry-aligned concentrations, including options that directly relate with these common research science roles.

“Especially in industry, most people who are doing research science—who are actually doing the experiments and helping think about experiments with some of the senior leaders in the company—are people with a master’s degree,” Auclair says.

2. Become a critical thinker.

Alongside honing technical skills, Auclair says that critical thinking abilities are key for aspiring research scientists. 

“It’s important to become a critical thinker and a problem solver, and to challenge yourself wherever you can to step outside of your comfort zone,” Auclair says. 

Though critical thinking is a common requirement among most professional career paths, it is especially important for research scientists, who are constantly tasked with innovating and thinking creatively to solve problems.

Northeastern’s master’s in biotechnology program is designed to help students grow in this regard. “Everything we do within the program is geared [toward] making you a critical thinker and a problem solver,” Auclair says. “We try to define classes and assessments to make you think, [and] we also hire most of the faculty in our program directly from the industry, so they bring with them real-world experience that they can talk about with the students.”

These real-world case studies are a core component of Northeastern’s approach to learning, and they help prepare students to think critically about their work. By bringing this exposure into the classroom, students also graduate better prepared to tackle current industry challenges and adapt to evolving trends .

3. Hone your “power skills.”

It’s no longer enough for research scientists in biotechnology to have obtained the technical skills needed to complete their work. Today, many employers require an array of industry-specific “power skills”—previously known as “soft skills”—among candidates for research science roles.

Below we explore the top three “power skills” for biotechnology research scientists:

• Communication: As a research scientist, “you must be able to communicate scientific information to both technical and non-technical people,” Auclair says. For this reason, professionals should work to hone their verbal and written communication styles, focusing specifically on the variances in each depending on which audience they’re interacting with.
• Presentation Ability: Research scientists must be able to present their findings clearly and concisely to a variety of different audiences, ranging from fellow scientists to investors to C-suite executives. Research scientists must be comfortable in front of a group and know how to speak about their experiments and conclusions in an engaging and informative way.
• Teamwork: Although one might think a research scientist’s work is very siloed, today’s professionals must be very comfortable working with others in a lab environment. They must become comfortable sharing ideas, providing feedback to others in their cohort, and tweaking their experiments based on contributed findings.

Northeastern offers students the chance to explore each of these core “power skills” during their time within the master’s in biotechnology program. For example, the university offers countless opportunities for students to collaborate with and present to classmates, instructors, and even industry-leading organizations through Northeastern’s experiential learning opportunities, giving them the chance to apply these skills in both classroom and real-world situations early on.

Learn More: How to Become a Biotechnologist: Build Your Soft Skills

4. Obtain hands-on experience.

One of the most effective ways an aspiring research scientist can prepare for a career in this field is to obtain experiences working in a real lab. While finding these kinds of opportunities can be difficult for those just breaking into the field, programs like Northeastern’s MS in biotechnology bake hands-on learning directly into the curriculum. 

“Students do essentially four to six months [working in the] industry, and put what they learn in the classroom…into practice,” Auclair says.

These opportunities, known as co-ops , provide students with the chance to work within top organizations in the industry and explore the real-world challenges of the field from inside a functioning lab.

Did You Know: Northeastern’s program provides students with exposure to the tools and equipment used within labs in the industry. This access to cutting-edge technology reduces the learning curve and allows students to dive into their work as soon as they graduate.

Another unique way Northeastern provides hands-on experience is through Experiential Network (XN) Projects . Students who participate in these projects are typically paired with a sponsor from an active biotech company that has a real-world problem they need to solve. Then, “under the guidance of a faculty member, students spend the semester trying to come up with solutions to that problem,” Auclair says. “It’s all student-driven.”

Hands-on learning opportunities like these give students a competitive advantage when it comes to applying for jobs. “The experiential learning piece [of our program] is what has our students actually stand out above others in the field,” Auclair says, because employers like to see that their candidates are capable of applying their skills in a real-world environment. 

5. Grow your network.

Research shows that 85 percent of all jobs today are filled through networking, making it more important than ever for professionals across industries to invest time and energy into building these vital relationships.

Professionals hoping to establish a career as a research scientist are no exception. These individuals should aim to develop connections with organizations and individuals within the greater biotech industry early on in their careers, and use those relationships to help carve their path forward.

Northeastern’s master’s in biotechnology program has strategically created many great opportunities for students to network throughout their time in the program. They are encouraged to build relationships with their classmates, guest speakers, faculty, and even the industry leaders they meet through co-ops and XN projects. As a result, they establish various impactful connections with individuals at different stages in their careers, all before they graduate.

Learn More: Networking Tips for Scientists

Another way Northeastern’s program supports networking is through opportunities for student/faculty collaboration. “We encourage our students to interact with our own faculty who are research scientists as much as possible, whether that’s volunteering in their lab or finding a half an hour to talk to them about what they’re doing,” Auclair says. “We want our students to be exposed to as many research scientists as possible while they’re in the program.”

Take the Next Step

Pursuing a master’s degree in biotechnology from a top university like Northeastern is a great way for aspiring research scientists to break into the field. Students in these programs can hone related skill sets, grow their professional networks, and experience hands-on learning, all while pursuing graduate-level education. 

Learn more about how a master’s in biotechnology can set you up for success as a research scientist on our program page , then get in touch with our enrollment coaches who can help you take the first step.

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• Research Scientist

How to Become a Research Scientist

• Career Types
• Work Environment
• How to become
• Skills and Traits
• Certifications/Internship
• Career Progression

Who is a Research Scientist?

Everything that you see around you has been invented or discovered by the work of some extraordinary individuals who are known as research scientists. These individuals are responsible for carrying out scientific activities and are involved in the study of the world around them. They are also dedicated to improving the quality of life on the planet by developing new scientific methods and techniques.

If you are a science enthusiast who has a passion for the subject and is interested in learning more about the world around you, then you should consider becoming a research scientist. In addition to being involved in scientific activities, research scientists also have the opportunity to earn a living. In this article, we will be discussing how to become research scientist after 12th or how to become a research scientist in India. 

Research Scientist in a Nutshell

The passion for finding answers and the excitement of working on projects are some of the factors that make a fascinating research scientist career. However, working on a project can also expose them to various challenges and failures. A research scientist's job involves a wide variety of subjects and tasks.

Quick Facts for Research Scientist

Male, Female

Research scientist jobs are suitable for individuals who are interested in becoming a part of the technology and science industry. Both men and women can pursue this research scientist career. The right attitude and skills are some of the factors that a person should consider when it comes to choosing a research scientist career in this field.

Individuals with strong analytical and critical thinking skills can become a research scientist. There are no restrictions to this type of job, and it can be done remotely. In addition, there are various fields of science that can be done without any external efforts or physical movement. This is a perfect job for people with special needs.

Table of Contents for Research Scientist

What is the role of research scientist.

A research scientist is a person who is responsible for managing various tasks and projects, such as teams, documents, and projects. Some of them are from scratch, while others require some form of intermediary involvement. As a research scientist, you will be categorised into two categories: experimental and theoretical.

An experimental research scientist is a scientist who carries out the experiments and test results of a project. On the other hand, a theoretical research scientist is a scientist who works on the concepts and equations of a project.

The duties of a research scientist include overseeing the availability of the necessary services and equipment within the company at all times. He or she is also responsible for ensuring that the organization's policies and procedures are followed. The ideal candidate for this job would have the necessary skills and knowledge to maximize the efficiency of the company's resources.

Supervision

The duties of a research scientist include ensuring that the needs of the studies and trials are met at the centre of the care delivery process. He or she is also responsible for ensuring that the environment is safe and that the equipment used for the studies is working properly.

Team management

As a research scientist, he or she is responsible for ensuring that the various tasks and projects are carried out in a way that is consistent with the goals and objectives of the project. He or she is also expected to ensure that the team members come up with the best possible approach to the project.

Leadership Skills

Research scientists are expected to provide effective leadership and promote sound scientific practices. They are also responsible for developing support mechanisms that encourage and guide innovation in the field.

Maintenance work

As a research scientist, you will be responsible for disseminating knowledge and skills to other disciplines within the company. You will also be expected to deal with government officials and other organizations in stressful situations.

Research work

In certain situations, a research scientist's job involves carrying out a local audit and conducting research to ensure that the findings are properly disseminated. This type of work is usually carried out in order to obtain approval from the ethical council.

Types of a Research Scientist

There are various types of research scientists working in different scientific fields. These associates are responsible for analysing and disseminating scientific information.

Astronomer :  Astronomers are responsible for studying stars, galaxies, and planets. They also track the non-celestial objects in outer space. This field involves working closely with other scientists to study planetary movements.

Botanist :  As a botanist, one of the main roles of this field is to study the various aspects of the plants that are commonly found in the environment. They analyse the plant's structure, development, and uses.

Geologist :  As a Geologist, one of the most important roles in this field is to study the various elements of the Earth, including its solid, liquid, and gaseous state. He or she also studies the history and evolution of the planet.

