research project on nutraceuticals

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• Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Pharmacology
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Nutraceuticals: New Perspectives and Approaches in Human Health and Disease

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A nutraceutical is defined as “a food (or a part of food) that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and/or treatment of a disease”. The term is applied to all components, or active ingredients, derived from foods of animal, vegetable or microbial origin, such as milk proteins, herbal ...

Keywords : nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, herbal products, nutrients, milk proteins, phytochemicals, probiotics, prebiotics

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Nutraceuticals Production from Plant Cell Factory pp 3–28 Cite as

Nutraceutical Compounds, Classification, Biosynthesis, and Function

• Hari Prasad Devkota 4  
• First Online: 23 June 2022

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In recent years, there is an increasing interest on the plant-based nutraceuticals, functional foods, and food supplements as potential agents for the maintenance of good health and the prevention and treatment of diseases. Phytochemicals, especially the polyphenols including flavonoids, phenolic acids, curcuminoids, and stilbinoids, are widely studied for their health beneficial properties. Among many other issues, one important issue is the continuous supply of active components in nutraceuticals to meet the market demand. As many phytochemicals present in nutraceuticals are specific to certain plant species, the conservation, cultivation, and sustainable utilization are equally important. Newer biotechnological tools such as tissue and cell culture have potential to provide the necessary amount of the specific nutraceutical compounds in future. For wider application, understanding their chemical classification, biosynthetic routes, potential health beneficial activities, and market trends must be well understood. This chapter focuses mainly on the classification of these compounds, their biosynthesis in plants and role in human health.

• Nutraceuticals
• Functional foods
• Phytochemicals
• Polyphenols
• Classification
• Bioactivity

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Devkota, H.P. (2022). Nutraceutical Compounds, Classification, Biosynthesis, and Function. In: Belwal, T., Georgiev, M.I., Al-Khayri, J.M. (eds) Nutraceuticals Production from Plant Cell Factory. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8858-4_1

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Research bridges evidence gap on how colleges support young people in further education

21 March 2024

IOE, UCL’s Faculty of Education and Society and the Association of Colleges (AoC) have published an interim report exploring staff perceptions of the educational provision offered for 14-16-year-olds in further education (FE) colleges and its value for these learners.

Further education colleges support the diverse needs of learners who were not flourishing in mainstream education, or who found that schools were unable to meet their needs. 

The findings of the report stem from a survey of colleges in England (response rate 32%) and interviews with 19 FE college leaders. 

Respondents perceived many benefits to this type of educational provision, with local communities seeing a drop in exclusions and a reduction of those “not in education, employment, or training” (NEET). 

They also felt strongly that offering this provision was the right thing to do – that this was “about transforming lives.” 

A common theme across the interviewees and survey respondents suggests that these learners felt disengaged from mainstream education, citing:

• concerns schools did not seem to address, such as mental health, bullying or special educational needs and disabilities (SEND);
• or a lack of vocational and technical options that students were more interested in.

The initial findings of the report suggest that the FE provision is attractive to learners for the flexibility of its curriculum and an emphasis on vocational, hands-on learning. Respondents also highlight that FE is less rigid than mainstream education, tending to be more individualised to the needs and interests of young people. 

Interviews with leaders cite smaller class sizes, a more adult environment, and the recruitment of staff who are able to build strong student/teacher relationships as factors they believe contribute to the supportive learning environment. 

The report was published as part of a project jointly led by IOE’s Dr Lynne Rogers, Co-Director of the Centre for Post-14 Education and Work, and AoC, with funding from the Nuffield Foundation. 

The project looks at three groups of FE learners: full-time students (direct entry); electively home-educated students, who study part-time in FE; and young people on alternative provision, some of whom are at risk of exclusion or have been excluded from school in the past. 

The research is investigating the trajectories and opportunities for 14-16-year-olds in FE to build a comprehensive picture of their experiences and address the scarcity of evidence on the curriculum and support offered. 

Dr Rogers says, “It is great that this much needed research is underway. Far too little is known about these young people and the factors that support them during their education in FE.” 

The project began in September 2022 and is set to run until October 2024. The next stage of the project will explore the perspectives of these learners themselves and wider stakeholders through visits to 10 case study colleges to draw out which elements of the provision have worked well, contributing factors, challenges and barriers. 

To further address the lack of data on 14-16-year-olds in FE, the researchers will analyse data from the National Pupil Database that is linked to data from the Individualised Learner Record to explore the progression outcomes of students in successive cohorts. 

The final report is set to be published later this year.

Related links

• Read the interim report
• Read more on the IOE Blog: England’s invisible teenagers: how should we support the 10,000 14 to 16-year-olds in FE colleges?
• More about the project: New research to shine a light on overlooked learners in further education colleges
• Dr Lynne Rogers’ research profile
• Centre for Post-14 Education and Work

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CAS Announces the Recipients of its Faculty-Undergraduate Research Partnerships

The Center for African Studies has announced the recipients of its new Faculty-Undergraduate Research Partnerships , which pairs Stanford faculty with undergraduates to work collaboratively on innovative research projects. Up to three grants were awarded to faculty for the 2023-24 academic year. Each faculty member has received $4,000 to support their project, while each undergraduate research assistant will receive up to $2,500 for spring or summer quarter 2024. From tackling mental health challenges exacerbated by climate change in Kenya to exploring African literature's linguistic complexities, these projects promise fresh insights.

