essay about communicative strategies

Communicative Strategies Essays

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How to Use the Different Communicative Strategies

The use of Communicative Strategies is the hallmark of communicative competence . Being able to use such strategies make certain not only the achievement of the Speech Purpose but also the enrichment of the communication experience for both Speaker and Listener. More than making interaction possible, Communicative Strategies when used by the Speaker (and sometimes the Listener) allow for the adjustment of the Message and its Delivery. Of course, such strategies are employed within specific Speech Contexts using a combination of Speech Styles and Speech Acts .

Communicative Strategies are plans, ways, or means of sharing information which are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose.

There are Seven Types of Communicative Strategies:

• Nomination – presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is relevant;
• Restriction – constraining the response/reaction within a set of categories;
• Turn-taking – recognizing when and how to speak because it is one’s turn;
• Topic control – keeping the interaction going by asking questions and eliciting a response;
• Topic shifting – introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic;
• Repair – overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages; and
• Termination – using verbal and nonverbal signals to end the interaction.

When introducing a topic at the beginning of a Communicative Situation, what is being used is the Nomination Communicative Strategy. It is a strategy that can also be applied any time during the course of an interaction as a way of continuing the communication. When this strategy is used, the topic is introduced in a clear and truthful manner, stating only what is relevant to keep the interaction focused.

Example : Have you noticed the weird weather lately? Is this because of global warming?

Example : I was late for class again! The MRT stopped midway. What is wrong with the MRT?

Restriction

Restriction Communicative Strategy is a strategy that constrains or restricts the Response of the other person involved in the Communication Situation. The Listener is forced to respond only within a set of categories that is made by the Speaker.

Example : They say that the Philippine economy is getting better. Only the stupid think that, right? (No one wants to be stupid.)

Example : That arrest move was a disaster waiting to happen. Do you agree? (Yes/No)

Turn-Taking

Turn-taking Communicative Strategy requires that each Speaker speaks only when it is his/her turn during an interaction. Knowing when to talk depends on watching out for the verbal and nonverbal cues that signal the next Speaker that the previous Speaker has finished or the topic under discussion has been exhausted and a new topic may be introduced. At the same time, it also means that others should be given the opportunity to take a turn. Turn-taking Communicative Strategy uses either an informal approach (just jump in and start talking) or a formal approach (permission to speak is requested).

Example : I agree with the point just made. But may l add that OFWs would rather be home and work here so they could be with their families.

Example : May I have the floor, sir? The topic under discussion is the state of the Philippine economy today. We want better lives for all Filipinos, whether they are working here or abroad.

Topic Control

After the Nomination Communicative Strategy, the interaction is kept going by using the Topic-Control Communicative Strategy. This is simply a question-answer formula that moves the discussion forward. This also allows the Listener or the other participants to take turns, contribute ideas, and continue the discussion.

Example : How often do you ride the MRT, Tony? How many times have you encountered a stoppage in service?

Example : Your car may break down, too, Luna, right? So you have to find another means of getting to school. We all do not want to be late for class, yes?

Topic Shifting

Topic-Shifting Communicative-Strategy is the strategy that is useful in introducing another topic. This Strategy works best when there is follow-through so that a new topic continues to be discussed. This is also used in Repair Communicative Strategy.

Example : This is a battle with corporations that continue to pollute the environment. But this is also a battle with man himself, who continues to act as if there is another Earth we can move to once this Earth dies.

Example : If we cannot use the Earth’s resources, our economies will die. We need to choose: the economy or the environment.

We have already learned that communication almost always breaks down. When miscommunication occurs, one can apply the Repair Communicative Strategy that includes requesting clarification, not acknowledging, topic shifting, not responding, repeating, recasting, and adding. One requests clarification by asking questions or using eyebrows, eyes, head, or shoulders to show that the Message could not be understood. By not acknowledging the new situation, the situation already in progress will continue. Topic shifting can help direct the discussion to another topic or divert the attention of the Listener from the topic that has become problematic.

Repeating is a good way of correcting oneself and gives the Speaker time to do just that. Recasting means changing the form of a Message that could not be understood. It allows the Speaker to say the Message in another way so that the Listener can understand what was originally incomprehensible.

Example : I have ordered Colonel…uh…General Pano to look into this matter. He, General Pano I mean, will report directly to me, as President of the Philippines.

Example : When we look at the World Wide Web, more popularly known as wwww… excuse me, www, we find that this Information Highway or rather Superhighway is the means toward becoming part of a globally economy, a global economy.

Termination

Lastly, Termination Communicative Strategy ends the interaction through verbal and nonverbal Messages that both Speaker and Listener send to each other. Sometimes the Termination is quick and short. Sometimes it is prolonged by clarifications, further questions, or the continuation of the topic already discussed, but the point of the language and body movement is to end the communication.

P1: So that’s it for our plans in the upcoming Student Council elections. P2: Yes. P3: Okay, all done. P4: Finished. P1: See you in class. P2, P3, P4: See you later.

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Essay on Importance of Communication for Students and Children

500+ words essay on importance of communication:.

Communication is one of the important tools that aid us to connect with people. Either you are a student or a working professional, good communication is something that will connect you far ahead. Proper communication can help you to solve a number of issues and resolve problems. This is the reason that one must know how to communicate well. The skills of communication essential to be developed so that you are able to interact with people. And able to share your thoughts and reach out to them. All this needs the correct guidance and self-analysis as well.

Meaning of Communication

The word communication is basically a process of interaction with the people and their environment . Through such type of interactions, two or more individuals influence the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes of each other.

Such interactions happen through the exchange of information through words, gestures, signs, symbols, and expressions. In organizations, communication is an endless process of giving and receiving information and to build social relationships.

Importance of Communication

Communication is not merely essential but the need of the hour. It allows you to get the trust of the people and at the same time carry better opportunities before you. Some important points are as follows –

Help to Build Relationships 

No matter either you are studying or working, communication can aid you to build a relationship with the people. If you are studying you communicate with classmates and teachers to build a relationship with them. Likewise in offices and organizations too, you make relationships with the staff, your boss and other people around.

Improve the Working Environment 

There are a number of issues which can be handled through the right and effective communication. Even planning needs communication both written as well as verbal. Hence it is essential to be good in them so as to fill in the communication gap.