Marine Biologist:  As a marine biologist, one of the main areas of specialisation is the study of the various marine organisms that live in the environment. This field involves analysing the interactions between plants and animals. After gaining a broad understanding of oceanography and biological oceanography, marine biologists conduct close research on different aquatic species.

What is the workplace/work environment of Research Scientist like?

As a research scientist, you will be part of a team working in different areas of the research, such as medical centres and laboratories. You will be expected to keep up with the latest developments in the field and the theoretical and experimental history of the project.

Does Research Scientist require travelling?

One of the main advantages of being a research scientist is that you will be working in a single research area, and you will typically spend about 90 per cent of your time in the OR suite. In other cases, you will be expected to work in different areas of the research, such as laboratories and experimental fields.

Employment Shifts

Full time, part time.

Research scientists are typically expected to work up to 60 hours per week, and they may also be required to be present on call during certain hours of the day. In certain facilities, where there are numerous trials, research scientists may be required to work in shifts to ensure that there are trained staff members available 24 hours a day.

Employment Nature

The nature of a research scientist's work is that it is a permanent position, which means that employers can hire them on a permanent basis. Medical centres and other third-party companies often hire research scientists.

As a research scientist, you will be expected to work in different areas of research, such as medical centres and laboratories. You will be expected to keep up with the latest developments in the field and the theoretical and experimental history of the project.

Presence in Geographical Area

Semi-urban, urban.

Tier-1 cities such as New Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, and Kolkata are known for their healthcare facilities and are known to be great places for research workers. In Tamil Nadu, the average research scientist salary is 10.6 per cent higher than the national average. In Bangalore and Karnataka, the research scientists earn more than the national average, while in Mumbai, the lowest pay is around 11.5 per cent.

Time Pressure

As a research scientist, you will be expected to work from 9 am to 5 pm, and you may be required to perform various shifts depending on the schedule.

Overtime Details

Research scientists are expected to work overtime, and this is typically done under certain circumstances. Apart from working long hours, they are also expected to perform other tasks that involve weekends and long days.

Weekly Hours of Work

Min 45 hours.

In certain facilities, where there are numerous trials, research scientists may be required to work in shifts to ensure that there are trained staff members available 24 hours a day.

How to become a Research Scientist?

Steps to become a research scientist.

If you are someone who enjoys doing research or want to know things in-depth then a career as a Research Scientist is the most suitable career for you. If you are looking for the details of how to become a research scientist in India or how to become a research scientist after 12th then you have come to the right place. We have mentioned below the steps for how to become a Research Scientist in India. 

Identify Skills

Enrol in formal training/course, pursue a specialised certification, build an attractive resume, gain experience, find a suitable job, begin a career.

To become a Research Scientist you are required to know what skills are required for a career as a Research Scientist. We have mentioned below some of the soft skills and hard skills.

Some of the soft skills for how to become a Research Scientist in India are attention to detail, communication skills, analytical skills, time management, collaboration and creativity. 

Creativity 

Curiosity 

Communication

Productivity

Formulaic Thinking 

Apart from that, you must also have some of the hard skills that are required to become a Research Scientist in India are cell culture, biochemistry, and data analysis. 

Data Analysis

Data Collection

Research Projects

Molecular Biology

Python and Java 

Cell Culture 

Experimental Design

If you are still looking for how to become a Research Scientist in India, then the most essential step for you to take is that you must opt for a formal training programme to gain knowledge in the subject and to opt for a career as a Research Scientist. You are required to complete 10+2 in Biology , Chemistry , Physics , and Mathematics from a recognised board in India. 

After you have completed your 10+2, you must opt for a bachelor’s degree by appearing for the entrance examination and then opt for a master’s degree in MSc Clinical Research or any other related degree. Below, We have mentioned the Research Scientist entrance examination, bachelor’s and master’s degrees.

Entrance Examinations

Bachelor’s Degree Programmes

Master’s Degree Programmes

If you are looking for how to become a Research Scientist in India, then you can also opt for a specialised certification. If you pursue a certification course you will gain more knowledge and skills. Below we have given some of the specialised certifications. 

Once you have completed your formal degree and certifications, you are required to create an attractive resume with all of your details such as subject knowledge and skills, your interest in the research field, and your educational background. Your resume must be in a formal and professional tone.

If you want to develop your skills and knowledge practically and gain industry experience then you must pursue an internship. Before you pursue your Ph.D. program it is better that you work for one to two years. You can upload your resume to various internship platforms, or connect directly to popular laboratories and research centers where you can work under the supervision of experienced professionals.

Once you have completed your training or internship, you can now apply for full-time job opportunities. You can apply on various job offering platforms such as Naukri, Linkedin, Monster and Indeed. Apart from that you can also approach directly to some of the laboratories or research institutes or universities. 

This is the final step in how to become a Research Scientist in India. After attending some of the related interviews you can select the best and the right offer and accept it and join the company and begin your career. 

What are the skills and qualities required to become a/an Research Scientist?

• Communication skills
• Critical thinking
• Learning Skills
• Attention to detail
• Physical strength
• Science skills

Patience:  As a research scientist, one has to remain calm and make the right decisions in order to carry out their duties. This is very important in order to maintain the continued success of the research project. The work that the associate does helps in developing new methodologies for human life.

Physical Strength: Having the proper physical strength and mental focus is very important for a research scientist to be successful in their job. Besides being physically fit, research scientist also needs to stay focused and alert during their trials, which can last for up to 8 hours.

Communication Skills:  One of the most critical skills that research scientists need to develop is communication skills. This is because, in a high-stakes environment, communicating effectively is very important.

Science Skills: People should have a deep understanding of science in order to excel in their field. This is very important for them to become a research scientist. Besides being able to excel in the field, it is also very important that they have a passion for technology.

Attention to Detail: One of the most important factors that a research scientist should consider when it comes to becoming a research scientist is the importance of paying attention to detail. This is because, in order to produce the best possible work, one must always be able to make the necessary decisions.

Critical Thinking:  As a research scientist, you must have the necessary skills to analyse and interpret data in order to make informed decisions. This discipline involves identifying the weaknesses and strengths of various solutions. Besides being able to analyse and interpret data, a research scientist also needs to have the necessary analytical skills to deal with difficult situations.

Learning Skills: In addition to being able to analyse and interpret data, a research scientist also needs to have the necessary analytical skills to deal with difficult situations. Learning skills are very important in a career as a research scientist. This discipline involves conducting various tasks such as inspecting and testing equipment.

Which certifications and internships can be helpful in becoming Research Scientist?

Individuals aspiring to become research scientist can upgrade their skills by taking various certification courses. These courses can help them perform at their best.

Internship Availability

Several organisations in the science and technology industry provide internships to students. These are designed to provide them with an opportunity to enhance their technical skills and experience, as well as learn more about becoming a research scientist. To apply, students must go through the website portals of their choice. They are also required to provide their CV and meet the requirements of the internship. Shortlisted candidates will be given various opportunities throughout the year.

Career Path Progression for Research Scientist

Junior Research Scientist:  Junior research scientists are responsible for providing technical guidance to the technicians and interns working in other fields who are under their expertise. These individuals use their knowledge in the areas they work in to improve their efficiency.

Senior Research Scientist:  A senior research scientist is a person who focuses on the principles of various engineering disciplines such as electrical, chemical, and physics. They supervise the technicians and technologists who are involved in the production or research of the project. They also prepare reports and perform other tasks to communicate engineering recommendations.

Research Scientist Jobs and Salaries

Junior research scientist.

• Average Salary 39000

Job Description

The Junior Research Scientist job description includes planning and conducting experiments, and formulating and executing investigative protocols. A Junior Research Scientist does data collection and analysis. 

Salary Description

An entry-level Junior Research Scientist salary in India ranges between Rs 2.0 Lakhs to Rs 9.8 Lakhs with an average annual salary of Rs 5.0 Lakhs per annum. Junior Research Scientist in India may vary depending on the various job factors like the skills and experience of the candidates, job location, and others.

Salary Source: AmbitionBox

Senior Research Scientist

• Average Salary 70000

The Senior Research Scientist job description includes securing the funding, publishing the findings and conducting in-house research presentations. A Senior Research Scientist promotes beneficence, minimises risks, and collects and analyses data.

The estimated Senior Research Scientist salary in India ranges from Rs 5.6 Lakhs to Rs 20.0 Lakhs with an average annual salary of Rs 10.0 Lakhs per annum. Senior Research Scientist salary may vary depending on the various job factors.

What is the job outlook for Research Scientist?

There are numerous growth opportunities in a research scientist career. You can choose to specialise in one of the areas of corporate social responsibility or develop new skills in areas such as research and development.

One of the oldest research scientist career in the industry, research scientist has plenty of scope and potential. In addition to being in the medical and biological sectors, research scientist jobs are also available in engineering technology fields. This field is heavily influenced by the discoveries made in the field of engineering, which involves the study of particulate matter.

Frequently Asked Questions for Research Scientist

Que. how to become a research scientist in biotechnology.

You must pursue a bachelor's degree by giving an entrance exam like ARS NET, JRF,  ICMR, and DBT NET and opt for a master's degree in MSc Biotechnology and must opt for an internship for atleast one to two years.  