Project: Co-creation of a youth-facing CIRCLE platform in Kenya

We are thrilled to announce  Desiree LaBeaud  (Professor of Pediatrics - Infectious Diseases) and  Brittany Delmoro Wray ’s (Instructor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences) partnership with Gracemary Wanjiru Nganga (persuing a Bachelor of Science in Human Biology) for an exciting research project titled "Co-creation of a youth-facing CIRCLE platform in Kenya." This groundbreaking initiative aims to address the pressing mental health challenges exacerbated by climate change in Kenya. Together, they will develop innovative interventions and tools to foster resilience and emotional well-being within local communities, particularly among youth. With Gracemary's invaluable contribution, this project promises to make significant strides in understanding and mitigating the impact of climate change on mental health in Kenya.

Project: French Is Not My Mother Tongue

In another exhilarating endeavor,  Vaughn Rasberry  (Associate Professor of English) and Crystal Huiyi Peng (majoring in English and Data Science & Social Systems) are teaming up to explore the vibrant world of African literature in their captivating project, "French Is Not My Mother Tongue." Delving into the complexities of linguistic identity, they will examine how African and diasporic writers navigate the dominance of European colonial languages. Through their research, they aim to shed light on the ongoing debate surrounding African language and literature in the twenty-first century. With Crystal's expertise and enthusiasm, this project promises to uncover fascinating insights into the evolving landscape of African literary expression.

Project: McGregor Museum Heritage Partnership

Last but not least, we are delighted to announce  Grant Parker ’s (Associate Professor of Classics) collaboration with Dylan Kayin Little (persuing a Bachelor in History) and Alana Joy Okonkwo (persuing a Bachelor in Archaeology) for the McGregor Museum Heritage Partnership. Thanks to generous additional external funding, we are delighted to appoint two Research Assistants for this project, facilitating Dylan and Alana's involvement. Together, they will embark on an electrifying journey to digitize and curate historical treasures from the McGregor Museum in Kimberley, Northern Cape. Through their efforts, they aim to extend the museum's reach and enhance engagement with its rich collections, particularly focusing on the history of Kimberley and the Northern Cape. With Dylan and Alana's dedication and expertise, this project promises to bring history to life in thrilling new ways, enriching our understanding of South Africa's cultural heritage.

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Stanford Pathology Research Retreat 2024

To be held at David and Joan Traitel Building of Hoover Institution — Present and discuss your work with others. Cash prizes in several categories to be presented.

This year's retreat will be held at David and Joan Traitel Building of Hoover Institution

The purpose of our retreat is to allow Stanford Pathology members to become more familiar with the research conducted in the Department, including basic, translational and clinical projects. We hope this will facilitate new opportunities for collaborative studies, research training and enhance prospects for additional funding of such activities.

Whether you are presenting or just attending, please take the time to register for this event. REGISTRATION OPENS ON APRIL 1, 2024 .

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Supporting research and innovation in agriculture, with funding for 101 new projects

From: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

News release

The governments of Canada and Manitoba are providing $16.3 million in grant funding under the Sustainable Canadian Agricultural Partnership (Sustainable CAP) to support 101 projects under the Research and Innovation program over the next three years, federal Agriculture and Agri-Food Minister the Honourable Lawrence MacAulay and Manitoba Agriculture Minister Ron Kostyshyn announced today.

March 22, 2024 – Winnipeg, Manitoba – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

The funding will go towards research and capacity building to accelerate innovation in agriculture in Manitoba, supporting companies that are leading innovative research and putting Manitoba at the forefront of sustainable agriculture research.

Projects improve sustainability, resiliency and competitiveness of agriculture and agri-food sectors by accelerating the development and adoption of technologies and products that enhance efficiency and sustainability while addressing challenges such as climate change. Funding is available for stakeholders including primary producers, Agri-Processors, industry organizations, academic institutions and research bodies, industry service providers, and Indigenous governments, communities, and groups.

A call for letters of intent under the Research and Innovation program is now open for innovative industry-led research and development and/or capacity building project ideas for funding commencing in spring 2025. In April 2023 over $8.4 million was provided to support 4 7 p rojects and today an additional $ 7.9 m illion is being provided to 5 4 proj ects, for a total of 101 proje cts funded at $16 .3 milli on under the Research and Innovation program, the ministers added.  

"Folks around the world are looking for more sustainable agri-food products and I know our producers can deliver. By investing in research and innovation across the value chain, we can address current and future challenges and help make sure the sector remains resilient, competitive, and efficient." - The Honourable Lawrence MacAulay, Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food

"Research and innovation drives growth and economic development in rural Manitoba. Manitoba producers are leading the way with innovative research, putting Manitoba at the forefront of sustainable, environmentally friendly, and efficient agriculture. We're investing in them so they can better feed Manitoba and feed the world." - Ron Kostyshyn, Manitoba Minister of Agriculture

"Researchers at the University of Manitoba welcome this valuable support to develop sustainable and environmentally-friendly agricultural systems and tools that will benefit producers and consumers. The training opportunities enabled by these projects will ensure our students play a pivotal role in the future of the Canadian agricultural landscape." - Dr. Martin Scanlon, Dean, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba

Quick facts

The Sustainable Canadian Agricultural Partnership is a 5-year, $3.5-billion investment by Canada's federal, provincial and territorial governments that supports Canada's agri-food and agri-products sectors. This includes $ 1 billio n in federal programs and activities and a $2. 5 bill ion commitment that is cost-shared 60% federally and 40% provincially-territorially for programs that are designed and delivered by provinces and territories.