Foster strong team

Communication helps to build a strong team environment in the office and other places. Any work which requires to be done in a team. It is only possible if the head communicates everything well and in the right direction.

Find the right solutions

Through communication, anyone can find solutions to even serious problems. When we talk, we get ideas from people that aid us to solve the issues. This is where communication comes into play. Powerful communication is the strength of any organization and can help it in many ways.

Earns more respect

If your communication skills are admirable, people will love and give you respect. If there is any problem, you will be the first person to be contacted. Thus it will increase your importance. Hence you can say that communications skills can make a big change to your reputation in society.

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Don’t Go Overboard With Your Point

The conversation is about to express your thoughts. And to let the other person know what you feel. It is not mean to prove that your point is correct and the other person is wrong. Don’t Overboard other With Your Point.

Watch Your Words

Before you say something to Watch Your Words. At times, out of anger or anxiousness, we say somethings that we must not say. Whenever you are in a professional meeting or in some formal place, where there is a necessity of communicating about your product or work then it is advised to practice the same beforehand

Communication is the greatest importance. It is important to sharing out one’s thoughts and feelings to live a fuller and happier life. The more we communicate the less we suffer and the better we feel about everything around. However, it is all the more necessary to learn the art of effective communication to put across ones point well.

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Essay on Communication in 100, 200 and 300 Words: The Essence of Survival

• Updated on  
• Oct 20, 2023

Do you know how important it is to communicate with others? Communication is the primary means through which individuals share information, ideas and thoughts. Communication fosters strong relationships. In this essence, writing an essay on communication becomes important where you highlight the importance of communication, how it affects our everyday lives and what skills are required to become a communication professional . Let’s explore all these questions with some essays on communication.

This Blog Includes:

Essay on communication in 100 words, essay on communication in 200 words, essay on communication in 300 words.

Also Read: Essay on Freedom Fighters

Communication is the cornerstone of human interaction and is crucial to sharing ideas, thoughts and information. By communicating, people foster relationships, which is vital for personal and professional growth. Effective communication facilitates understanding, resolves conflicts, and promotes collaboration. Whether verbal or nonverbal, it forms the basis of successful teamwork, decision-making, and social integration.

Clear communication is key to a harmonious society, nurturing empathy, and building trust. It encourages brainstorming, creative thinking, and the development of new solutions to complex problems. Its impact is profound, shaping the way we interact, learn, and evolve, making it an indispensable tool for human connection and progress. 

What makes communication important is that it serves as the bedrock for exchanging ideas, information, and emotions. It is the essence of human interaction, enabling us to convey our thoughts, beliefs, and intentions to others. Effective communication is essential in every aspect of life, whether in personal relationships, professional environments, or social interactions.

Effective communication can form the basis of trust and mutual understanding and understanding. In personal relationships, communication fosters understanding and empathy, allowing individuals to express their feelings and needs, while also listening to and acknowledging others. 

In the professional realm. Communication allows the smooth functioning of organizations. With communication, individuals can disseminate information, set clear expectations and encourage collaboration among team members. Moreover, effective communication in the workplace enhances productivity and promotes a positive work culture.

The uses and benefits of communication are not limited to just personal and professional realms. In social environments also, communication allows diverse groups to understand each other’s cultures, beliefs, and values, promoting inclusivity and harmony in society.

You can call communication a fundamental pillar of human existence, as it helps in shaping our relationships, work environments, and societal interactions. Its effective practice is essential for nurturing empathy, building trust, and fostering a more connected and understanding world.

Also Read: Essay on the Importance of English Language

How crucial communication is can be explained by the fact that it allows the smooth transfer of ideas, thoughts, feelings and information. Communication is the lifeblood of human interaction, playing a crucial role in the exchange of ideas, information, and emotions. It serves as the cornerstone of relationships, both personal and professional, and is integral to the functioning of society as a whole. 

In personal relationships, it is essential to have effective communication for clear understanding and empathy. It allows individuals to express their thoughts, feelings, and needs, while also providing a platform for active listening and mutual support. Strong communication fosters trust and intimacy, enabling individuals to build meaningful and lasting connections with others.

Without communication, you might struggle for organizational success in the professional world. Clear and effective communication within a team or workplace ensures that tasks are understood, roles are defined, and goals are aligned. It enables efficient collaboration, problem-solving, and decision-making, contributing to a positive and productive work environment. Moreover, effective communication between employers and employees promotes a sense of transparency and fosters a healthy work culture.

In a broader sense, communication is vital for social integration and cultural understanding. It bridges the gaps between diverse groups, facilitating the exchange of values, beliefs, and perspectives. Effective communication fosters inclusivity and respect for cultural differences, contributing to a more harmonious and cohesive community.

However, communication is not just about sharing information and ideas. It also encompasses nonverbal cues such as body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice, all of which play a significant role in conveying meaning and emotions. It is the glue that binds individuals and communities together, fostering understanding, empathy, and collaboration. Practicing clear and empathetic communication is vital for creating a more connected, inclusive, and harmonious world.

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Communication is the process of exchanging ideas, information, thoughts and feelings between individuals or groups through the use of verbal and nonverbal methods.

To write an essay on communication, you need to describe what communication is, what the importance of communication in our lives and how it can help us know different aspects of life.

To become an effective communicator, you must become an active listener and understand what others have to say. You must learn to express your thoughts clearly and concisely. You also need to ensure your body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice perfectly align with your ideas.

For more information on such interesting topics, visit our essay writing page and follow Leverage Edu .

Shiva Tyagi

With an experience of over a year, I've developed a passion for writing blogs on wide range of topics. I am mostly inspired from topics related to social and environmental fields, where you come up with a positive outcome.

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A LITERATURE REVIEW ON COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN LANGUAGE LEARNING

Abstract Communicating successfully means to pass on meaningful messages to the listeners. In order to achieve a successful level of communication in situations, where learners face problems when there is a mismatch between their communication goals and their linguistic resources, they tend to use devices to improve their level of communication; these devices are called Communication Strategies. This paper reviews and discusses the theoretical background of the study of Communication strategies in language learning. The first part of the paper presents the most common definitions of the Communication Strategies. The second part attempts to explain the relationship between Communicative Competence and Communication Strategies. The third part describes the types, taxonomies and the origins of the Communication Strategies. The final part sheds the light on a number of empirical studies related to types of Communication Strategies and the relationship between linguistic proficiency and Communication Strategies choice in the learner's first language and his/her second language.