Que. How to become a research scientist in physics?

You must pursue a bachelor's degree by giving an entrance exam like JEST, or UGC-NET and opt for a master's degree in biochemistry, biology, or pharmacology and must opt for an internship for atleast one to two years.  

Que. How to become a research scientist in biology?

You must pursue a bachelor's degree in biology by giving an entrance exam and opt for a master's degree in biochemistry, biology, or pharmacology and must opt for an internship for atleast one to two years. After that, you can opt for a PhD.

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Questions related to Research Scientist

Interview questions related to b.com.

Dear Aspirant !

Hope you are doing well !

These questions can be asked which are as follows;-

• What are liquid assets? ...
• What is the purpose of audits? ...
• What is a value-added tax? ...
• What is a capital asset? ...
• What is a subsidy? ...
• What is the role of a public relations department? ...
• What do you understand about equilibrium? ...
• What is a futures market?.

Hope it helps you!

which is the best MSc in microbiology or MSc in bio physics?in terms of jobs as a research scientist after completing my bsc degree in microbiology ...

Hello Aspirant,

There are numerous opportunities ahead for graduates of M.Sc Microbiology. The scope has risen for M.Sc. microbiology graduates with the emergence of COVID. The demand for researchers has constantly increased to determine whether its existence in the human ecosystem is natural or man-made.

An M.Sc. in microbiology provides numerous opportunities in various fields such as education, healthcare, pharmaceutical, and agriculture.

Graduates can find career opportunities in both the private as well as public sectors. The agriculture sector also demands skilled professionals for microbiological research on subjects like rhizosphere, nitrogen fixation, biogas production, soil enzymes, and anaerobic decomposition.

Further, you can know more about the top colleges, salary packages, etc at https://www.careers360.com/courses/msc-in-microbiology#:~:text=Benefits%20of%20Studying%20M.Sc%20Microbiology%20A%20M.Sc.%20in,both%20the%20private%20as%20well%20as%20public%20s

MSc Biophysics: Biophysics is an advanced field of science that uses the techniques of physical science to study biological systems.

Benefits of studying biophysics:

1. Biophysicists can also work in universities, industry, medical centers, research institutes, and government.

2. Candidates can find jobs as biophysics researchers or scientists with research institutes or government organizations in various academic grades for research-oriented programs.

3. The course is beneficial for those who are curious about biological processes and enjoy puzzle solving, designing experiments, or working with numbers and computers, there are many exciting opportunities for you in biophysics.

4. They can even find a job as a professor or member of faculty in a university, medical or dental college offering a program in biophysics.

Further, You can know about this course at https://www.careers360.com/courses/bio-physics-course

In the end, what matters the most is in which area your interest lies and the amount of hard work you put into it.

Best Wishes!

I wanted to ask that do research scientist ( I mean kvpy scholar) earn good amount of money in India ?

Dear aspirant,

Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has started Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana or Young Scientist Incentive Plan for encouraging young scientists in pursuing research career courses in basis sciences upto Pre-Ph.D level.

The KVPY students receive a amout of Rs. 5000 monthly fellowship from first year of degree to final year of degree in courses like Integrated M.S or M.Sc, B.Sc or B. Statistics or B. Mathematics or B.S Maths/ Integrated M.S./M.Sc. They receive amount of Rs. 20,000 per year as annual contingency grant. After 3 years the amount is increased to Rs. 7000 and annual grant of Rs. 28,000 is given.

Candidates can also get DST Inspire Scholarship with worth of Rs. 80,000 per annum. The scholarship is given on the basis of Skill test conducted every year.

I hope this information was useful to you.

Best of Luck!!

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What does a research scientist do and how do I become one?

Katie-May Kress

As a research scientist, you’ll plan and conduct experiments to help expand the canon of scientific knowledge. With limitless opportunities for discovery across a range of high-growth sectors and industries, being a research scientist is one of the most exciting career paths in STEM. 

What does a research scientist do, exactly.

The purpose of a research scientist role is to conduct lab-based trials and experiments.

Work is often divided between pure research, which advances our understanding of basic processes, and applied research, which uses the information gathered to meet targets such as creating new products, processes, or commercial applications.

Of course, your targets will depend on the specialism of your employer. Research scientists work across a variety of different fields, including biology, chemistry, medicine, computer science, environmental science, and even political science.

Responsibilities

Typical day-to-day responsibilities of a research scientist include:

• Creating research proposals
• Planning and conducting experiments
• Collecting samples
• Monitoring experiments
• Recording and analysing data
• Collaborating with other researchers and academia to develop new techniques and products
• Supervising junior staff
• Carrying out fieldwork and monitoring environmental factors
• Researching and writing published papers
• Staying up-to-date with the latest scientific developments

Work environment

As a research scientist, you’ll spend most of your week in a laboratory. These environments can vary depending on your specialism. For example, biology labs are designed to safely house and contain living specimens, while psychology labs may simply consist of a bank of computers.

Aside from lab work, certain aspects of your role (including writing up results or research papers) will be undertaken in an office environment. You may also be required to visit the labs or offices of other researchers or companies, especially if you are collaborating on the same project.

Working hours

Research scientists typically work 35 to 40 hours a week on a 9-to-5, full-time basis. On occasion, you may be required to work overtime or visit the laboratory on weekends to complete certain tasks. That said, most organisations offer flexible working arrangements. 

What skills are needed to be a research scientist?

Though research scientists come in all personality types, you’ll need to have an academic mindset and be naturally inquisitive. Research scientist skills include:

• A methodical approach to gathering and analysing data
• Meticulous attention to detail
• Critical thinking
• Advanced research skills
• Time management
• Strong communication and interpersonal skills
• The ability to work independently
• A collaborative mindset
• Stakeholder management
• Patience and tenacity

How to become a research scientist

As a minimum requirement, you’ll need to obtain a 2:1 bachelor’s degree or higher in a relevant field of science. Most research scientists also have a postgraduate qualification, such as an MSc, an MSci or MBiol. Relevant qualifications include:

• Biochemistry
• Biomedical science
• Environmental science
• Microbiology
• Natural science
• Pharmacology

While a PhD isn’t necessarily required, some employers prefer candidates that either have or are working towards a doctorate. Demonstrable experience of working in a laboratory environment will also improve your employment chances.

Tip: If you’re currently studying or have already attained a relevant degree, try to gain research experience in a lab environment. The best place to start is by expressing your interest to your university department, who may have some voluntary positions available. Alternatively, sending your CV/resume to hospitals and STEM companies will also increase your chances of gaining that vital experience.

How much do research scientists earn?

Like many roles in science, salaries for research scientists depend on your level of experience, your specialism, the employer, and, to a lesser extent, the location. It’s also worth bearing in mind that private-sector salaries tend to be higher than those in the public sector or academia.

In the UK, research scientist salaries range from £20,000 at the entry-level to over £70,000 for university professor senior research fellow roles. The average research scientist salary is £32,330. Most research assistants earn between £26,000 and £35,000.

According to Indeed, the average salary for a research scientist in the US is $111,444.

Please note that income figures are subject to economic conditions and are only intended as a guide.

Is research scientist a good career?

With science constantly opening up exciting new avenues of research, working as a research scientist provides secure employment and gives you the chance to make a real difference within STEM.

Indeed, the outlook for the role is positive: in the US alone, the vocation is expected to grow by 8% and produce over 10,000 job opportunities across the country by 2028 (Zippia). As one of the least likely jobs to be automated in the coming years, the role also offers stability in these turbulent times. 

Offering a strong earning potential and the opportunity to conduct cutting-edge research in a range of industries and locations, research scientist represents one of the most fulfilling career paths around.

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How to Become a Research Scientist

Learn what it takes to become a Research Scientist in 2024, and how to start your journey.

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How do I become a Research Scientist?

Gain a strong educational foundation, develop essential research skills, gain practical laboratory experience, build your professional network, create a portfolio of your research, stay informed and continue professional development, typical requirements to become a research scientist, educational requirements and academic pathways, building experience in scientific research, key skills for aspiring research scientists, additional qualifications for a competitive edge, alternative ways to start a research scientist career, transitioning from industry positions, building on domain expertise, leveraging open source contributions and self-directed projects, utilizing non-traditional education and training, how to break into the industry as a research scientist - next steps, faqs about becoming a research scientist, how long does it take to become a research scientist, do you need a degree to become a research scientist, can i become a research scientist with no experience.

Research Scientist Skills

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Individual fellowships provide research training for graduate students and MD/PhD students in many fields. Consider preparing an application to support your research and training goals. Learn more

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A number of NIH funding opportunities are available to those who identify as early (less than 10 years from doctorate) or new (never had substantial NIH award) investigators. Learn more

A Career as a Research Scientist

Conduct research on biomedical mechanisms, diagnosis and therapy, population and outcome medicine, health policy or health services

Work at Academic Health Centers, Hospitals, Federal laboratories, or Biotech/Pharmaceutical industry

Collaborate with a team of researchers

Multi-center clinical studies are supported by the NIH for clinical studies, interventional trials and observational studies, conducted at three or more centers. The NIH- R24 supports strong interdisciplinary research teams focused on innovative approaches to address current challenges.