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New Concepts in Nutraceuticals as Alternative for Pharmaceuticals

Hamid nasri.

Department of Nephrology, Division of Nephropathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Azar Baradaran

1 Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Hedayatollah Shirzad

2 Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei

Nutraceuticals are products, which other than nutrition are also used as medicine. A nutraceutical product may be defined as a substance, which has physiological benefit or provides protection against chronic disease. Nutraceuticals may be used to improve health, delay the aging process, prevent chronic diseases, increase life expectancy, or support the structure or function of the body. Nowadays, nutraceuticals have received considerable interest due to potential nutritional, safety and therapeutic effects. Recent studies have shown promising results for these compounds in various complications. In the present review much effort has been devoted to present new concepts about nutraceuticals based on their diseases modifying indications. Emphasis has been made to present herbal nutraceuticals effective on hard curative disorders related to oxidative stress including allergy, alzheimer, cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, eye, immune, inflammatory and Parkinson's diseases as well as obesity. The recently published papers about different aspects of nutraceuticals as alternative for pharmaceuticals were searched using scientific sites such as Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The used terms included nutraceutical and allergy, alzheimer, cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, eye, immune, inflammatory or Parkinson.

INTRODUCTION

Nutraceutic is a term derived from “nutrition” and “pharmaceutics.” The term is applied to products that are isolated from herbal products, dietary supplements (nutrients), specific diets, and processed foods such as cereals, soups, and beverages that other than nutrition are also used as medicine.[ 1 ]

In the US, the term “nutraceutical” products are regulated as drugs, food ingredients and dietary supplements. The term is not defined the same in different countries, but is usually defined as a product isolated from foods that is generally sold in medicinal forms not usually associated with food. A nutraceutical product may be defined as a substance, which has physiological benefit or provides protection against chronic diseases.[ 1 ] Nutraceuticals may be used to improve health, delay the aging process, prevent chronic diseases, increase life expectancy, or support the structure or function of the body.[ 2 ]

Nutraseuticals, in contrast to pharmaceuticals, are substances, which usually have not patent protection. Both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds might be used to cure or prevent diseases, but only pharmaceutical compounds have governmental sanction.[ 3 ]

A dietary supplement is considered as a product that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: A mineral, a vitamin, an amino acid, a medical herb or other botanical, a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total daily intake, or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combinations of these ingredients. Nutraceuticals are of these nutritional supplements which are used for health purposes other than nutrition.[ 4 ]

Some popular nutraceuticals include ginseng, Echinacea , green tea, glucosamine, omega-3, lutein, folic acid, and cod liver oil. Majority of the nutraceuticals possess multiple therapeutic properties.

Nowadays, nutraceuticals have received considerable interest due to potential nutritional, safety and therapeutic effects. A market research recently proposed that the worldwide nutraceuticals market is expanding and would reach US $250 billion by 2018.[ 5 ]

Recent studies have shown promising results for these compounds in various pathological complications such as diabetes,[ 6 , 7 ] athrosclerosis,[ 8 , 9 ] cardiovascular diseases (CVDs),[ 10 , 11 ] cancer,[ 12 , 13 ] and neurological[ 14 , 15 ] disorders. These conditions involve many changes, including alterations redox state.[ 16 , 17 ] Most of nutraceuticals have antioxidant activity with the ability to counteract this situation.[ 18 , 19 ] Hence, they are considered as healthy sources of health promotion, especially for prevention of life threatening diseases such as diabetes,[ 20 , 21 ] infection,[ 22 , 23 ] renal,[ 24 , 25 ] and gastrointestinal[ 26 , 27 ] disorders.

In the present review much effort has been devoted to present new concepts about nutraceuticals based on their diseases modifying indications. Emphasis has been made to present herbal nutraceuticals effective on hard curative disorders related to oxidative stress, including allergy, alzheimer, cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, eye, immune, inflammatory and Parkinson's diseases, as well as obesity.

The recently published papers about different aspects of nutraceuticals as alternative for pharmaceuticals were searched using scientific sites such as Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar. The used terms included nutraceutical and allergy, alzheimer, cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, eye, immune, inflammatory or Parkinson.

Allergy and nutraceuticals

Allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system. An allergic reaction usually occurs when a person's immune system reacts to normally harmless substances. Allergic reactions are distinctive because of excessive activation of certain white blood cells called mast cells and basophils by a type of antibody called immunoglobulin E. This reaction results in an inflammatory response which can range from uncomfortable to dangerous.[ 28 ]

Quercetin protects low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) from becoming damaged, especially to blood vessels. LDL-C is an underlying cause of heart disease and quercetin acts as an antioxidant and scavenges free radicals. Diabetic patients are at higher risk of blood vessel damage from oxidative stress. Therefore, quercetin is beneficial in these patients, too.[ 29 ]

Alzheimer's disease and nutraceuticals

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease and eventually leads to death. Most often, AD is diagnosed in people over 65 years of age,[ 30 ] although the less-prevalent early-onset Alzheimer's can occur much earlier. There were 26.6 million sufferers worldwide in 2006 and is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people globally by 2050.[ 31 ]