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Ghaleb Rababah

This paper investigates the compensatory strategies (CpSs) used in the oral discourse of second year students studying Arabic as a second language (ASL) in the Arabic Language Institute at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study examined the various strategies used by a sample of 24 male learners who were all high school graduates from 8 different countries (Russia, Kosovo, Senegal, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Benin, Malaysia and Ethiopia), speaking 8 different languages (Russian, Albanian, Wolof, Tajik, Urdu, French, Malay and Somali). To elicit the CpS use, the subjects were audio-recorded while performing two tasks: an interview and a role-play. The data were transcribed and analysed. The results showed that the subjects used a range of compensatory strategies in their oral production. Moreover, there were differences between the individual learners' strategies according to their native language. The findings of the study showed that ASL learners were risk-takers, and they expanded their limited linguistic resources to achieve their communicative goals. The findings of the present study suggest that strategic competence as reflected in the CpSs used by ASL learners should be integrated into the ASL curriculum.

Dhina Marleni

This article deals with the effects of teaching communication strategies (CSs) on the types of communication strategies used by the students and level of speech comprehensibility. This research is largely experimental involving 23 students. The research isntruments include vocabulary test to identify students' unknown objects, treatment, and observation. Descriptive qualitative analysis was used to analyze the linguistic features, and repeated measure t-test was used to analyze the level of speech comprehensibility. The results reveal that (1) in terms of frequency, there are increases in 4 types CSs, decreases in 7 types of CSs, and a consistancy in one type of CS, (2) there is a significant increase in the level of speech comprehensibility. Therefore, it can be concluded that teaching communication strategies prommote students' communication skills.

Dr. Sunanda Patil-Shinde

When language learners do not know how to say a word in English, they can communicate effectively by using their hands, imitating sounds, inventing new words, or describing what they mean. These ways of communicating are communication strategies (CSs). This study investigated the communication strategies used by engineering students in selected oral communicative situations. Data came from three sources: (1) audio-recordings of students' performances in select oral tasks (2) retrospective interviews after completion of each task; and (3) observation notes taken at the time of students' performances in each task. To analyse the data taxonomy on communication strategies was adapted from Tarone (1977), Faerch and Kasper (1983), Ellis (1984), and Dornyei (1995). The analysis of the use of CSs showed that the selected students of the study used more CSs in the task of interview than in public speech and presentation. The most often used strategies in all the tasks are use of fillers, repetition, and restructuring.

Berhanu Shukala

This study investigated how and when oral communication strategies are used in group discussions by international students at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, a public university in Malaysia. It aims to examine the differences in the use of communication strategies between high and low proficient speakers. The participants were a group of ten low proficient Arabic speakers of English and a group of ten high proficient Chinese and Arabic speakers of English. Data elicited from audio recordings of oral group discussions and a self-report questionnaire was used to identify communication strategies used. The findings showed that the subjects resorted to ten out of the twelve types of communication strategies specified by Tarone (1980), Faerch and Kasper (1983), and Willems (1987). The most frequently employed communication strategy was code switching; an interlingual strategy and the least used strategy was word coinage; an intralingual strategy. Further investigation indicated that different levels of oral proficiency influenced the use of communication strategies from two aspects. They are the frequency of use and the selection of types of communication strategies. This implies that international students studying at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) need to be made aware of the use of communication strategies depending on their level of proficiency and the fact that raising the awareness of both low proficient and also high proficient speakers to strategies that are used by speakers of different proficiency levels may well help ease communication.

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muhammad idrus

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Douglas Jarvie

This study examines the effect of communication strategy instruction on EFL students’ oral communicative ability and their strategic competence. In a 14-week English as a Foreign Language (EFL) course (English Use II) based on Communicative Language Teaching approach, 80 learners were divided into to groups. The strategy training group (n = 44) received CS training based on a training program designed for the purpose of the present research,whereas the control group (n = 36) received only the normal communicative course using Click On 3, with no explicit focus on CSs. The communication strategies targeted in the training program included circumlocution (paraphrase), appeal for help, asking for repetition, clarification request, confirmation request, self-repair, and guessing. Pre- and posttest procedures were used to find out the effect of strategy training on language proficiency and CS use. The effect of the training was assessed by three types of data collection: the participants’ pre- and post-IELTS speaking test scores, transcription data from the speaking IELTS test, and ‘Click On’ Exit Test scores. The findings revealed that participants in the strategy training group significantly outperformed the control group in their IELTS speaking test scores. The results of the post-test transcription data also confirmed that the participants in the strategy training group used more CSs, which could be attributed to the CS training program. The findings of the present research have implications for language teachers, and syllabus designers.

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How to Improve Communication Skills for Better Interaction

Did you know that a staggering 93% of communication is non-verbal? Yes, you read that right. While words are undeniably important, the way we say them, our body language, and even the tone of our voice play a crucial role in conveying our thoughts and emotions. In a world where effective communication can make or break personal and professional relationships, mastering this skill is paramount. Whether you're looking to excel in your career, strengthen your connections, or simply become a more persuasive communicator, this article is your gateway to practical strategies and tips on how to improve your communication skills.

How to Improve Communication Skills: Short Description

In this article, you'll explore why are communication skills important and their pivotal role in our lives. From unraveling the importance of effective communication to breaking down the core components of these skills, this article is your comprehensive guide. Discover practical strategies, fascinating facts, and essential book recommendations to enhance your ability to connect, persuade, and succeed!

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Exploring What Are Communication Skills

Communication skills are the foundation upon which our ability to interact with others is built. At its core, communication is the process of exchanging information, thoughts, ideas, and emotions with clarity and understanding. But what makes up these essential skills?

• Verbal Communication: This is the most obvious aspect involving the words we choose, the tone we use, and the way we structure our sentences. Effective verbal communication ensures that our message is clear, concise, and easily comprehensible.
• Non-Verbal Communication: Often underestimated, non-verbal cues such as body language, facial expressions, and gestures play a significant role in conveying our feelings and intentions. They can either complement or contradict our verbal communication, making them a crucial aspect of overall communication skills.
• Listening Skills: Communication is a two-way street, and active listening is a vital part of it. It involves not just hearing words but understanding the speaker's perspective, asking questions, and showing empathy. Effective listeners can provide thoughtful responses and foster meaningful conversations.
• Written Communication: In our digital age, written communication is more prevalent than ever. This includes emails, text messages, reports, and even social media posts. Effective written communication requires clarity, proper grammar, and an understanding of the recipient's expectations.
• Interpersonal Skills: These skills encompass our ability to interact with others, build rapport, and maintain healthy relationships. Empathy, conflict resolution, and negotiation fall under this category, as they are crucial for navigating social interactions successfully.
• Presentation Skills: For professionals, being able to convey information persuasively and engagingly is vital. Presentation skills involve structuring content effectively, using visual aids, and delivering information with confidence.