Independent research project grants

The R01 provides support for health-related research that stems from an investigator or multi-investigator team. The R21 encourages exploratory/developmental research, usually proposed as a two-year project.

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What do research scientists do.

Wondering what the job is really like for research scientists?

You've come to the right place.

Keep reading to find detailed information about what research scientists do, including the type of work they are tasked with on a daily basis, industries in which they work, and the specific skills needed for a successful career.

Research Scientists Overview & Description

Let's get started with the basics about research scientists by taking a look at a simple description and popular job titles.

Research Scientists conduct research into fundamental computer and information science as theorists, designers, or inventors. Develop solutions to problems in the field of computer hardware and software.

Popular Job Titles For Research Scientists

Sample of reported job titles.

• Computer Scientists
• Machine Learning Scientists
• Staff Scientists
• Computational Scientists
• Research Engineers
• Computer Vision Scientists
• Machine Learning Research Scientists
• Research Scientists
• Applied Scientists
• Big Data Analysts
• Cybersecurity Research Scientists
• Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Engineers

Read on for insight into the industries where the highest concentration of jobs for research scientists can be found.

Best Industries for Research Scientists

Research scientists jobs by industry.

• Federal Government, Civilian: 31.1%
• Computer Systems Design and Related Services: 28.9%
• Scientific Research and Development Services: 17.4%
• Education and Hospitals (State Government): 4.2%
• Web Search Portals, Libraries, Archives, and Other Information Services: 3.5%
• Software Publishers: 2.9%

When it comes to jobs in the United States, the largest single category of research scientists can be found working in the Federal Government, Civilian sector. In 2022, about 31.1% of all jobs for research scientists were found there.

Other top industries by percentage include Computer Systems Design and Related Services (28.9%), Scientific Research and Development Services (17.4%), Education and Hospitals (State Government) (4.2%), Web Search Portals, Libraries, Archives, and Other Information Services (3.5%) and Software Publishers (2.9%).

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Degree Options for Research Scientists

Learn to translate business requirements into robust yet functional software applications and database designs to help businesses not only run but thrive, and jump start your career as a user support specialist, computer system analyst, or software developer.

• Class Type: 100% online
• Cost Per Credit: $398

Equip yourself for a role as an IT, network or help desk specialist with fundamental technology skills, including medium-scale network administration, small website and application development, and database design and querying.

Go beyond basic programming and develop the technical skills necessary to apply, design, and implement software systems.

Bridge the gap between business and technology and develop the interpersonal skills to become an IT liaison in your organization.

Harness the power of data by creating data-driven strategies and communicating data insights with a B.S. Information Systems-Analytics Focus.

Develop your ability to lead, communicate and make strategic decisions that impact projects and processes with a B.S. Information Systems-Business Analysis & Project Management Focus

Build technical savvy and business acumen that bridges the gap between business and technology with a B.S. Information Systems with a Business Information Systems focus.

Get the knowledge to manage healthcare data, navigate regulations and inform ethical decision-making with a B.S. Information Systems-Healthcare Information Systems Focus

Play a vital role in any business environment by designing and implementing mission-critical infrastructure, security, and servers.

Develop the advanced technical skills needed to turn complex programming specifications into well-designed computer programs.

• Class Type: Face-to-face, Online coursework
• Placement Tests: GMAT/GRE not required for admission

Deliver high-quality software that helps companies and organizations maintain data security and integrity with Franklin’s 20-month online M.S. in Computer Science with a focus in Cybersecurity.

• Months To Complete: 20

Learn to create scalable software systems that Improve organizational effectiveness and efficiency by earning Franklin’s 20-month online M.S. in Computer Science with a focus in Software Systems. The hands-on, theory-to-practice program will prepare you to be an asset in a variety of industries

Earn your M.S. in Information Technology degree 100% online in as few as 16 months.

• Months To Complete: 16

Earn your M.S. in Information Technology degree with a focus in Data Analytics 100% online in as few as 16 months.

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Certificates & Microcredentials for Research Scientists

Start your cloud computing journey with AWS certificate courses for beginners and keep up with the fast pace of innovation.

• Class Type: 100% Online
• Time To Complete: 1-2 months
• Cost: $35/month

This DeepLearning AI certificate course lets you dive into the cutting-edge world of AI specialization, machine learning and data-driven solutions.

• Time To Complete: 3-4 months

In-demand programmers know Git. You can, too, with GitHub certificate courses that put you among the ranks of other Git certification-ready development pros.

Fast track your IT career with the Google IT support training and certificate that helps you learn about network protocols, operating systems, and solving problems using code.

• Time To Complete: 4-5 months

Put your creativity to work with these Google UX design courses that equip you to build and test user-centered solutions and to use Google Analytics to improve usability.

Develop practical skills in Python and IBM applied AI thanks to deep learning courses that show you how to design, build and deploy AI-powered apps.

Build your cloud developer portfolio with this hands-on IBM full stack cloud developer certificate course that uses the latest tools and technologies to manage full stack cloud native apps.

• Time To Complete: 5-6 months

What Do Research Scientists Do on a Daily Basis?

So you have a high-level understanding of what research scientists do and the types of industries in which they work - but what do they really do each day?

A great way to understand the type of work research scientists do is to examine actual job postings and focus on the specific skills that employers are seeking. That will help paint a clearer picture of the tasks that research scientists tackle each day.

Continue reading for a breakdown of specialized skills found in job postings for research scientists, as well as common skills - interpersonal qualities and attributes - that can help you thrive in the workplace.

In-Demand Skills for Today's Research Scientists Based on 15,896 job postings

Top 5 specialized skills for research scientists, top 5 common skills for research scientists.

Based on 15,896 job postings related to research scientists, computer science was the top specialized skill sought by employers, with 42% of all postings looking for that skillset. Skills for python (programming language), machine learning, algorithms, data analysis and c++ (programming language) were also highly sought.

As for common skills, research was the most desired skill found in job postings for research scientists, followed by communications, mathematics, innovation, writing and leadership.

Most In-Demand Jobs for Research Scientists

Top 5 posted job titles.

Expand the section below to see unique job postings for all occupations related to research scientists.

Ready to dig deeper into career information for research scientists? Visit our other pages focused on salary and education for research scientists.

All Occupations

The Best Adult Colleges and Careers Guide has compiled data for dozens of in-demand jobs. Explore our full catalog of occupation data by visiting the link below.

About This Data

The Best Adult Colleges & Careers Guide is sponsored by Franklin University, a nonprofit, accredited institution. The guide uses 2022 information from Lightcast™ to provide data on dozens of in-demand jobs.

Job titles used in government data may differ slightly from the job title on this page, so the closest matching government job classification may be used as a proxy to present data here.

On this page, data corresponds to the following occupational classification: Computer and Information Research Scientists.

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Research scientist.

San Francisco, CA — Research

By applying to this role, you will be considered for Research Scientist roles across all teams at OpenAI.

About the Role

As a Research Scientist here, you will develop innovative machine learning techniques and advance the research agenda of the team you work on, while also collaborating with peers across the organization. We are looking for people who want to discover simple, generalizable ideas that work well even at large scale, and form part of a broader research vision that unifies the entire company.

We expect you to:

Have a track record of coming up with new ideas or improving upon existing ideas in machine learning, demonstrated by accomplishments such as first author publications or projects

Possess the ability to own and pursue a research agenda, including choosing impactful research problems and autonomously carrying out long-running projects

Be excited about OpenAI’s approach to research 

Nice to have: 

Interested in and thoughtful about the impacts of AI technology

Past experience in creating high-performance implementations of deep learning algorithms

About OpenAI

OpenAI is an AI research and deployment company dedicated to ensuring that general-purpose artificial intelligence benefits all of humanity. We push the boundaries of the capabilities of AI systems and seek to safely deploy them to the world through our products. AI is an extremely powerful tool that must be created with safety and human needs at its core, and to achieve our mission, we must encompass and value the many different perspectives, voices, and experiences that form the full spectrum of humanity. 

We are an equal opportunity employer and do not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, veteran status, disability or any other legally protected status. 

For US Based Candidates: Pursuant to the San Francisco Fair Chance Ordinance, we will consider qualified applicants with arrest and conviction records.

We are committed to providing reasonable accommodations to applicants with disabilities, and requests can be made via this  link .

OpenAI Global Applicant Privacy Policy

At OpenAI, we believe artificial intelligence has the potential to help people solve immense global challenges, and we want the upside of AI to be widely shared. Join us in shaping the future of technology.

Annual Salary Range

$295K – $440K USD

Research Scientists

Research Scientists at the Harvard T.H. Chan School are an integral part of the School’s research community and its mission.  The research scientist track was initiated in 1998 with the dual goals of recruiting highly qualified doctoral-level researchers for long-term or large-scale projects, and of providing these accomplished scientists with the opportunity to progress along a meaningful path of career advancement and recognition. While these are not faculty appointments at Harvard Chan School, at other institutions individuals in these roles frequently hold research faculty appointments and are sometimes comparable to the title “Research Professor” elsewhere.