Women are more affected in comparison to men, at a ratio of almost 2:1. Several lines of evidence suggest that oxidative stress might be related to a number of neurodegenerative disorders including AD. Nutraceutical antioxidants such as curcumin, lutein, lycopene, turmerin and β-carotene may exert positive effects on specific diseases by combating oxidative stress. The growing trends in nutraceutical usage are due to the belief that these compounds are able to postpone the development of dementias such as AD.[ 30 ] There are several recently published papers showing the positive effects of different nutriceutical plants such as Zizyphus jujube , Lavandula officinalis on AD, learning or memory.[ 32 , 33 , 34 ]

Cardiovascular diseases and nutraceuticals

Worldwide, the prevalence of CVD and the researches in this area is increasing.[ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ] CVD is a term which is used for disorders of the heart and blood vessels and includes coronary heart disease (heart attack), peripheral vascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), hypertension, heart failure, and so on. It is believed that low intake of vegetables and fruits is associated with a high mortality in CVD.[ 40 ] Majority of the CVD are preventable. Many studies have reported a protective role for a diet rich in vegetables and fruits against CVD.[ 41 , 42 , 43 ]

Nutraceuticals in the form of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, dietary fibers and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n −3 PUFAs) together with physical exercise are recommended for prevention and treatment of CVD. The molecules such as polyphenols alter cellular metabolism and signaling, which is believed to reduce arterial disease.[ 44 , 45 ]

Flavonoids are widely distributed in vegetables, onion, endives, cruciferous, grapefruits, apples, cherries, pomegranate, berries, black grapes, and red wine, and are available as flavones, flavanones and flavonols,[ 46 , 47 , 48 ] playing a major role in prevention and curing the CVD. Flavonoids block the angiotensin-converting enzyme, block the cyclooxygenase enzymes that break down prostaglandins, and prevent platelet aggregation. They also protect the vascular system that carries oxygen and nutrients to cells.[ 49 , 50 ] Anthocyanins, tannins (proanthocyanidins), tetrahydro-β-carbolines, stilbenes, dietary indoleamines, serotonin and melatonin, in plant foods are hypothesized to impose health benefits.[ 51 ] Orange juice containing pulp is rich in flavonoids. Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside which is classified as a citrus bioflavonoid. Citrus sinensis and tangelos are the richest dietary sources of hesperidin. The peel and membranous parts of lemons and oranges have the highest hesperidin concentrations. Hesperidin is used for the treatment of venous insufficiency and hemorrhoids.[ 52 ]

Flavonoid intake was significantly inversely associated with mortality from coronary heart disease and the incidence of myocardial infarction. Flavonoids in regularly consumed foods may reduce the risk of death from coronary heart disease, especially in elderly people.[ 53 ]

The rhizome of zingiber officinalis is a common condiment for various foods and beverages. It has a long history of medicinal use and has a positive effect on CVD. Ginger has potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities and recently it has been recommended for various diseases including hypertension and palpitation.[ 54 ] This plant has a good protective effect on toxicity of synthetic drugs, too.[ 55 , 56 ]

Phytosterols compete with dietary cholesterol by blocking the uptake as well as facilitating its excretion from the body. Hence, they have the potential to reduce the morbidity and mortality of CVD. Phytosterols occur in most plant species and although green and yellow vegetables contain significant amounts of sterols, their seeds concentrate them.[ 57 , 58 ]

Buckwheat seeds possess phytosterols, flavonoids, flavones, proteins and thiamin-binding proteins, etc., Buckwheat proteins lower blood cholesterol and hypertension.[ 59 ] Dietary fibers have also cholesterol-lowering property with beneficial effects in prevention and alleviation of CVD and diabetes.[ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ]

Fatty acids of the omega-3 series ( n −3 fatty acids) present in fish are dietary components affecting plasma lipids and the CVD, like arrhythmias. Octacosanol, present in whole grains, fruits and leaves of many plants, has lipid lowering property, with no side-effects.[ 64 , 65 ]

Cancer and nutraceuticals

Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in developing countries. According to the World Cancer Report the cancer rates are increasing and it would be 15 million new cases in the year 2020 that is, a rise in 50%. A healthy lifestyle and diet can help in prevention of cancer.[ 39 ] Carotenoids are a group of phytochemicals responsible for different colors of the foods. They have antioxidant activities and effective on cancer prevention. Recent interest in carotenoids has focused on the role of lycopene in human health, especially in cancer disease.[ 66 ]

Plants rich in daidzein, biochanin, isoflavones and genistein, also inhibit prostate cancer cell growth.[ 29 ] Because of the unsaturated nature of lycopene it is considered to be a potent antioxidant and a singlet oxygen quencher. Lycopene concentrates in the prostate, testes, skin and adrenal where it protects against cancer.[ 66 , 67 ] The linkage between carotenoids and prevention of cancer and CAD, heightened the importance of vegetable and fruits in human diet.