Why Good Communication Skills Matter

Effective communication skills are far from being mere soft skills; they are the lifeblood of our personal and professional lives. According to our experts, here's why they matter:

• Career Advancement: In the workplace, the ability to communicate effectively can be a game-changer. Whether you're giving a presentation, collaborating on a project, or resolving conflicts with colleagues, strong interaction abilities are essential. They can lead to promotions, better job opportunities, and increased job satisfaction.
• Building Relationships: Communication is the cornerstone of any healthy relationship, be it with family, friends, or romantic partners. Good communication fosters trust, understanding, and empathy. It helps resolve conflicts and ensures that everyone's needs and feelings are heard and respected.
• Conflict Resolution: Disagreements and conflicts are inevitable in any human interaction. However, those with strong interaction skills can navigate these situations with grace and effectiveness. They can defuse tension, find common ground, and reach mutually beneficial solutions.
• Personal Growth: Mastering effective communication skills can lead to personal growth and self-awareness. When you can express your thoughts and feelings more clearly, you gain a deeper understanding of yourself and your needs. This self-awareness can lead to increased self-confidence and improved mental well-being.
• Influence and Persuasion: Whether you're a salesperson trying to close a deal or a leader inspiring your team, the power of persuasion is rooted in effective communication. The ability to articulate your ideas persuasively achieved through understanding how to improve your communication skills, can have a significant impact on your success in various aspects of life.

How to Improve Communication Skills: Strategies for Success

Discover the concrete strategies you need to improve communication skills. This guide provides actionable tips, from refining your listening skills to improving your verbal and non-verbal communication. By the end, you'll be equipped with the tools to become a more influential and empathetic communicator, setting yourself up for success in both personal and professional spheres.

Engage as an Attentive Listener

Listening is more than just hearing words; it's about understanding the speaker's message, emotions, and perspective. Being an attentive listener is a skill that can significantly improve your communication:

• Give Your Full Attention: When someone is speaking, put aside distractions and focus on them. Make eye contact and give them your undivided attention. This simple act shows respect and genuine interest in what they're saying.
• Avoid Interruptions: Resist the urge to interrupt or finish the speaker's sentences. Let them express themselves fully before you respond. Interruptions can be frustrating and can hinder effective communication.
• Ask Clarifying Questions: Don't hesitate to ask questions for clarification. If something is unclear, seek more information with open-ended questions like, 'Could you explain that further?' or 'Can you give me an example?'

Strive for Clarity and Brevity

• Use Simple Language: Avoid jargon and complex vocabulary, especially when communicating with a diverse audience. Simplicity often leads to better understanding. For instance, instead of saying, 'I'll optimize the process,' you can say, 'I'll make the process more efficient.'
• Organize Your Thoughts: Before communicating, take a moment to organize your ideas. Structure your message logically, starting with the most important points. This makes it easier for others to follow your thoughts.
• Consider Your Audience: Tailor your message to your audience's level of expertise and familiarity with the topic. Adjust the level of detail accordingly. For instance, when explaining a complex concept to a non-expert, provide a simple analogy or real-life example to enhance understanding.

Plan and Get Ready in Advance

Improving communication skills often involves some level of preparation. Whether you're giving a presentation, having a difficult conversation, or even participating in a casual discussion, planning in advance can boost your confidence and ensure your message is well-received:

• Outline Your Key Points: Before any important conversation or communication event, create a simple outline of the key points you want to convey. This can help you stay on track and ensure you cover all the essential information.
• Anticipate Questions: Think about potential questions or concerns your audience might have. Preparing answers in advance not only demonstrates your expertise but also helps you respond confidently during the conversation.
• Practice if Necessary: For significant presentations or speeches, practicing your message is essential. It's one of the effective time management tips to allocate time for rehearsal. This helps you refine your delivery and reduce nervousness, making your communication more effective. If you find yourself short on time or need additional assistance, consider seeking support from professionals who offer services where you can pay for essay .

Monitor Your Tone

Your tone of voice and body language can convey as much, if not more, than your words. Being aware of your tone is crucial for effective communication:

• Be Mindful of Your Tone: Pay attention to the tone of your voice. Is it friendly, neutral, or confrontational? Adjust your tone to match the message and the situation. For example, when giving feedback, a constructive and empathetic tone is usually more effective than a critical one.
• Watch Your Body Language: Your body language, including gestures, posture, and facial expressions, can either support or contradict your words. If you're saying one thing, but your body language says another, it can create confusion or mistrust.
• Consider Cultural Differences: Different cultures may interpret tone and body language differently. Be aware of cultural nuances, especially in cross-cultural communication. What is seen as friendly in one culture might be seen as intrusive in another.

Pay Attention to Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal cues often speak louder than words. Your body language, facial expressions, and gestures can convey a wealth of information to those you're communicating with. Here's how to leverage nonverbal communication effectively:

• Maintain Eye Contact : When engaged in a conversation, maintaining appropriate eye contact is a hallmark of good communication skills. It demonstrates attentiveness and shows that you are actively participating in the interaction.
• Use Open and Inviting Body Language: Your posture can communicate whether you are open to conversation or closed off. Keep your arms uncrossed, stand or sit with an open stance, and use friendly gestures to show your receptiveness.
• Match Your Nonverbal Cues with Your Message: Ensure that your nonverbal cues align with what you're saying. For example, if you're delivering good news, your facial expressions and body language should reflect positivity and enthusiasm.

Articulate Clearly and Minimize Ambiguity

Clear and unambiguous communication is essential to prevent misunderstandings. Ambiguity can lead to confusion and misinterpretation. Here's how to articulate your message clearly:

• Be Specific: Instead of vague statements, provide concrete details. For example, rather than saying, 'We should meet sometime next week,' say, 'Let's meet on Tuesday at 3 PM.'
• Summarize and Recap: After conveying important information, summarize the key points. This reinforces the message and ensures that everyone is on the same page.
• Ask for Clarification: If you're unsure whether your message has been understood, encourage others to ask questions or provide feedback. This proactive approach can prevent misunderstandings.