In addition to conducting research themselves, research scientists ordinarily provide a degree of project leadership that is appropriate to their rank. While it is neither required nor expected that research scientists engage in non-research activities ordinarily undertaken by faculty – such as teaching, serving on a dissertation committee, serving as principal investigator of a grant, or serving on national or international advisory panels – many do.

Prerequisites for appointment on the research scientist track include a doctoral degree and relevant postdoctoral experience.  These non-faculty academic appointments are ordinarily full-time.  Appointments are three years for entry (research scientist) and intermediate (senior research scientist) levels, and five years for the highest level (principal research scientist).  All appointments can be renewed indefinitely as long as the need for the position continues, the funding for the position is available, and the expectations for performance are met.

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What does a Research Scientist do?

The job of research scientists is to design, undertake, and analyze information from experiments, trials, and laboratory-based investigations. They usually perform experiments in different areas, including medical research, pharmacology, and geoscience. They have varied duties and responsibilities that include planning and carrying out experiments, conducting fieldwork, and overseeing junior staff members like the technicians. They are typically working for a government laboratory, an environmental agency, and other organizations. Many of these scientists also work in teams and support staff.

• Responsibilities
• Skills And Traits
• Comparisions
• Types of Research Scientist

Research scientist responsibilities

A research scientist's responsibilities include developing medical devices and ensuring compliance with the FDA regulatory pathway. They design and implement adaptive fuzzy controllers to enhance performance characteristics, analyze data for statistical analysis, and develop efficient HPLC and LCMS methods for supporting synthetic process development. They also create open-source data analysis and visualization packages, conduct statistical analyses using SAS statistical software, and process experimental data for reports and publications. Additionally, they plan and conduct experiments, provide technical support to customers, and develop applications for nutritional lipids in foods and beverages.

Rev. Grace Song , Won Buddhist Studies Department Chair at Won Institute, emphasizes the importance of clear communication, time management, conflict resolution, and collaboration. She also mentions the need for a high degree of emotional intelligence, the ability to facilitate discussion and various meditation exercises, and a high level of cultural humility.

Here are examples of responsibilities from real research scientist resumes:

• Manage the development of innovative visualization and concept mapping of contest environment analysis challenges and analyst skill sets.
• Manage sample inventory via in-house laboratory information management system (LIMS) and implement additional systems for sample and chemical organization.
• Used real-time PCR and DNA sequencing to troubleshoot and validate SNP base and gene expression assays.
• Prepare clear technical presentations to NIH department heads in annual seminars.
• Analyze chromatin dynamics during primordial germ cell specification with a CRISPR mouse model.
• Identify impurities in final drug by LCMS and reject impurities with ethanol/water swish.
• Perform routine microbiology testing per ISO and USP such as: bio-burden, endotoxin, sterility, cytotoxicity, etc.
• Re-Cover and analyze various cDNA probes by RT-PCR, gel purification and PCR sub-cloning to support cardiovascular and obesity programs.
• Complete device verification and validation, and GMP manufacturing.
• Create CRISPR knockout tool-set of antibacterial autophagy genes for mechanistic discovery.
• Characterize the therapeutic RNA product, for tumor-source and process-relate impurities.
• Present data at local, national and international cancer immunotherapy symposiums.
• Implement graph analysis algorithms in Java for network vulnerability removal and hardening.
• Develop novel mechanistic assays that enable DP1 transitions of several oncology programs.
• Perform original research relating to immunology, inflammation, and vascular biology.

Research scientist skills and personality traits

We calculated that 11 % of Research Scientists are proficient in Python , Data Analysis , and Patients .

We break down the percentage of Research Scientists that have these skills listed on their resume here:

Created open-source data analysis and visualization package in Python.

Worked extensively with data analysis/interpretation and presentation.

Participated in laboratory and clinical research designed to provide clinically-relevant insights into blood cell formation and function in cancer patients.

Implemented C++ capabilities to simulate the effective mechanical behavior of rubber-metal composites within an in-house Finite Element software.

Dedicated to continued enhancement of leadership competencies, problem solving, independent evaluation of scientific data for basic research projects.

Process Chemistry Safety Steward/Safety Mentor/E-Team member

"python," "data analysis," and "patients" are among the most common skills that research scientists use at work. You can find even more research scientist responsibilities below, including:

Communication skills. The most essential soft skill for a research scientist to carry out their responsibilities is communication skills. This skill is important for the role because "medical scientists must be able to explain their research in nontechnical ways." Additionally, a research scientist resume shows how their duties depend on communication skills: "record observations, analyze data and summarize the results in technical reports to be used for internal and/or external communications e.g. "

Observation skills. Another essential skill to perform research scientist duties is observation skills. Research scientists responsibilities require that "medical scientists conduct experiments that require monitoring samples and other health-related data." Research scientists also use observation skills in their role according to a real resume snippet: "performed an evaluation of the cam simulations by the comparisons with observational data involving extensive data analysis. "

All research scientist skills

The three companies that hire the most research scientists are:

• Meta 259 research scientists jobs
• University of Washington 218 research scientists jobs
• Amazon 133 research scientists jobs

Choose from 10+ customizable research scientist resume templates

Compare different research scientists

Research scientist vs. postdoctoral associate.

A postdoctoral associate is responsible for researching to support scientific claims and theories by collecting evidence and information to answer scientific questions. Postdoctoral associates must have excellent communication skills , both oral and written, to interact with people and document investigation findings. They also utilize laboratory tools and equipment for scientific researches, conduct field investigations, and interview participants. A postdoctoral associate designs comprehensive research models to discuss results with the panel and the team efficiently and accurately.

There are some key differences in the responsibilities of each position. For example, research scientist responsibilities require skills like "molecular biology," "tensorflow," "excellent interpersonal," and "laboratory equipment." Meanwhile a typical postdoctoral associate has skills in areas such as "tip," "biomedical," "cell biology," and "independent research." This difference in skills reveals the differences in what each career does.

Research scientist vs. Chemist

Chemists are generally responsible for observing and investigating chemical substances to create new and safe compounds essential for practical applications. They are often grouped depending on a particular area of specialization to focus and understand the complexities of the matter. A chemist usually takes time performing research and conducting experiments to test and further improve the quality and usage of a specific chemical substance. Chemists are expected to write on their observations and findings to establish scientific results.

While some skills are similar in these professions, other skills aren't so similar. For example, resumes show us that research scientist responsibilities requires skills like "python," "patients," "c++," and "research projects." But a chemist might use other skills in their typical duties, such as, "lab equipment," "test results," "gc," and "uv/vis."

What technology do you think will become more important and prevalent for Research Scientists in the next 3-5 years?

Helen Mango Ph.D.

Professor of Geology and Chemistry, Castleton University

Research scientist vs. Postdoctoral research associate

A postdoctoral research associate is responsible for assisting the educational institution's research department, writing research reports, analyzing research methods, and collecting information and related studies to support the research claims. Postdoctoral research associates must have excellent communication skills , both oral and written, reporting research updates to the research head, performing adjustments as needed, and gaining more expertise on the subject by brainstorming and discussing strategic procedures for the study. They may also conduct field investigation or coordinate with other institutions for additional reference, depending on the research's scope and limitation.

The required skills of the two careers differ considerably. For example, research scientists are more likely to have skills like "java," "molecular biology," "tensorflow," and "excellent interpersonal." But a postdoctoral research associate is more likely to have skills like "post-doctoral," "cell biology," "molecular biology techniques," and "research results."

Research scientist vs. Senior research fellow

Senior Research Fellows are reputable researchers employed in an academic institution or a research facility. The nature of their employment in the institution is related to their research work or field of interest. Senior Research Fellows lead a team of researchers on big projects that require more team members. They manage the team's budget, set timelines, and guide the researchers. They spearhead the analysis of the data gathered. They also set the tone for the presentation materials. Senior Research Fellows should be passionate about their field, should have a thirst for knowledge, and should be able to lead teams.

Even though a few skill sets overlap between research scientists and senior research fellows, there are some differences that are important to note. For one, a research scientist might have more use for skills like "tensorflow," "excellent interpersonal," "laboratory equipment," and "experimental design." Meanwhile, some responsibilities of senior research fellows require skills like "technical assistance," "spss," "project management," and "medicaid. "

Types of research scientist

• Graduate Research Student
• Research Fellow
• Research Technician

Updated March 14, 2024

Editorial Staff

The Zippia Research Team has spent countless hours reviewing resumes, job postings, and government data to determine what goes into getting a job in each phase of life. Professional writers and data scientists comprise the Zippia Research Team.

What a Research Scientist Does FAQs

What does a research scientist do daily, search for research scientist jobs, what similar roles do.

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Eminent cancer physician-scientist joins Virginia Tech to lead research in Washington, D.C.

Christopher Hourigan will spearhead innovative cancer solutions at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute Cancer Research Center in the nation's capital.

John Pastor

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A globally recognized physician-scientist who studies and treats blood cancer is joining Virginia Tech to lead cancer research in Washington, D.C., said Michael Friedlander, Virginia Tech’s vice president for health sciences and technology and executive director of the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC.