Lycopene contained vegetables and fruits exert cancer-protective effect via a decrease in oxidative stress and damage to DNA.[ 67 ] Lycopene is one of the major carotenoids and is found exclusively in tomatoes, guava, pink grapefruit, water melon and papaya.[ 68 ]

β-carotene has antioxidant activity and prevents cancer and other diseases. Among the carotenes, β-carotene has the most antioxidant activity. Alpha-carotene possesses 50–54% of the antioxidant activity of β-carotene, whereas epsilon carotene has 42–50% of the antioxidant activity.[ 68 ]

Chronic inflammation is associated with a high cancer risk. Chronic inflammation is also associated with immune-suppression, which is a risk factor for cancer. Ginseng is an example of an antiinflammatory molecule that targets many of the key players in the inflammation-to-cancer sequence.[ 69 ]

Nowadays, phytochemicals with cancer-preventive properties have been on high attention.[ 70 ] Chemopreventive components in fruits and vegetables, among other beneficial health effect, have potential anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic activities. A broad range of phyto-pharmaceuticals with a claimed hormonal activity, called “phyto-estrogens,” is recommended for prevention of prostate and breast cancers.[ 71 ]

Citrus fruit flavonoids are able to protect against cancer by acting as antioxidants. Soyfoods are a unique dietary source of isoflavones, the polyphenolic phytochemicals exemplified by epigallocatechin gallate from tea, curcumin from curry and soya isoflavones possess cancer chemopreventive properties.[ 72 ] Soybean seems to offer protection against breast, uterine, lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers. β-carotene found in yellow, orange, and green leafy vegetables and fruits such as tomatoes, lettuce, oranges, sweet potatoes, broccoli, cantaloupe, carrots, spinach, and winter squash has anticancer activity.[ 72 ]

Saponins are reported to possess antimutagenic and antitumor activities and might lower the risk of human cancers, by preventing cancer cells from growing. Saponins are phytochemicals which can be found in peas, soybeans, and some herbs with names indicating foaming properties such as soapberry, soapwort and soapbark. They are also present in tomatoes, potatoes, alfalfa, spinach, and clover. Commercial saponins are extracted mainly from Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria [ 73 ]

Tannins also scavenge harmful free radicals and detoxify carcinogens. Tannins present in grapes, lentils, tea, blackberries, blueberries and cranberries is a proven anticarcinogen is used in alternative medicine and to prevent cancer. Ellagic acid, present in walnuts, pecans, strawberries, cranberries, pomegranates and red raspberry seeds, is an anticancer agent.[ 73 ]

Pectin is a soluble fiber found in apples has been shown to prevent prostate cancer metastasis by inhibiting the cancer cells from adhering to other cells in the body. Several studies have shown that pectin decreases serum cholesterol levels. Naturally occurring phenolic acid derivatives are reported to possess potential anticancer properties. Phenolic compounds such as curcumin, gallic acids, ferulic and caffeic acid are reported to possess anticancer activity.[ 74 ]

Glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products, including indoles and isothiocyanates, and high intake of cruciferous vegetables has been associated with lower risk of colorectal and lung cancer. Bio-transformation products of glucosinolates include dithiol thiones, isothiocyanates, and sulforaphane. They block the enzymes that promote tumor growth, particularly in liver, colon, lung, breast, stomach and esophagus.[ 75 ]

The sulfur compounds, in garlic have been found to boost the immune system and reduce atherogenesis and platelet stickiness and cancer. Sulforaphane rich in broccoli is a potent phase 2 enzyme inducer. It produces D-glucarolactone, a significant inhibitor of breast cancer. Sulforaphane is an antioxidant and stimulator of natural detoxifying enzymes. Sulforaphane has been reported to reduce the risk of breast cancer and prostate cancer.[ 76 ]

Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from the plant Curcuma longa , commonly called turmeric. Curcumin has been reported to possess antioxidative, anticarcinogenic, and antiinflammatory properties.[ 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 ]

Consumption of fruits and vegetables having cysteine, glutathione, selenium, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, lycopene, and various phytochemicals elevates the levels of antioxidative capacity.[ 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 ] However, more investigations are needed to determine their beneficial effects in cancer prevention or treatment.[ 83 ]

Large scale clinical trials suggest that some agents such as green tea, Vitamins D and E, selenium, lycopene, soy, antiinflammatory and inhibitors of 5a-reductase are effective in preventing prostate cancer. Cancer was not prevented by β-carotene, N-acetylcysteine, α-tocopherol, retinol, retinyl palmitate, or isotretinoin in smokers.[ 83 ] Ongoing trials may help define new avenues for chemoprevention.

Several studies have shown the values of alternative and complementary medicine as adjuvant to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Complimentary therapy may be reliable and useful supportive measure for prostate cancer patients.[ 83 ] Majority of the studies have shown a preventive role for nutraceuticals in cancer, however more elaborate studies are needed.

Diabetes and nutraceuticals

The most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes with 95% prevalence and is associated with obesity. Although various drugs for prevention and treatment of diabetes have been introduced, however, globally the total number of people with diabetes with various causes is increasing.[ 84 , 85 , 86 ] Diabetes, not only imposes considerable economic burdens on individual patients and their families but also places substantial economic burdens on society.[ 87 ]

In recent years a wide range of herbal dietary supplements and herbal medicines have scientifically proven to benefit type 2 diabetes mellitus in preclinical studies,[ 88 , 89 ] however, few have been proven to do so in properly designed randomized clinical trials.[ 90 ]

Isoflavones, are phytoestrogens which have structural/functional similarities to human estrogen. Soy isoflavones have been studied most and their consumption have been associated with lower incidence and mortality rate of type II diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis and certain cancers.[ 78 ]

Omega-3 fatty acids have been suggested to reduce glucose tolerance in patients predisposed to diabetes. For the synthesis of a long chain n −3 fatty acids, insulin is required; the heart may thus be particularly susceptible to their depletion in diabetes. Ethyl esters of n −3 fatty acids may be potential beneficial in diabetic patients.[ 91 ]