Cultivate Your Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence (EQ) plays a significant role in effective communication, which can also be an engaging topic for narrative essay topics . It involves recognizing, understanding, and managing your own emotions, as well as empathizing with the emotions of others. Here's how to cultivate your EQ for better communication:

• Self-awareness: Take time to understand your own emotions and how they influence your communication. Recognize your triggers and biases.
• Empathy: Put yourself in the other person's shoes. Try to understand their emotions, perspectives, and needs. Show empathy by acknowledging their feelings.
• Emotion Regulation: Learn to manage your emotions during conversations. Avoid reacting impulsively when faced with challenging or emotional situations.
• Conflict Resolution: Use your emotional intelligence communication to navigate conflicts constructively. Focus on finding mutually beneficial solutions rather than escalating disputes.

Establish Eye Contact

Eye contact is a powerful nonverbal communication tool that can convey confidence, attentiveness, and trustworthiness. When used appropriately, it enhances the quality of your interactions. Here's how to establish effective eye contact:

• Balance Engagement: When engaging in a conversation, strike a balance with eye contact. Avoid staring intensely, which can be uncomfortable, and also refrain from completely avoiding eye contact, which may signal disinterest.
• Maintain Natural Intervals: It's natural to break eye contact occasionally, especially during moments of reflection or when transitioning between thoughts. These brief breaks help maintain a comfortable and natural flow of conversation.

Remove Filler Words and Avoid Hedging Language

Filler words (such as 'um,' 'uh,' 'like,' and 'you know') and hedging language (phrases like 'I think,' 'sort of,' and 'maybe') can weaken the impact of your message and make you appear less confident. Here's how to eliminate them while also understanding how to improve communication skills overall:

• Record Yourself: To become aware of your use of filler words and hedging phrases, record your conversations or speeches. Listening to these recordings will help you pinpoint instances where you rely on these verbal crutches. This practice not only aids in reducing their use but also enhances your overall communication skills.
• Pause Instead: Instead of resorting to filler words when you need a moment to gather your thoughts, embrace the power of well-placed pauses. Pauses not only eliminate the need for filler words but also make you appear more thoughtful and composed in your speech. This can also improve your grasp of idiom figurative language and the nuances of effective communication.

Project Confidence

Confidence in communication can inspire trust and credibility. It's not just about what you say but how you say it. Here are some ways that will not only help you project confidence in your communication but also teach you how to be confident in school :

• Maintain Good Posture: Stand or sit up straight with your shoulders back. Good posture not only makes you appear more confident but also helps with breath control for clear articulation.
• Use Gestures Purposefully: Gestures can enhance your message, but use them purposefully and naturally. Avoid excessive or distracting movements, which can undermine your confidence.
• Practice Positive Self-Talk: Believe in yourself and your message. Replace negative self-talk with affirmations that boost your self-confidence.

Communication Skills: Intriguing Facts and Stats

Communication is a universal aspect of human existence, but it's also a fascinating field of study filled with surprising facts and statistics. Here are some intriguing insights into the world of communication:

• Words Convey Only a Fraction: While words are essential for communication, research suggests that they only make up about 7% of our message's impact. The tone of voice and nonverbal cues, such as body language and facial expressions, account for the remaining 93%. This underscores the importance of the way we say things.
• The 7-38-55 Rule: Communication researcher Albert Mehrabian proposed a rule stating that in conveying feelings and attitudes, 7% comes from words, 38% from tone of voice, and 55% from body language. While this rule is often debated and may not apply universally, it highlights the multifaceted nature of communication.
• Listening Is Challenging: People generally remember only about 25-50% of what they hear, according to research by Edgar Dale. This statistic emphasizes the importance of active listening skills for effective communication.
• Texting vs. Talking: In the digital age, similar to the digital transformation in higher education , texting has emerged as a predominant mode of communication. Surprisingly, a study by the Pew Research Center found that adults aged 18-29 send and receive an average of 88 text messages per day, compared to just 17 phone calls. This shift in communication methods highlights the evolving landscape of human interaction.
• The Power of First Impressions: Studies have indicated that people form first impressions within just 7-17 seconds of meeting someone. This quick judgment underscores the significance of nonverbal cues and initial interactions in communication.

Books on Communication Skills​

If you're eager to further enhance your skills and delve deeper into the art of effective interaction, there is a wealth of valuable books on communication skills available. Here's a selection of recommended reads:

• 'Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes Are High' by Al Switzler, Joseph Grenny, and Ron McMillan: This book offers practical strategies for navigating high-stakes conversations with confidence, focusing on maintaining dialogue and achieving mutual understanding.
• 'How to Win Friends and Influence People' by Dale Carnegie: A classic in the realm of interpersonal communication, this book provides timeless advice on building positive relationships, influencing others, and becoming a more effective communicator.
• 'Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life' by Marshall B. Rosenberg: Dr. Rosenberg presents a compassionate and empathetic approach to communication, emphasizing the importance of connecting with others on a deeper level through mindful dialogue.
• 'Talk Like TED: The 9 Public-Speaking Secrets of the World's Top Minds' by Carmine Gallo: Drawing from TED Talks, this book uncovers the techniques used by some of the world's most engaging speakers, offering practical advice for improving your public-speaking skills.
• 'The Charisma Myth: How Anyone Can Master the Art and Science of Personal Magnetism' by Olivia Fox Cabane: Charisma is a valuable asset in communication, and this book explores how to develop and exude charisma to enhance your interactions with others.

Where to Enhance These Skills

Understanding how to improve communication skills can be greatly facilitated through online educational platforms that offer courses, workshops, and resources. Here are some reputable platforms where you can hone your skills:

• Toastmasters International: Toastmasters is a renowned organization that focuses on improving public speaking and leadership skills. They offer in-person and online meetings, providing a supportive environment for practicing and enhancing your communication abilities.
• Dale Carnegie Training: The Dale Carnegie programs offer comprehensive training in interpersonal skills, public speaking, and effective communication strategies.
• Skillshare: Skillshare features an array of classes in communication-related topics, including storytelling, effective email communication, and interpersonal skills.
• MasterClass: MasterClass provides access to lessons taught by renowned experts in various fields. You can find courses on communication by experts such as Chris Voss, a negotiation expert and former FBI hostage negotiator.
• TED Talks: While not a traditional educational platform, TED Talks offer a treasure trove of inspiring and informative talks on communication-related topics. These talks can provide valuable insights and ideas for enhancing your skills.