Christopher Hourigan , a senior investigator and chief of the Laboratory of Myeloid Malignancies at the National Institutes of Health, will join Virginia Tech as a professor with the institute and director of its Cancer Research Center in Washington, D.C.

“Dr. Hourigan exemplifies the prototype of a physician-scientist, integrating insights from his patient interactions directly into his fundamental and translational laboratory research,” Friedlander said. “We are extremely enthusiastic to have him join Virginia Tech and become a member of the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute team to take on this important new leadership role for our growing cancer research programs in Washington, D.C., and to further strengthen our collaborations with Carilion Clinic, Children’s National Hospital, and other health systems and universities.

The focus of the research effort, known as Fralin Biomedical Research Institute Cancer Research Center - D.C., is to bring basic, translational, clinical, and computational researchers together in the nation’s capital to focus on the shared aim of engineering cancer solutions. 

“Convening top talent like Dr. Hourigan and developing deep and diverse partnerships are key to solving our most complex global challenges,” said Virginia Tech President Tim Sands. “It’s exciting to see our vision for the university advancing across the commonwealth and in the greater Washington, D.C., metro area.” 

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“I also anticipate the innovations and insights that will emerge from Dr. Hourigan and the other Virginia Tech scientists in D.C. collaborating with the institute's cancer research teams in Roanoke as well as with our computer science and engineering colleagues at Virginia Tech’s new Innovation Campus in Alexandria,” Friedlander said.

Research will involve diverse, expert teams and national and international collaborations.

“We have the opportunity to build a new cancer research center from the ground up, focusing on getting talented and highly motivated teams working in innovative new ways to reduce the burden of suffering from cancer in the United States,” Hourigan said. “It's clear we're not doing well enough for people who are dealing with cancer, and this is our chance to come up with new ways to do better.”

The addition of Hourigan will accelerate the university’s initiatives in Washington, D.C. Newly renovated research facilities on the site of the former Walter Reed Army Medical Center on the Children’s National Research & Innovation Campus already house Fralin Biomedical Research Institute cancer research scientists Jia-Ray Yu and Kathleen Mulvaney , along with teams of researchers from the Center for Genetic Medicine Research and Rare Disease Institute of Children’s National Hospital.

Precise answers to hard questions

Hourigan’s research focuses on a high-risk form of blood cancer called acute myeloid leukemia, which annually affects about 20,000 Americans. He looks at reasons for why some people survive cancer while others end up dying, even though initially they seem to have had the same response to treatment.

“The person who's newly diagnosed with cancer and has gone through treatment will ask a reasonable question, ‘Well, what about me? I want to know what my actual likelihood of surviving is going to be and are you sure I don’t need more or different treatment?’” Hourigan said. “As an oncologist, those are often hard questions to answer. You have a lot of empathy with the person in front of you and wish we could give better, more personalized, answers. We're strongly focused on the idea that if we had better diagnostic tools to allow a precision medicine approach, we could give doctors and patients a better understanding of exactly where they are now and what’s the best thing for them to do next.”

In addition to his primary appointment with the institute, Hourigan will be a professor in the Department of Internal Medicine at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine .

Hourigan received his medical degree and research doctorates from Oxford University and completed residency and oncology fellowship training at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where he was subsequently a practicing physician on the acute leukemia service and faculty member. He is board certified in hematology and medical oncology.

Prior to joining Virginia Tech, Hourigan was a senior investigator, co-director of the Myeloid Malignancies Program, and chief of the Laboratory of Myeloid Malignancies at the National Institutes of Health. 

He was awarded the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers, the National Institutes of Health Director’s Challenge Innovation Award, and was elected to Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society. He is a fellow of both the American College of Physicians and the Royal College of Physicians.

He looks forward to the task ahead. 

“Virginia Tech has some key strategic advantages,” Hourigan said. “It is nationally known for engineering and computational science, which are going to be increasingly important components of cancer research. I think there's also this sense of energy, innovation, engineering, and teams working across disciplines on hard problems here. And cancer is a hard problem.”

Ultimately, he wants to put cancer researchers out of business.

“I don't want there to be a need for cancer research anymore, whether that happens in my lifetime or the lifetimes of those individuals I train,” Hourigan said.  “The ultimate objective is not to have an industry of cancer research. Our focus has to be on the patient and on working hard to come up with real solutions to hard problems. It is only with research that we’ll be able to do better with cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment tomorrow than we currently can today. We need to have a sense of urgency and purpose because people are counting on us to come up with answers.”

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Related Content

No sign of greenhouse gases increases slowing in 2023

• April 5, 2024

Levels of the three most important human-caused greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane and nitrous oxide – continued their steady climb during 2023, according to NOAA scientists. 

While the rise in the three heat-trapping gases recorded in the air samples collected by NOAA’s Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML) in 2023 was not quite as high as the record jumps observed in recent years, they were in line with the steep increases observed during the past decade. 

“NOAA’s long-term air sampling program is essential for tracking causes of climate change and for supporting the U.S. efforts to establish an integrated national greenhouse gas measuring, monitoring and information system,” said GML Director Vanda Grubišić. “As these numbers show, we still have a lot of work to do to make meaningful progress in reducing the amount of greenhouse gases accumulating in the atmosphere.” 

The global surface concentration of CO 2 , averaged across all 12 months of 2023, was 419.3 parts per million (ppm), an increase of 2.8 ppm during the year. This was the 12th consecutive year CO 2 increased by more than 2 ppm, extending the highest sustained rate of CO 2 increases during the 65-year monitoring record. Three consecutive years of CO 2  growth of 2 ppm or more had not been seen in NOAA’s monitoring records prior to 2014. Atmospheric CO 2 is now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels.

This graph shows the globally averaged monthly mean carbon dioxide abundance measured at the Global Monitoring Laboratory’s global network of air sampling sites since 1980. Data are still preliminary, pending recalibrations of reference gases and other quality control checks. Credit: NOAA GML

“The 2023 increase is the third-largest in the past decade, likely a result of an ongoing increase of fossil fuel CO 2 emissions, coupled with increased fire emissions possibly as a result of the transition from La Nina to El Nino,” said Xin Lan, a CIRES scientist who leads GML’s effort to synthesize data from the NOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network for tracking global greenhouse gas trends .

Atmospheric methane, less abundant than CO 2 but more potent at trapping heat in the atmosphere, rose to an average of 1922.6 parts per billion (ppb). The 2023 methane increase over 2022 was 10.9 ppb, lower than the record growth rates seen in 2020 (15.2 ppb), 2021(18 ppb)  and 2022 (13.2 ppb), but still the 5th highest since renewed methane growth started in 2007. Methane levels in the atmosphere are now more than 160% higher than their pre-industrial level.

This graph shows globally-averaged, monthly mean atmospheric methane abundance determined from marine surface sites for the full NOAA time-series starting in 1983. Values for the last year are preliminary, pending recalibrations of standard gases and other quality control steps. Credit: NOAA GM

In 2023, levels of nitrous oxide, the third-most significant human-caused greenhouse gas, climbed by 1 ppb to 336.7 ppb. The two years of highest growth since 2000 occurred in 2020 (1.3 ppb) and 2021 (1.3 ppb). Increases in atmospheric nitrous oxide during recent decades are mainly from use of nitrogen fertilizer and manure from the expansion and intensification of agriculture. Nitrous oxide concentrations are 25% higher than the pre-industrial level of 270 ppb.

Taking the pulse of the planet one sample at a time NOAA’s Global Monitoring Laboratory collected more than 15,000 air samples from monitoring stations around the world in 2023 and analyzed them in its state-of-the-art laboratory in Boulder,

Colorado. Each spring, NOAA scientists release preliminary calculations of the global average levels of these three primary long-lived greenhouse gases observed during the previous year to track their abundance, determine emissions and sinks, and understand carbon cycle feedbacks.

Measurements are obtained from air samples collected from sites in NOAA’s Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network , which includes about 53 cooperative sampling sites around the world, 20 tall tower sites, and routine aircraft operation sites from North America. 

Carbon dioxide emissions remain the biggest problem 

By far the most important contributor to climate change is CO 2 , which is primarily emitted by burning of fossil fuels. Human-caused CO 2 pollution increased from 10.9 billion tons per year in the 1960s – which is when the measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii began – to about 36.6 billion tons per year in 2023. This sets a new record, according to the Global Carbon Project , which uses NOAA’s Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network measurements to define the net impact of global carbon emissions and sinks.

The amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere today is comparable to where it was around 4.3 million years ago during the mid- Pliocene epoch , when sea level was about 75 feet higher than today, the average temperature was 7 degrees Fahrenheit higher than in pre-industrial times, and large forests occupied areas of the Arctic that are now tundra. 

About half of the CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels to date have been absorbed at the Earth’s surface, divided roughly equally between oceans and land ecosystems, including grasslands and forests. The CO 2 absorbed by the world’s oceans contributes to ocean acidification, which is causing a fundamental change in the chemistry of the ocean, with impacts to marine life and the people who depend on them. The oceans have also absorbed an estimated 90% of the excess heat trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases. 