Lipoic acid is an antioxidant which is used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and seems to be effective as a long-term dietary supplement for protection of diabetics from complications.[ 92 ] Dietary fibers from psyllium have been used extensively both as pharmacological supplements, food ingredients, in processed food to aid weight reduction, for glucose control in diabetic patients and to reduce lipid levels in hyperlipidemia.[ 93 ] A lot of plants extracts such as Toucrium polium, cinnamon and bitter melon have been shown to prevent or treat diabetes.[ 94 , 95 , 96 ]

Eye disorders and nutraceuticals

Healthy lifestyle with a diet containing foods rich in antioxidants, such as n −3 fatty acids, lutein and zeaxanthin appears beneficial for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). High content of polyphenolic flavonoids in nutraceuticals have been shown to possess antioxidant activity. Herbs or herbal extracts, such as green tea, Allium spp., Vitamins C and E, polyphenols, carotenoids (mainly lycopene and β-carotene), and coenzyme Q10 possess antioxidant properties and effective in AMD.[ 83 ]

Astaxanthin is an important naturally occurring carotenoid in the marine world such as sea bream, salmon, trout, and shrimps. It possesses a number of essential biological functions such as protecting against oxidation process, protecting against ultra violet light effects, immune response and pigmentation, in aquatic animals. It is also a very potent antioxidant. Astaxanthin offers powerful protection for the eyes and prevents macular degeneration. Astaxanthin protects heart from oxidative damage, protects the nervous system from degenerative diseases like AD and boosts immune system function.[ 31 ]

Lutein is a carotenoid which is found in many vegetables and fruits including sweet potatoes, carrots, squash, tomatoes, mangoes, corn, and leafy greens such as kale andcollards. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are used for the treatment of visual disorders. Food sources of zeaxanthin, include egg yolks, corn, green vegetables and fruits, such as brussel sprouts, cabbage, kale, broccoli, green beans, green peas, lettuce, kiwi, collard greens, spinach, and honeydew lutein and zeaxanthin also occur in plants in the form of mono- and diesters of fatty acids. A new source of these carotenoids is marigold flower ( Tagetes erecta ) that contains approximately 86% by weight of the carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein.[ 31 ]

Immune system and nutraceuticals

A wide variety of nutraceuticals have been shown to impose crucial roles in immune status and susceptibility to some diseases conditions. Nutraceuticals that belong to the category of immune boosters are useful to improve immune function. They include extracts from the coneflowers, or herbs of the genus Echinacea , such as Echinacea angustfolia , Echinacea pillida , Echinacea purpurea . The coneflowers in particular are a popular herbal remedy used in the central United States, an area to which they are indigenous. Astragalus mongolicus , Astragalus membranaceus , and other herbs of the Astragalus genus are also effective immune boosters. Astragalus stimulates development and transformation of stem cells in the marrow and lymph tissue to active immune cells. Phytoestrogens mostly are recommended for prevention of various diseases related to hormonal imbalance. There is a special interest in soy isoflavones as potential superior alternatives to the synthetic selective estrogen receptor modulators, which are currently applied in hormone replacement therapy. Garlic and morphine also are good example of the nutraceuticals, which respectively stimulate and suppress immune system.[ 71 , 97 ]

The effect of herbal medicines and bacteria on the immune system and intestinal epithelial cell function has led to new credence for the use of nutraceuticals and probiotics in clinical settings. Probiotics are effective in conditions such as infectious diarrhea in children and recurrent Clostridium difficile induced infections.[ 97 ]

Supplementation with probiotics (live viable microbial organisms) may provide maturational signals for the lymphoid tissue and improve the balance of pro and antiinflammatory cytokines. Probiotics manipulate the intestinal microflora to maintain a normal balance between pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. Usage of these agents in the treatment of specific diseases has evolved into the ability to very high index of safety, reduction of antibiotic use and the public's positive perception about “alternative” or “natural” therapies. Most probiotic preparations are comprised of one or more lactic acid bacteria. Within this group, strains of Lactobacillus , Bifidobacterium sp. and occasionally Streptococcus are most commonly used.[ 98 ]

Inflammation and nutraceuticals

Inflammation is characterized by swelling, pain, redness and heat, and is the response of body tissues to irritation or injury. Nutraceuticals that their influence on osteoarthritis has been tested are ginger, soybean, unsaponifiable, glucosamine, chondroitin, S-adenosylmethionine. Although they are safe and well tolerated, however, the results are hampered by heterogeneity of the studies and inconsistent results. Vitamins C and D are micronutrients for which evidence of benefit exists. Cat's claw is a potent antiinflammatory agent. Scientists have attributed the efficacy of cat's claw to compounds called oxindole alkaloids; however, water-soluble cat's claw extracts that do not contain significant amounts of alkaloids do not possess strong antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects.[ 99 ]

Resveratrol that is present in the fruits of Vaccinium myrtillus , Vaccinium angustifolium , Vaccinium ashei , and Vaccinium corymbosum shows the strongest sirtuin-like deacetylase action of any known phytochemical. Sirtuins are chemicals that inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme and can extend the lifespan of yeast and fruit flies. They possess antiinflammatory and antifungal activities.[ 100 ]

The omega-3 and omega-6 series have a significant role on diseases by generating potent modulatory molecules for inflammatory responses, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and interleukins. Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) is produced in the body from linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid of omega-6 series. GLA is a nutraceutical used for treating problems with inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Preformed GLA is present in trace amounts in nuts, green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, such as seed oil, borage oil, Oenothera biennis oil, blackcurrant and hemp seed oil. GLA is metabolized to dihomogamma linlenic acid which undergoes oxidative metabolism by lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase enzymes to produce antiinflammatory eicosanoids.[ 101 ]

Herbal nutraceuticals with antiinflammatory activity are also available. Gentianine, present in Gentian root, is an effective antiinflammatory agent. Bromolain, a proteolytic enzyme found in extracts of stinging nettle, turmeric, pineapple, teas and extracts of turmeric or curcumin has antiinflammatory activity.[ 102 ]

Osteoarthritis is a debilitating joint disorder which affects the number of population. In 2004, the costs associated with all forms of arthritis were approximately 86 billion dollars. Joint discomfort from any joint disorders may reduce physical activity in subjects, resulting in energy imbalance and weight gain. Increased weight can exacerbate existing problems, through additional stress on joints.[ 101 ]

Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are widely used to alleviate symptoms of osteoarthritis. These nutraceuticals seem to regulate gene expression and synthesis of NO and PGE2, providing a plausible explanation for their antiinflammatory activities.[ 46 ]

Obesity and nutraceuticals

Obesity is, nowadays, a global public health problem with about 315 million people involved. Obesity is a risk factor for many disorders such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, hyperlipidemia, respiratory disorders, osteoarthritis, cancer, renal vein thrombosis and reduced fertility.[ 103 ]

One of the primary causes of obesity is the increased availability of high-fat, energy-dense foods. There is a very high prevalence of obesity globally and hence nutrition and exercise play a key role in its prevention and treatment. Nutraceutical interventions are currently being investigated on a large-scale basis as potential treatments for obesity and weight management. Nutraceuticals such as capsaicin conjugated linoleic acid, Momordica charantia and Psyllium fiber possess potential antiobese properties.[ 104 ]

Although excessive consumption of energy-rich foods such as snacks, processed foods and drinks causes weight gain, however, caloric restriction and increased physical activity has been shown to be only moderately successful in managing obesity. Therefore, researchers and obese individuals are seeking the help of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals to prevent or treat obesity. An effective nutraceutical that can increase energy expenditure and/or decrease caloric intake is desirable for body weight reduction. Herbal stimulants, such as caffeine, ephedrine, chitosan, ma huang-guarana, and green tea are effective in facilitating body weight loss.[ 105 ] However, their use is controversial due to their ability to cause side-effects. Green tea extract and 5-hydroxytryptophan may promote weight loss, while the former increases the energy expenditure, the latter decreases appetite.[ 105 , 106 ]

Parkinson's disease and nutraceuticals

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, which its motor symptoms result from the destruction of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, with unknown causes. The most obvious symptoms are movement-related including rigidity, slowness of movement, shaking and difficulty with walking and gait. The symptoms in advanced stages of the disease include thinking and behavioral problems. Depression is the most common psychiatric symptom and symptoms include sensory, emotional and sleep problems. Parkinson's disease is more common in older people, with most cases occurring after the age of 50.[ 107 ]

Although at present there are not sufficient scientific data to recommend nutritional supplements for Parkinson's disease, some of these supplements have shown some promising results in preliminary studies. Vitamin E, glutathione, and creatine seem to be protective against Parkinson's disease.[ 108 ]

Miscellaneous complications and nutraceuticals

Angiogenesis is an enzymatic process that is generally down-regulated in healthy individuals. Antiangiogenic compounds are selective against newly formed blood vessels while sparing existing ones may not lead to side effects even after prolonged exposure. Antiangiogenic compounds may prevent diseases involving degenerative process such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis, osteoporosis, diabetes, cancer, AD and Parkinson's diseases. Some bioactive compounds such as curcumin, flavins, isoflavones and catechins, resveratrol, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, Saponins, terpenes, Chitin, chitosan, Vitamins B3 and D3, Fatty acids, peptides and amino acids are potentially effective angiogenic compounds.[ 109 ]

Moringa oleifera Lam has an impressive range of medicinal uses and is a good source various amino acids and phenolics, protein, vitamins, β-sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid, kaempferol and β-carotene with high nutritional and therapeutic values. Various parts of this plant like leaves, seed, bark, fruit, roots, flowers and immature pods act as cardiac and circulatory stimulants, possess antitumor, antipyretic, antiepileptic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, cholesterol lowering, antiulcer, antispasmodic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and antifungal activities.[ 110 ]

Toxicity potential of nutraceuticals

A large number of people believe that nutraceuticals, especially medicinal plants, are important remedies to address health issues with no side-effects. This belief has been raised from the fact that they have been used for a long period without serious toxicities. Although this is true for a wide variety of nutraceuticals and they generally have less side effects in comparison to pharmaceuticals, but conventional medicine is considered that if a drug is to be effective, inevitably, it will have toxic or side-effects.[ 111 ] The medical establishment considers herbal medicines as drugs, and as such, they must have side effects. Therefore, they need to be prepared with correct ingredients and use with caution, too.[ 112 ]

People consume thousands of species of plants and other nutraceuticals to meet their basic nutritional needs, but only a limited number of them have received significant safety studies. Many remain poorly understood and largely undeveloped, and their wild relatives are threatened with extinction and in need of conservation attention. Stewardship of these valuable plant resources will require rigorous science combined with an approach that respects and values traditional knowledge systems.[ 112 ]

Antitoxicity of nutraceuticals

Most of the synthetic drugs possess toxicity properties, and nutraceutical compounds, particularly herbal nutraceuticals have been investigated for their potential in combating the toxic effects of toxins and other medications.[ 113 , 114 ]

Although the toxicology of drugs is complex, there is great evidence for involvement of oxidative stress in the toxicity of a wide variety of drugs.[ 115 , 116 ] Most of plants possess antioxidant activity and other than various specific ways to combat toxins and synthetic drugs, they generally may reduce their toxicity by reduction of oxidative stress.[ 117 , 118 , 119 ] Kidney and liver are two organs which more than others are involved in toxic effects of other drugs as well as toxins.[ 120 , 121 ] In this regard there are a wide variety of studies investigating the protective activities of nutraceuticals, especially medicinal plants against toxins and other drugs and promising results have been achieved.[ 122 , 123 , 124 ]

Nowadays, nutraceuticals have received high interests due to their potential nutritional and safety profile, other than therapeutic capability. Pharmaceutical and nutritional companies are aware of the changing trends which are due to the advantages of these compounds. Most of the nutraceuticals possess multiple therapeutic benefits.[ 1 ] The present study devoted towards a better understanding of the nutraceuticals based on their pharmaceutical and therapeutic indications.

It should be noted that there might be a lot of confusion related to the terminology of nutraceuticals such as phytochemicals, pharmafoods, medical foods, functional foods, dietary supplements, designer foods, etc., There is thin dividing line in their interchangeable usage by different people on different occasions. Pharmaceuticals are mostly considered as medications which are used mainly to treat diseases, however nutraceuticals are the substances which are mostly considered to prevent diseases.[ 2 ] This distinction between pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals is very erroneous and superficial. Pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals both can cure and prevent disease(s) however, only pharmaceuticals have governmental sanction.[ 1 ] Pharmaceuticals are compounds which usually possess patent protection due to expensive testing. However, nutraceuticals do not need these testing documents.[ 4 ]

Medical foods or medicinal foods are a specific category of therapeutic agents that are considered for the nutritional management of a specific disease. For example, medicinal foods are designed to manage inflammatory conditions, cancer, hyperhomocysteinemia, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and other diseases.[ 125 , 126 ] They also play a substantial protection against numerous age-related or chronic diseases. Herbal medicines that are used as a nutrient are considered in this category.[ 5 , 40 ]

Nutraceuticals found in many fruits and vegetables are responsible for health benefits. Due to these health benefits of nutraceuticals, they might regularly be taken to cure or reduce the risk factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes.[ 127 , 128 ] Some of the most popular nutraceutical products marketed today are botanicals such as ginseng, ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort and Echinacea .[ 3 ]

The list of nutraceuticals being studied is changing continually and reflects ongoing market developments, research, and consumer interest. With rapidly increasing interest in the nutraceutical consumption, substantial researches are absolutely necessary to warrant the nutraceuticals usage safe and effective.

The mechanistic actions of nutraceuticals are not fully clear. However, they might be involved a wide variety of biological processes, including activation of signal transduction pathways, antioxidant defenses, gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation and preservation of mitochondrial integrity.[ 2 ]

CONCLUSIONS

Nutraceuticals might be defined as substances that have physiological benefits or provide protection against chronic diseases. Nutraceuticals may be used to improve health, delay the aging process, prevent chronic diseases, increase life expectancy, or support the structure or function of the body. Nowadays, nutraceuticals have received considerable interest due to potential nutritional, safety and therapeutic effects. Recent studies have shown promising results for these compounds in various complications. In the present review much effort has been devoted to provide their diseases modifying indications related to oxidative stress including allergy, Alzheimer, cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, eye, immune, inflammatory and Parkinson's diseases as well as obesity.

Source of Support: Nil

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/03/staff-spotlight-dr-ankit-sharma

Staff Spotlight - Dr. Ankit Sharma

The flammability reduction group welcomes dr. ankit sharma as a professional research experience program (prep) researcher.

We are thrilled to announce that Dr. Ankit Sharma has joined the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as an Associate (PREP) in the Flammability Reduction Group of the Fire Research Division (FRD). Dr. Sharma will collaborate with Dr. Mauro Zammarano on " Fire Barriers for Low Heat Release Products ” and other material and fire safety projects within FRD.

Dr. Sharma brings experience in experimental and numerical techniques for studying material flammability, with a focus on areas such as fires in Li-ion batteries, microgravity combustion, and high-rise building façades. His academic journey includes earning a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, India, and a Postdoctoral Researcher on a NASA-sponsored project at Case Western Reserve University.

Notably, his contributions have been recognized with the SFPE 5 Under 35 award in 2023 and the SFPE Foundation Grand Challenges Initiative Fellowship for Climate Change .

Ankit grew up in Jammu and Kashmir (often known as heaven on Earth) in the northern part of India.  He has a penchant for outdoor sports, traveling, and hiking, having explored the majestic Himalayan Mountain range. His adventurous spirit is evident in experiences like bungee jumping from a towering height of 272 feet. Ankit enjoys spending quality time with his loved ones, indulging in culinary pursuits, delving into literature, enjoying music, and exploring the intricacies of life.

Please join us in extending a warm welcome to Dr. Ankit Sharma as he embarks on this exciting chapter with NIST. We look forward to the valuable contributions and insights he will bring to our team as we continue to advance research and innovation in fire safety.