Additionally, if you're specifically interested in Harvard free online courses , you might want to explore its offerings, which often include communication-related subjects among their diverse range of offerings.

Concluding Remarks

By applying the strategies and insights discussed here and exploring educational resources, you can become a more confident, empathetic, and impactful communicator. With practice and dedication, the journey to enhancing your communication skills is well within reach, offering the potential for greater success, meaningful relationships, and personal growth. Additionally, expanding your social circle in an academic environment can further refine your interpersonal skills, so be sure to check out our article on how to make friends at college .

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50 Communication Strategies Examples

Communication strategies are defined as systematic plans designed to promote information exchange or engagement between an entity and its target audience (DeVito, 2012).

Communication strategies are often designed to influence attitudes, behaviors, or understanding of people (Stanton, 2017).

We can use communication strategies on a person-to-person level – coming up with ways to communicate more effectively in our daily lives – or marketing level , such as when marketing and PR companies come up with campaigns designed to communicate brand identity and offerings.

Furthermore, as a form of pedagogy, communication strategies are used to help facilitate learning and comprehension.

Let’s explore some more examples below. The first 25 are for interpersonal communication, while the second 25 are for marketing communication.

Communication Strategies Examples

Interpersonal communication.

1. Active Listening: Active listening is the practice of fully focusing, understanding, responding, and remembering what is being communicated. This strategy requires full attention and careful processing of verbal and non-verbal cues to grasp the speaker’s message.

2. Feedback Loops: Feedback loops are essential mechanisms for individuals to exchange views or understandings. They can help identify misconceptions, improve strategies, and ensure all parties are on the same page.

3. Non-verbal Cues Awareness: This refers to the conscious recognition and interpretation of non-verbal signals or ‘ social cues ‘ like facial expressions, body language, or tone of voice in communication. By practicing this strategy, you can detect unspoken feelings or attitudes that might not come across in words.

4. Open-ended Questioning: Open-ended questions cannot be answered with a simple “yes” or “no”. By allowing the speaker to express their ideas in their own words, you encourage fuller, fresher responses and stimulate more interactive communication.

5. Storytelling: Storytelling is an age-old technique that involves conveying ideas and messages through a narrative. This strategy can evoke emotions, create connection, and increase the understanding or retention of information.

6. Clear and Concise Messaging: This strategy involves distilling complex ideas down to their simplest forms for ease of understanding. Clear and concise messaging diminishes room for misinterpretation and ensures the core message is well received.

7. Repetition for Emphasis: A key strategy in communication, repetition, involves restating crucial points or messages multiple times to reinforce understanding or retention. This assists in emphasizing significant issues and ensuring maximum impact.

8. Visual Aids and Infographics: Utilizing visual aids like diagrams, charts or infographics supports verbal communication by providing a visual representation of the topic. This can boost understanding, particularly for complex or abstract concepts.

See Also: Visual Communication Examples

9. Use of Emotional Intelligence: Emotional intelligence refers to the capacity to perceive, handle, and assess emotions. By applying emotional intelligence in communication, you can interpret emotions effectively, foster positive interactions, and navigate potential conflicts.

10. Empathetic Communication: Empathic communication is about understanding and sharing the feelings of others during a conversation. It promotes trust, respect, and mutual understanding, paving the way for more fruitful discussions.

11. Tailored Messaging: Tailored messaging involves adjusting your communication style or content to match your audience’s specific needs or contexts. This personalization can lead to higher engagement, understanding, and positive response rates.

12. Feedback Solicitation: Actively asking for feedback from others provides valuable insights into how your communication is received and areas for improvement. This promotes a culture of openness and continuous learning.

13. Using Analogies and Metaphors: This strategy involves the use of analogies and metaphors to explain complex concepts. Simplifying hard-to-grasp ideas this way can help your audience better understand your message (Rath & Bharadwaj, 2017).

14. Transparent Communication: Transparent communication requires honesty and forthcomingness in delivering messages. It builds trust, nurtures a supportive communication climate, and encourages open dialogue.

15. Avoiding Jargon: Avoiding technical language or jargon that the receiver may not understand is integral to clear communication. By sticking to simple and familiar language, the message can be understood more accurately.

Additional Examples

• Assertive Communication
• Conflict Resolution
• Reflective Listening
• Effective Praise
• Constructive Criticism
• Relationship Management
• Emotional Self-regulation
• Using Humor
• Patience and Tolerance
• Code-switching

See More Interpersonal Communication Examples Here

Marketing Communication

1. Brand Storytelling: Brand storytelling is a narrative marketing strategy, helping humanize the brand and create emotional ties with customers. This strategy is not about selling products, but expressing who you are as a brand (Naumovska, 2017).

2. Content Marketing: This strategy involves creating valuable content to engage customers, instead of direct sales pitches. Content marketing aims to establish a brand as an expert in its industry and keep it top-of-mind for consumers.

3. Social Media Campaigns: Social media campaigns involve using one or more social platforms to promote a product, service, or idea. These campaigns connect brands with a wide audience, promoting interaction and increasing visibility (Komariah, Erdiana, & Mutia, 2020).

4. Influencer Partnerships: This strategy is based on partnering with influencers – individuals who have a strong online presence or followers – to promote products or services. Their endorsements can boost a brand’s reach and credibility, especially among younger consumers (Naumovska, 2017).

5. Email Marketing and Newsletters: Email marketing involves sending direct messages to potential or current customers. Well-designed newsletters can provide valuable content, offer special deals, and keep your brand in customers’ minds.

6. User-Generated Content Promotion: User-generated content is promotion by customers themselves, often through reviews or social media posts about a brand. Encouraging and sharing this authentic content can increase trust and draw in other potential customers.

7. Interactive Webinars and Live Sessions: These are online events where a brand shares information or experiences in real-time. They encourage interactive communication, strengthen customer relationships, and position your brand as an industry leader.

8. Advertising: This traditional strategy involves creating and placing promotional messages across various media. Advertising is a proven way of reaching large audiences, raising brand awareness, and persuading consumers to buy (Stanton, 2017).

9. Customer Testimonials and Case Studies: These are real-life examples of how a brand’s product or service met a customer’s needs. They add authenticity to a brand’s messages and can be convincing sales tools.

10. Loyalty Programs: These reward customers for repeat business, improving customer retention and augmenting sales. A well-executed loyalty program gives consumers a reason to continue doing business with a brand (Naumovska, 2017).

11. Product Launches and Press Releases: A product launch is a powerful communication strategy that generates buzz around a new product or service. Simultaneously, press releases provide detailed information about significant company news to journalists and the broader public.

12. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Strategies: SEO involves improving a website to increase its visibility in search engine results. High SEO rankings can attract more visitors, who may turn into customers.

13. Crisis Management Plans: These are pre-established guidelines to handle a sudden crisis negatively affecting the brand. Effective crisis management helps maintain customer trust, even when things go wrong.

14. Audience Segmentation: It’s about dividing a brand’s target market into subgroups based on shared traits. Such segmentation allows for more accurate targeting and tailored communication strategies (Stanton, 2017).

15. Cross-Promotion with Complementary Brands: This strategy involves a partnership between two brands to promote each other’s products or services. Such collaborations can expose each brand to the other’s customer base, leading to increased visibility and sales opportunities.

• Guerrilla Marketing
• Affiliate Marketing
• Multi-channel Marketing
• Viral Marketing
• Personalization and Customised Experience
• Influencer Meet-ups or Events
• Public Relations (PR) Strategies
• Video Marketing
• Charity Partnerships
• Sponsorship Deals

Communication strategies are an integral part of our professional and personal interactions. They help in disseminating information effectively, thus bridging the gap between different people, departments, or organizations. Given their significance, learning to develop and deploy effective communication strategies is a vital skill in today’s interconnected world.

Bloomfield, E. (2019).  Communication strategies for engaging climate skeptics: Religion and the environment . Routledge.

DeVito, J. A. (2012). 50 Communication Strategies . iUniverse.

Komariah, E., Erdiana, N., & Mutia, T. (2020). Communication strategies used by EFL students in classroom speaking activities.  International Journal of Language Studies ,  14 (3).

Naumovska, L. (2017). Marketing communication strategies for generation Y–millennials .  Business Management and Strategy ,  8 (1), 123-133.

Rath, P., & Bharadwaj, A. (2017).  Communication Strategies for Corporate Leaders: Implications for the Global Market . New York: Taylor & Francis.

Stanton, R. (2017). Strategic Corporate Communication . London: Macmillan Education UK. ISBN: 9781137544087, 1137544082.

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Communication Strategies: Explained with Types & Examples

A communication strategy is a plan that outlines how an organization or individual will communicate with its target audience. It includes a set of goals and objectives, key messages, communication channels, tactics, and metrics to measure the success of the communication efforts.

A communication strategy is designed to help an organization achieve its communication goals, whether to inform, educate, persuade, or engage its target audience. It can be used for various purposes, such as promoting a new product or service, building brand awareness, managing a crisis, or influencing public opinion.

Effective communication strategies are tailored to the specific needs and preferences of the target audience and take into account the broader social, cultural, and political context in which they operate. They also rely on various communication channels, such as social media, email, traditional media, events, and advertising, to reach the intended audience.

How to design a communication strategy

Designing a communication strategy involves several steps that should be followed to ensure the strategy is effective and meets the organization’s objectives. Here are the general steps you can follow:

• Define your objectives: Start by defining the objectives of your communication strategy. Determine what you want to achieve with the communication strategy. Objectives can include increasing brand awareness, customer engagement, or sales.
• Identify your target audience: Identify the audience you want to reach with your communication strategy. Consider their demographics, interests, behaviors, and communication preferences.
• Develop key messages: Develop key messages that will resonate with your target audience. These messages should be clear, concise, and memorable.
• Determine communication channels: Determine the communication channels you will use to reach your target audience. These include social media, email marketing, website content, print materials, and other channels.
• Create a content plan: Develop a content plan outlining the content types you will create for each communication channel. Consider the format, tone, and style of each piece of content.
• Establish a timeline: Develop a timeline for the execution of your communication strategy. This timeline should include key milestones and deadlines.
• Evaluate and adjust: Evaluate the effectiveness of your communication strategy regularly and adjust as needed. Consider feedback from your target audience and analyze the impact of your communication efforts on your objectives.

Barnlund’s transactional model of communication with Example

Remember, an effective communication strategy is tailored to the needs and preferences of your target audience. Following these steps, you can develop a communication strategy that effectively communicates your message and achieves your objectives.

By the way, to communicate our strategy effectively within the team, we all need a robust collaboration platform. Miro is the leading visual collaboration platform. Build anything together on Miro. It’s free and as easy to use as a whiteboard , but endlessly more powerful. Do use the Miro platform for strong communication within your team.

Examples of communication strategy

Here are some examples of communication strategies:

• Clear and concise messaging: A communication strategy should focus on creating messages that are easy to understand and convey the intended meaning. This means using simple language, avoiding jargon, and being direct.
• Targeted communication: A communication strategy should consider the audience and tailor the messages accordingly. For example, if the target audience is teenagers, the communication strategy should use language and visuals that appeal to that age group.
• Multi-channel communication: A communication strategy should consider multiple channels to reach the audience. This could include social media, email, phone calls, in-person meetings, etc.
• Consistent branding: A communication strategy should use consistent branding across all channels to create a cohesive and recognizable brand identity. This could include using the same logo, colors, and messaging across all communication channels.
• Listening and responding: A communication strategy should include a process for listening to feedback and responding to questions or concerns. This could involve monitoring social media channels or creating a customer service team to respond to inquiries.
• Measuring success: A communication strategy should include measuring the messaging and channels’ success. This could consist of tracking social media engagement rates, customer satisfaction scores, or sales figures.

Internal Communication Strategy & Plan| Examples| Best practices

Types of communication strategies

Several types of communication strategies can be used depending on the specific situation and purpose of communication. Here are some types:

• Verbal communication includes face-to-face conversations, phone calls, and video conferencing. Verbal communication is an effective way to convey complex ideas and emotions and establish a personal connection.
• Written Communication: This includes emails, letters, reports, memos, and other written forms of communication. Written communication allows for precise and detailed communication and can serve as a permanent record of the communication.
• Nonverbal Communication: This includes body language, facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice. Nonverbal communication can convey emotions, attitudes, and intentions without using words.
• Visual Communication: This includes graphs, charts, diagrams, photographs, videos, and other visual aids. Visual communication can simplify complex ideas and data and make communication more engaging.
• Persuasive Communication: This is used to influence others to take a specific action or adopt a particular viewpoint. Persuasive communication can be achieved through various techniques such as storytelling, emotional appeals, and logical arguments.
• Crisis Communication: This is used to address and manage communication during a crisis, such as a natural disaster, product recall, or data breach. Crisis communication requires timely and accurate information, empathy, and transparency.
• Interpersonal Communication: This refers to communication between individuals and is often used in social or professional contexts. Interpersonal communication can include active listening, feedback, and negotiation skills.

Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy  

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Communication Strategies – Essay Sample

One of the characteristics that distinguish inanimate objects from animate objects is the ability to, and the tendency to communicate. Communication is the process by which a message or messages are exchanged between two or more parties (Components of Communication Process, 2008.) This process can take an endless array of forms, both verbal and nonverbal. Two people exchanging words over the telephone; an artist creating an image on canvas; a chef preparing a meal for foreign visitors: all of these situations involve communicating a message. This paper will discuss a variety of elements pertaining to communication, including distinctions between forms of communication, barriers to communication and methods to overcome such barriers.

Context is a significant aspect of communication. The circumstance in which a message is delivered is vital to the understanding of that message. For example, in some cultures, calling an adult by his or her first name would be considered disrespectful whereas in other cultures, the same practice would be experienced as a way to connect with that person in an informal, friendly way. Another aspect of communication is that there is a person or entity that sends a message, either verbally or nonverbally. The main point that is intended to be communicated is the message, which can be verbal or nonverbal. The manner in which the message is expressed is known as the medium; the sender must decide what will be the most effective way to convey the message to the intended recipients. For example, a large corporation might utilize sending memos to communicate important policy changes to its employees; a smaller company might simply hold a staff meeting to discuss the same sort of information.

Messages are designed to be received by a single recipient or a group of people. The type of message that is sent needs to be tailored to the receivers, taking into account variables such as their knowledge base, their responsiveness to the message, and the dependence of the sender on the receiver (Components of Communication Process, 2008.) Finally, another major component of communication is feedback, since it allows the person who sends the message to understand whether or not the message has been effective. Feedback can take many forms, such as verbal, nonverbal, or written.

Often, people confuse two crucial aspects of communication: hearing and listening. It is a mistake to considering these two terms as synonymous. Hearing is a passive act, occurring when sound is perceived by the ear. It requires no effort on the part of the sound receiver; it simply occurs. Listening is a more active process, utilizing concentration so that the brain can determine the meaning of the words or sentences that it is taking in. The result of listening is frequently learning (Hearing Versus Listening, 2011.)

Within the criminal justice system, there are both formal and informal modes of communication. The formal channels of communication follow the hierarchy of the system; the chain of command determines methods of communication within each level, with the directors establishing means of communication and determining to who each subordinate is to report (Sinclair, 2011.) These standards are developed through written policies and procedures. Informal methods of communication within the system are sometimes called “the grapevine.” Examples of such exchange of information would be talking at the water cooler, going out for drinks after work to talk about matters on the job, and talking by phone to one’s colleagues.

Communication can be impacted by certain barriers that may occur. One of these involves perceptual and language differences. Every individual experiences his or her environment in a different way that is unique to that person. If the message is received which contradicts that person’s values, that message may be rejected. Likewise, language differences may result in misunderstandings between people. For example, a person may describe another person as “big” when referring to their height, while the person who hears that adjective may understand it to mean that the person is overweight. Another obstacle to communication may be inattention, when someone simply isn’t listening to what is being said but may be preoccupied with other things.

Distractions and noise can also be a barrier to effective communication; for example, if the environment contains factors that are not comfortable such as poor lighting, uncomfortable seating, or an unclean environment, either the speaker or the receiver of the message may be distracted (Communication Barriers– Reasons for Communication Breakdown, 2008.) The emotional tone in the conversation may also have an effect on what is transmitted; if one of the parties involves is upset or hostile, that person may experience the information being sent as very negative. For example, if a parent receives news that is distressing or upsetting, he or she may speak to their child in a tone that reflects that emotion, resulting in the child feeling that the parent is angry with him or her.

There are many ways to avoid barriers in communication, such as minimizing or eliminating perceptual distinctions, using easy to understand language, minimizing noise or distractions, being an attentive listener, being aware of nonverbal signals one is emitting such as body language, and giving constructive feedback. Utilizing such methods when engaging in communication with others can significantly reduce the chances that there will be a breakdown in communication. …

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Communication Strategies as a Part of a Successful Cooperation Essay

Communicative strategies, as it is known, are a rather important part of rational and successful cooperation and negotiation. One of such strategies is a personal approach when the attitude towards a person is built by his or her character traits and the manner of communication. Besides, the correct timing of information is also useful, when a person provides an interlocutor with some data at the time when it is necessary and convenient for the second. One of the successful strategies is listening, where active listening is an integral part of effective interpersonal communication. It is better to set verbal contact with a person while attentively listening to him or her. Brierton, Graham, Tomal, and Wilhite (2016) note that one of the best methods is not to interrupt, look sufficiently concerned and listen to what a person says.

Several useful techniques may contribute to the process of building collaboration and trust in the workplace. One of the methods is concession-making, which allows another party to feel confident and encourages a person for reasonable dialogue. Other techniques are called meditation (an attempt to persuade an interlocutor calmly) and arbitration (the method of involving a third person to resolve a difficult situation). These ways of collaboration are likely to help build an efficient and quiet working atmosphere.

Some useful tactics can help in the process of successful negotiations. For example, the fait accompli is a way to come to a particular conclusion quickly. If a party uses if-tactic, it is possible to use the method of what-if to counter it. The forbearance tactic is rather a good chance to solve any problem while being patient and discreet. Ethics is an integral part of successful negotiations; therefore, it may be better to form any dialogue correctly and reasonably to achieve understanding and agreement.

Brierton, J. T., Graham, B. F., Tomal, D. R., & Wilhite, R. K. (2016). Ethics and politics in school leadership: Finding common ground . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

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