Research continues to point to microbial sources for rising methane

NOAA’s measurements show that atmospheric methane increased rapidly during the 1980s, nearly stabilized in the late-1990s and early 2000s, then resumed a rapid rise in 2007. 

A 2022 study by NOAA and NASA scientists and additional NOAA research in 2023 suggests that more than 85% of the increase from 2006 to 2021 was due to increased microbial emissions generated by livestock, agriculture, human and agricultural waste, wetlands and other aquatic sources. The rest of the increase was attributed to increased fossil fuel emissions. 

“In addition to the record high methane growth in 2020-2022, we also observed sharp changes in the isotope composition of the methane that indicates an even more dominant role of microbial emission increase,” said Lan. The exact causes of the recent increase in methane are not yet fully known. 

NOAA scientists are investigating the possibility that climate change is causing wetlands to give off increasing methane emissions in a feedback loop. 

To learn more about the Global Monitoring Laboratory’s greenhouse gas monitoring, visit: https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/.

Media Contact: Theo Stein, [email protected] , 303-819-7409

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FDA Encourages Research to Promote Diversity in the Tobacco Regulatory Science Workforce

April 5, 2024 

On April 1, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) issued a Notice of Information encouraging the submission of research supplements to promote diversity in the tobacco regulatory science workforce. The opportunity is available to Program Directors/Principal Investigators who are conducting tobacco regulatory research as part of the Tobacco Regulatory Science Program (TRSP) , an interagency partnership between the NIH and the FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP). 

The funds are available for administrative supplements to enhance the tobacco regulatory research workforce by recruiting, mentoring, and supporting high school, undergraduate and graduate/clinical students, post baccalaureate and post-Masters individuals, postdoctoral researchers (including health professionals), and eligible investigators from diverse backgrounds—including those from groups that have been shown to be underrepresented in health-related research. This opportunity is also available to support Program Directors/Principal Investigators of research grants who are or become disabled and need additional support to accommodate their disability to continue to work on the research project. 

Applicants are encouraged to submit research supplements to promote diversity in tobacco regulatory science through “PA-23-189: Research Supplements to Promote Diversity in Health-Related Research (Admin Supp - Clinical Trial Not Allowed).”  

Applications are due May 15, 2024. However, Institute and Center specific application due dates prior to May 15, 2024, supersede this date. 

Awards under this supplement will be administered by NIH using funds made available through FDA CTP and the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. Research results from these awards are expected to generate findings and data that are directly relevant in informing the FDA’s regulation of the manufacture, distribution, and marketing of tobacco products. 

In December 2023, CTP released  a new 5-year strategic plan , which outlines the center’s programmatic and workforce initiatives for the next five years, including health equity and diversity as one of four cross-cutting themes. The dedication of funds to promote diversity in the tobacco regulatory science workforce reflects the Center’s ongoing commitment to advancing health equity as part of the new strategic plan.

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April 3, 2024

SK hynix announces semiconductor advanced packaging investment in Purdue Research Park

SK hynix announced Wednesday (April 3) semiconductor advanced packaging investment in Purdue Research Park. From left to right: Indiana Gov. Eric Holcomb; Kwak Noh-jung, SK hynix president and CEO; Woojin Choi, SK hynix executive vice president; Arati Prabhakar, director, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, and assistant to the president for science and technology; Mung Chiang, Purdue University president (speaking); Arun Venkataraman, U.S. Department of Commerce assistant secretary; U.S. Sen. Todd Young; Hyundong Cho, ambassador of the Republic of Korea to the United States; David Rosenberg, Indiana secretary of commerce; Mitch Daniels, Purdue Research Foundation chairman. (Purdue University/Kelsey Lefever)

The company's facility for AI memory chips marks the largest single economic development in the history of the state

WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. — SK hynix Inc. announced Wednesday (April 3) that it plans to invest close to $4 billion to build an advanced packaging fabrication and R&D facility for AI products in the Purdue Research Park. The development of a critical link in the U.S. semiconductor supply chain in West Lafayette marks a giant leap forward in the industry and the state. 

“We are excited to build a state-of-the-art advanced packaging facility in Indiana,” said SK hynix CEO Kwak Noh-Jung. “We believe this project will lay the foundation for a new Silicon Heartland, a semiconductor ecosystem centered in the Midwest Triangle. This facility will create local, high-paying jobs and produce AI memory chips with unmatched capabilities, so that America can onshore more of its critical chip supply chain. We are grateful for the support of Gov. Holcomb and the state of Indiana, of President Chiang at Purdue University, and of the broader community involved, and we look forward to expanding our partnership in the long run.”

SK hynix joins Bayer, imec, MediaTek, Rolls-Royce, Saab and many more national and international companies bringing innovation to America's heartland. The new facility — home to an advanced semiconductor packaging production line that will mass-produce next-generation high-bandwidth memory, or HBM, chips, the critical component of graphic processing units that train AI systems such as ChatGPT — is expected to provide more than a thousand new employment opportunities in the Greater Lafayette community. The company plans to begin mass production in the second half of 2028.

The project marks SK hynix’s intention for long-term investment and partnership in Greater Lafayette. The company’s decision-making framework prioritizes both profit and social responsibility while promoting ethical actions and accountability. From infrastructure developments that make accessing amenities easier to community empowerment projects such as skill development and mentorship, the SK hynix advanced packaging fabrication marks a new era of collaborative growth.

“Indiana is a global leader in innovating and producing the products that will power our future economy, and today’s news is proof positive of that fact,” said Indiana Gov. Eric Holcomb. “I’m so proud to officially welcome SK hynix to Indiana, and we’re confident this new partnership will enhance the Lafayette-West Lafayette region, Purdue University and the state of Indiana for the long term. This new semiconductor innovation and packaging plant not only reaffirms the state’s role in the hard-tech sector, but is also another tremendous step forward in advancing U.S. innovation and national security, putting Hoosiers at the forefront of national and global advancements.” 

Investment in the Midwest and Indiana was spurred by Purdue’s excellence in discovery and innovation and its track record of exceptional R&D and talent development through collaboration. Partnerships among Purdue, the corporate sector, and the state and federal government are essential to advancing the U.S. semiconductor industry and establishing the region as the Silicon Heartland.

“SK hynix is the global pioneer and dominant market leader in memory chips for AI,” Purdue President Mung Chiang said. “This transformational investment reflects our state and university’s tremendous strength in semiconductors, hardware AI and development of the Hard-Tech Corridor. It is also a monumental moment for completing the supply chain of the digital economy in our country through the advanced packaging of chips. Located at Purdue Research Park, the largest facility of its kind at a U.S. university will grow and succeed through innovation.”

In 1990 the U.S. was producing nearly 40% of the world’s semiconductors. However, as manufacturing moved to Southeast Asia and China, the U.S. global output of semiconductor manufacturing has fallen to closer to 12%.

“SK hynix will soon be a household name in Indiana,” said U.S. Sen. Todd Young. “This incredible investment demonstrates their confidence in Hoosier workers, and I’m excited to welcome them to our state. The CHIPS and Science Act opened a door that Indiana has been able to sprint through, and companies like SK hynix are helping to build our high-tech future.” 

To aid in bringing semiconductor manufacturing closer to home and shoring up global supply chains, the U.S. Congress introduced the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act, or CHIPS and Science Act, on June 11, 2020. Signed by President Joe Biden on Aug. 9, 2022, it funds holistic development of the semiconductor industry to the tune of $280 billion. It supports the nation's research and development, manufacturing, and supply chain security of semiconductors.

“When President Biden signed the bipartisan CHIPS and Science Act, he put a stake in the ground and sent a signal to the world that the United States cares about semiconductor manufacturing,” said Arati Prabhakar, President Biden’s chief science and technology advisor and director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. “Today’s announcement will strengthen the economy and national security, and it will create good jobs that support families. This is how we do big things in America.”

Purdue Research Park, one of the largest university-affiliated incubation complexes in the country, unites discovery and delivery with easy access to Purdue faculty experts in the semiconductor field, highly sought-after graduates prepared to work in the industry, and vast Purdue research resources. The park also offers convenient accessibility for workforce and semitruck traffic, with access to I-65 just minutes away.

This historic announcement is the next step in Purdue University’s persistent pursuit of semiconductor excellence as part of the Purdue Computes initiative. Recent announcements include these

• Purdue University Comprehensive Semiconductors and Microelectronics Program
• A strategic partnership with Dassault Systèmes to improve, accelerate and transform semiconductor workforce development
• European technology leader imec opens innovation hub at Purdue
• The nation’s first comprehensive Semiconductor Degrees Program
• Purdue continues to create unique lab-to-fab ecosystem for the state and country
• Green2Gold, a collaboration between Ivy Tech Community College and Purdue University to grow Indiana’s engineering workforce

What they’re saying

• “This decision by a world-renowned, best-in-class company represents a dramatic fulfillment of Purdue’s duty to serve the state as not only its premier academic institution but also its No. 1 economic asset. It’s also a gratifying validation of our Discovery Park District initiative to bring new opportunities to our students, faculty and Greater Lafayette neighbors. Today marks the Purdue ecosystem’s latest and greatest, but assuredly not its last, contribution to a more prosperous Indiana and a stronger America.” — Mitch Daniels, chairman of the board, Purdue Research Foundation
• “On behalf of my fellow trustees, we are pleased to welcome SK hynix Inc. to the Purdue Research Park. Their arrival will significantly strengthen Purdue University’s dual commitments to educating the next generation of workforce leaders in semiconductors and supporting the national security of our nation.” — Michael Berghoff, chair, Purdue Board of Trustees
• “The impact of SK hynix is more than the creation of high-paying careers for Hoosiers. Undergraduates will have opportunities for internships, co-op and full-time employment when they graduate. Graduate students and faculty will work closely with SK hynix researchers, not only on basic research, but also to accelerate the transition of research into pilot production and manufacturing. This is just the beginning. As other companies see what’s happening here in the heart of the heartland, they’ll come too, and a significant new cluster of semiconductor manufacturing and research will emerge.” — Mark Lundstrom, chief semiconductor officer, Purdue University
• “West Lafayette is thrilled to join our national efforts to bring the semiconductor industry to the United States through President Biden’s CHIPS and Science Act. This partnership will leverage Purdue University’s science and research expertise with SK hynix’s innovation in semiconductor technology. The impact on West Lafayette will enable us to continue to provide the high level of service our community expects and to increase our quality-of-life amenities for the region so we can attract and retain the excellent graduates of Purdue University. In addition, SK hynix’s global dedication to net zero carbon emissions by 2050, water process reduction and recycling, and zero-waste-to-landfill programs aligns with our community’s commitment to environmental stewardship. We are grateful for SK hynix’s investment and commitment to West Lafayette and for our partners Purdue University, Purdue Research Foundation, the city of Lafayette, Tippecanoe County and the Greater Lafayette region.” — Erin Easter, mayor of West Lafayette
• “The pandemic disruption has shown the reliance on semiconductors, with production concentrated in limited regions around the world. Greater Lafayette has worked continuously and cooperatively for years to position ourselves for an opportunity of this magnitude, and we look forward to the long-term economic impact this will have on our communities. The collaborative efforts between cities and county governments, Purdue University, the state of Indiana and Sen. Todd Young’s office is a testament to these efforts. Our joint investments in infrastructure, innovation, along with quality-of-life initiatives, have contributed to this venture becoming a reality. We look forward to working with and welcoming SK hynix to Greater Lafayette!” — Tony Roswarski, mayor of Lafayette
• “Ivy Tech, as Indiana’s largest postsecondary institution, is focused on building Indiana talent pipelines aligned to employers and emerging industries which strengthen Indiana’s economy. The microelectronics industry will play a key role in Indiana’s success, which is why we are pleased to work with SK hynix and Purdue to provide training, credentials and degrees designed for the semiconductor industry. SK hynix’s commitment to Indiana reinforces that we all win when we address complex issues through strong partnerships." — Sue Ellspermann, president, Ivy Tech Community College
• “Semiconductors and microelectronics are at the forefront of focus for Purdue Research Foundation. I am pleased to welcome SK hynix to Indiana and start the hard work of ensuring this is the best business decision that SK hynix has ever made.” — Brian Edelman, president, Purdue Research Foundation
• “The Alliances team is thrilled to welcome SK hynix to the Purdue ecosystem, and we look forward to empowering them to thrive here in Indiana with all the immense assets Purdue and Greater Lafayette offer. We look forward to forging a strong relationship with mutual value for SK hynix, Purdue Research Foundation and the broader Greater Lafayette community for many years to come.” — Gregory Deason, senior vice president of alliances and placemaking, Purdue Research Foundation
• “During my time at Purdue Research Foundation, we have consistently been successful in assisting our partners like Saab in developing complex builds well ahead of schedule and within budget. I look forward to building on our excellent track record with SK hynix to help them in creating a state-of-the-art facility which best meets their unique needs.” — Richard Michal, senior vice president of capital projects and facilities, Purdue Research Foundation

About SK hynix Inc.

SK hynix Inc., headquartered in Korea, is the world’s top-tier semiconductor supplier offering Dynamic Random Access Memory chips (“DRAM”), flash memory chips (“NAND   flash”)   and CMOS Image Sensors (“CIS”) for a wide range of distinguished customers globally. The Company’s shares are traded on the Korea Exchange, and the Global Depository shares are listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange. Further information about SK hynix is available at   www.skhynix.com ,   news.skhynix.com .  

About Purdue Research Foundation

Purdue Research Foundation is a private, nonprofit foundation created to advance the mission of Purdue University. Established in 1930, the foundation accepts gifts, administers trusts, funds scholarships and grants, acquires and sells property, protects and licenses Purdue's intellectual property, and supports creating Purdue-connected startups on behalf of Purdue. The foundation operates Purdue Innovates, which includes the Office of Technology Commercialization, Incubator and Ventures. The foundation manages the Purdue Research Park, Discovery Park District, Purdue Technology Centers and Purdue for Life Foundation.

For more information on licensing a Purdue innovation, contact the Office of Technology Commercialization at [email protected] . For more information about involvement and investment opportunities in startups based on a Purdue innovation, contact Purdue Innovates at [email protected] .

About Purdue University

Purdue University is a public research institution demonstrating excellence at scale. Ranked among top 10 public universities and with two colleges in the top four in the United States, Purdue discovers and disseminates knowledge with a quality and at a scale second to none. More than 105,000 students study at Purdue across modalities and locations, including nearly 50,000 in person on the West Lafayette campus. Committed to affordability and accessibility, Purdue’s main campus has frozen tuition 13 years in a row. See how Purdue never stops in the persistent pursuit of the next giant leap — including its first comprehensive urban campus in Indianapolis, the new Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr. School of Business, and Purdue Computes — at https://www.purdue.edu/president/strategic-initiatives . 

Media contact:

Tim Doty, [email protected]

Note to journalists:   Photo, b-roll and sound bites from this announcement will be available for media use on   Google Drive .

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About half of americans say public k-12 education is going in the wrong direction.

About half of U.S. adults (51%) say the country’s public K-12 education system is generally going in the wrong direction. A far smaller share (16%) say it’s going in the right direction, and about a third (32%) are not sure, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in November 2023.

Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to understand how Americans view the K-12 public education system. We surveyed 5,029 U.S. adults from Nov. 9 to Nov. 16, 2023.

The survey was conducted by Ipsos for Pew Research Center on the Ipsos KnowledgePanel Omnibus. The KnowledgePanel is a probability-based web panel recruited primarily through national, random sampling of residential addresses. The survey is weighted by gender, age, race, ethnicity, education, income and other categories.

Here are the questions used for this analysis , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

A majority of those who say it’s headed in the wrong direction say a major reason is that schools are not spending enough time on core academic subjects.

These findings come amid debates about what is taught in schools , as well as concerns about school budget cuts and students falling behind academically.

Related: Race and LGBTQ Issues in K-12 Schools

Republicans are more likely than Democrats to say the public K-12 education system is going in the wrong direction. About two-thirds of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents (65%) say this, compared with 40% of Democrats and Democratic leaners. In turn, 23% of Democrats and 10% of Republicans say it’s headed in the right direction.

Among Republicans, conservatives are the most likely to say public education is headed in the wrong direction: 75% say this, compared with 52% of moderate or liberal Republicans. There are no significant differences among Democrats by ideology.

Similar shares of K-12 parents and adults who don’t have a child in K-12 schools say the system is going in the wrong direction.

A separate Center survey of public K-12 teachers found that 82% think the overall state of public K-12 education has gotten worse in the past five years. And many teachers are pessimistic about the future.

Related: What’s It Like To Be A Teacher in America Today?

Why do Americans think public K-12 education is going in the wrong direction?

We asked adults who say the public education system is going in the wrong direction why that might be. About half or more say the following are major reasons:

• Schools not spending enough time on core academic subjects, like reading, math, science and social studies (69%)
• Teachers bringing their personal political and social views into the classroom (54%)
• Schools not having the funding and resources they need (52%)

About a quarter (26%) say a major reason is that parents have too much influence in decisions about what schools are teaching.

How views vary by party

Americans in each party point to different reasons why public education is headed in the wrong direction.

Republicans are more likely than Democrats to say major reasons are:

• A lack of focus on core academic subjects (79% vs. 55%)
• Teachers bringing their personal views into the classroom (76% vs. 23%)

In turn, Democrats are more likely than Republicans to point to:

• Insufficient school funding and resources (78% vs. 33%)
• Parents having too much say in what schools are teaching (46% vs. 13%)

Views also vary within each party by ideology.

Among Republicans, conservatives are particularly likely to cite a lack of focus on core academic subjects and teachers bringing their personal views into the classroom.

Among Democrats, liberals are especially likely to cite schools lacking resources and parents having too much say in the curriculum.

Note: Here are the questions used for this analysis , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

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Among many u.s. children, reading for fun has become less common, federal data shows, most european students learn english in school, for u.s. teens today, summer means more schooling and less leisure time than in the past, about one-in-six u.s. teachers work second jobs – and not just in the summer, most popular.

About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .