how to cite research starter

How do I cite a "Research Starter" in the APA style?

"Research Starters" is a feature included in the EBSCO Discovery Service , and is most often an article from an encyclopedia or comparable reference book that provides an overview of a topic.

Bibliographic information is provided in the Title information that appears before at the top if the article.

Because this is an entry in an encyclopedia, use the following format to create the reference:

Also, note that according to APA rules, the URL is the home page of the publisher and not the URL that is displayed at the top of the page in the Discovery search.

The in-text citation for this particular articles would be:

                        (Isola, 2013)    

                               OR

                        According to Isola (2013),...

• Research and Library
• Last Updated Jun 30, 2020
• Answered By Suzanne Schriefer, Librarian

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What is the Research Starters feature in EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS)?

Jun 29, 2023 • knowledge, information.

Research Starters is a feature in EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS) that provides links to citable, authoritative summary articles for thousands of popular topics. Designed to assist users with their research, this feature was developed based on extensive studies with undergraduate and graduate students.

When a user conducts a search in EDS, a Research Starter (outlined below in red) may appear at the top of the Result List.  For those topics identified as most popular, Research Starters will retrieve relevant articles that link the user to related information and detailed bibliographies.

Research Starters content is curated from a variety of high-quality reference sources, including the Salem Press brand and H.W. Wilson.

Salem Press Titles

The Salem Press articles in Research Starters are cited with a Source of:

• Salem Press Encyclopedia
• Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science
• Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia
• Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health
• Salem Press Encyclopedia of Literature

Currently these titles only exist as part of Research Starters (they will be included in additional databases in the future); however, most of the articles with these sources are updated or revised versions of articles from almost 100 Salem Press reference books. These updates have been made specifically to ensure that Research Starters maintains accuracy and currency.  In many cases, changes have been made in the text and the bibliography. 

In order to cover important topics that did not have existing articles in the Salem Press catalog, the Salem Press content team has written additional articles specifically for Research Starters and continue to write new articles. As with the updates and revisions, these are created with the same high editorial standards as the Salem Press print titles. These new articles are written by professional writers, under the direction of the same editorial team as Salem Press print titles and with standards set for acceptable research sources and with checks against plagiarism. 

Using Research Starters

If a Research Starter appears on the Result List, as in the example above, simply click the article title or the More button to read about the topic or find related articles and images.

From the overview article page, you can read the HTML Full Text article, listen to the article using the Text-to-Speech feature, or add it to your personal folder. You can also click the icons under Tools to print the article, email it, save it to your computer, etc.

Note: If you do not wish to display the Research Starters placard on your EDS results list, you may disable the feature in EBSCO admin .

Configuring Research Starters

•  Log in to EBSCO admin . The Customize Services tab is the default.
• Select your EDS profile from the Choose Profile drop-down menu.
• Select the Databases sub-tab. You will now see all databases associated with your selected EDS profile.
• Use the drop-down on the left-hand side to Show: Disabled databases.
• Scroll down to Research Starters (ers) and select the Enable: On 
• Click Submit.
• Proceed to the Viewing Results sub-tab.
• Under General Settings , set the "Display Research Starters Feature Area" radio button to On .
• Click the Submit button.

To disable the Research Starters feature:

• Log in to EBSCO admin . The Customize Services tab is the default.
• Click the Viewing Results sub-tab.
• Under General Settings , set the "Display Research Starters Feature Area" radio button to Off .

APA Style, 7th edition - Citing Sources

What's new with the 7th edition, what is apa format, apa 7th references basics, apa style blog, apa tutorials.

• Formatting the Paper
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Research Librarian

For more help on this topic, please contact our Research Help Desk: [email protected] or 781-768-7303. Stay up-to-date on our current hours . Note: all hours are EST.

This Guide was created by Carolyn Swidrak (retired).

APA introduced the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association in October 2019.  A major change from the 6th edition is that the 7th edition addresses specific style formats for student papers (as opposed to professional papers to be submitted for publication).  See the Student vs. Professional tab for more information on the differences between student and professional formatting. 

The Regis Library can help you!

We can teach you how to set up your paper, cite the sources within your paper, and format your reference list.  Drop by, call, or email!  Let us know if you need help! 

Learning how to cite properly is important.  Good citations help the reader locate the sources you used.  Giving proper credit for your sources is necessary in order to prevent plagiarism. 

This guide provides basic APA information and points you to more in-depth information on other websites.  APA format is complex and takes time to learn.  You can figure it out with the assistance of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed.) and various online guides.  Librarians are also available to help.  Keep in mind that your professor has the final say on format, so always check with your professor as well.

APA Style ® originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules , that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension.

As with other editorial styles, APA Style consists of rules or guidelines that a publisher observes to ensure clear and consistent presentation of written material. It concerns uniform use of such elements as

• selection of headings, tone, and length;
• punctuation and abbreviations;
• presentation of numbers and statistics;
• construction of tables and figures,
• citation of references; and
• many other elements that are a part of a manuscript.

APA Style rules and guidelines are found in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7 th ed.).

Apa manual. book (print copy). available on amazon and elsewhere..

This book is an essential purchase .  Your writing tutor or the Regis librarian will refer to various pages within this book when answering questions.  

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037.0000165-000

• APA Citation Basics- 7th ed A cheat sheet, put together by Regis Librarians, to help you get the basics down for the References List.

The APA maintains a searchable blog that addresses questions from users.  It is located at  https://apastyle.apa.org/blog

Keep in mind that this is a searchable blog! 

• APA Style Tutorial & Webinars For those that are just starting out with APA and those who are making the switch to the new edition, these resources are from the APA Style folks themselves.
• Regis College Library APA 7th Style Tutorial Use this interactive tutorial to get a better grasp of the APA citation style!
• Purdue OWL Online Writing Lab

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides a comprehensive online guide to using APA.

• Next: Formatting the Paper >>
• Last Updated: Feb 21, 2024 12:05 PM
• URL: https://libguides.regiscollege.edu/APA7

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• Knowledge Base
• Research paper

Writing a Research Paper Introduction | Step-by-Step Guide

Published on September 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on March 27, 2023.

The introduction to a research paper is where you set up your topic and approach for the reader. It has several key goals:

• Present your topic and get the reader interested
• Provide background or summarize existing research
• Position your own approach
• Detail your specific research problem and problem statement
• Give an overview of the paper’s structure

The introduction looks slightly different depending on whether your paper presents the results of original empirical research or constructs an argument by engaging with a variety of sources.

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Table of contents

Step 1: introduce your topic, step 2: describe the background, step 3: establish your research problem, step 4: specify your objective(s), step 5: map out your paper, research paper introduction examples, frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.

The first job of the introduction is to tell the reader what your topic is and why it’s interesting or important. This is generally accomplished with a strong opening hook.

The hook is a striking opening sentence that clearly conveys the relevance of your topic. Think of an interesting fact or statistic, a strong statement, a question, or a brief anecdote that will get the reader wondering about your topic.

For example, the following could be an effective hook for an argumentative paper about the environmental impact of cattle farming:

A more empirical paper investigating the relationship of Instagram use with body image issues in adolescent girls might use the following hook:

Don’t feel that your hook necessarily has to be deeply impressive or creative. Clarity and relevance are still more important than catchiness. The key thing is to guide the reader into your topic and situate your ideas.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

This part of the introduction differs depending on what approach your paper is taking.

In a more argumentative paper, you’ll explore some general background here. In a more empirical paper, this is the place to review previous research and establish how yours fits in.

Argumentative paper: Background information

After you’ve caught your reader’s attention, specify a bit more, providing context and narrowing down your topic.

Provide only the most relevant background information. The introduction isn’t the place to get too in-depth; if more background is essential to your paper, it can appear in the body .

Empirical paper: Describing previous research

For a paper describing original research, you’ll instead provide an overview of the most relevant research that has already been conducted. This is a sort of miniature literature review —a sketch of the current state of research into your topic, boiled down to a few sentences.

This should be informed by genuine engagement with the literature. Your search can be less extensive than in a full literature review, but a clear sense of the relevant research is crucial to inform your own work.

Begin by establishing the kinds of research that have been done, and end with limitations or gaps in the research that you intend to respond to.

The next step is to clarify how your own research fits in and what problem it addresses.

Argumentative paper: Emphasize importance

In an argumentative research paper, you can simply state the problem you intend to discuss, and what is original or important about your argument.

Empirical paper: Relate to the literature

In an empirical research paper, try to lead into the problem on the basis of your discussion of the literature. Think in terms of these questions:

• What research gap is your work intended to fill?
• What limitations in previous work does it address?
• What contribution to knowledge does it make?

You can make the connection between your problem and the existing research using phrases like the following.

Now you’ll get into the specifics of what you intend to find out or express in your research paper.

The way you frame your research objectives varies. An argumentative paper presents a thesis statement, while an empirical paper generally poses a research question (sometimes with a hypothesis as to the answer).

Argumentative paper: Thesis statement

The thesis statement expresses the position that the rest of the paper will present evidence and arguments for. It can be presented in one or two sentences, and should state your position clearly and directly, without providing specific arguments for it at this point.

Empirical paper: Research question and hypothesis

The research question is the question you want to answer in an empirical research paper.

Present your research question clearly and directly, with a minimum of discussion at this point. The rest of the paper will be taken up with discussing and investigating this question; here you just need to express it.

A research question can be framed either directly or indirectly.

• This study set out to answer the following question: What effects does daily use of Instagram have on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls?
• We investigated the effects of daily Instagram use on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls.

If your research involved testing hypotheses , these should be stated along with your research question. They are usually presented in the past tense, since the hypothesis will already have been tested by the time you are writing up your paper.

For example, the following hypothesis might respond to the research question above:

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The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

• Missing commas and periods
• Incorrect usage of “et al.”
• Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
• Missing reference entries

The final part of the introduction is often dedicated to a brief overview of the rest of the paper.

In a paper structured using the standard scientific “introduction, methods, results, discussion” format, this isn’t always necessary. But if your paper is structured in a less predictable way, it’s important to describe the shape of it for the reader.

If included, the overview should be concise, direct, and written in the present tense.

• This paper will first discuss several examples of survey-based research into adolescent social media use, then will go on to …
• This paper first discusses several examples of survey-based research into adolescent social media use, then goes on to …

Full examples of research paper introductions are shown in the tabs below: one for an argumentative paper, the other for an empirical paper.

• Argumentative paper
• Empirical paper

Are cows responsible for climate change? A recent study (RIVM, 2019) shows that cattle farmers account for two thirds of agricultural nitrogen emissions in the Netherlands. These emissions result from nitrogen in manure, which can degrade into ammonia and enter the atmosphere. The study’s calculations show that agriculture is the main source of nitrogen pollution, accounting for 46% of the country’s total emissions. By comparison, road traffic and households are responsible for 6.1% each, the industrial sector for 1%. While efforts are being made to mitigate these emissions, policymakers are reluctant to reckon with the scale of the problem. The approach presented here is a radical one, but commensurate with the issue. This paper argues that the Dutch government must stimulate and subsidize livestock farmers, especially cattle farmers, to transition to sustainable vegetable farming. It first establishes the inadequacy of current mitigation measures, then discusses the various advantages of the results proposed, and finally addresses potential objections to the plan on economic grounds.

The rise of social media has been accompanied by a sharp increase in the prevalence of body image issues among women and girls. This correlation has received significant academic attention: Various empirical studies have been conducted into Facebook usage among adolescent girls (Tiggermann & Slater, 2013; Meier & Gray, 2014). These studies have consistently found that the visual and interactive aspects of the platform have the greatest influence on body image issues. Despite this, highly visual social media (HVSM) such as Instagram have yet to be robustly researched. This paper sets out to address this research gap. We investigated the effects of daily Instagram use on the prevalence of body image issues among adolescent girls. It was hypothesized that daily Instagram use would be associated with an increase in body image concerns and a decrease in self-esteem ratings.

The introduction of a research paper includes several key elements:

• A hook to catch the reader’s interest
• Relevant background on the topic
• Details of your research problem

and your problem statement

• A thesis statement or research question
• Sometimes an overview of the paper

Don’t feel that you have to write the introduction first. The introduction is often one of the last parts of the research paper you’ll write, along with the conclusion.

This is because it can be easier to introduce your paper once you’ve already written the body ; you may not have the clearest idea of your arguments until you’ve written them, and things can change during the writing process .

The way you present your research problem in your introduction varies depending on the nature of your research paper . A research paper that presents a sustained argument will usually encapsulate this argument in a thesis statement .

A research paper designed to present the results of empirical research tends to present a research question that it seeks to answer. It may also include a hypothesis —a prediction that will be confirmed or disproved by your research.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, March 27). Writing a Research Paper Introduction | Step-by-Step Guide. Scribbr. Retrieved March 28, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/research-paper-introduction/

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University Library

Start your research.

• Research Process
• Find Background Info
• Find Sources through the Library
• Evaluate Your Info
• Cite Your Sources
• Evaluate, Write & Cite

• is the right thing to do  to give credit to those who had the idea
• shows that you have read and understand  what experts have had to say about your topic
• helps people find the sources  that you used in case they want to read more about the topic
• provides   evidence  for your arguments
• is professional and  standard practice   for students and scholars

What is a Citation?

A citation identifies for the reader the original source for an idea, information, or image that is referred to in a work.

• In the body of a paper, the  in-text citation  acknowledges the source of information used.
• At the end of a paper, the citations are compiled on a  References  or  Works Cited  list. A basic citation includes the author, title, and publication information of the source. 

From:  Lemieux  Library,  University  of Seattle 

Why Should You Cite?

Quoting Are you quoting two or more consecutive words from a source? Then the original source should be cited and the words or phrase placed in quotes. 

Paraphrasing If an idea or information comes from another source,  even if you put it in your own words , you still need to credit the source.  General vs. Unfamiliar Knowledge You do not need to cite material which is accepted common knowledge. If in doubt whether your information is common knowledge or not, cite it. Formats We usually think of books and articles. However, if you use material from web sites, films, music, graphs, tables, etc. you'll also need to cite these as well.

Plagiarism is presenting the words or ideas of someone else as your own without proper acknowledgment of the source. When you work on a research paper and use supporting material from works by others, it's okay to quote people and use their ideas, but you do need to correctly credit them. Even when you summarize or paraphrase information found in books, articles, or Web pages, you must acknowledge the original author.

Citation Style Help

Helpful links:

• MLA ,  Works Cited : A Quick Guide (a template of core elements)
• CSE  (Council of Science Editors)

For additional writing resources specific to styles listed here visit the  Purdue OWL Writing Lab

Citation and Bibliography Resources

• How to Write an Annotated Bibliography
• << Previous: Evaluate Your Info
• Next: Evaluate, Write & Cite >>

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License except where otherwise noted.

Land Acknowledgement

The land on which we gather is the unceded territory of the Awaswas-speaking Uypi Tribe. The Amah Mutsun Tribal Band, comprised of the descendants of indigenous people taken to missions Santa Cruz and San Juan Bautista during Spanish colonization of the Central Coast, is today working hard to restore traditional stewardship practices on these lands and heal from historical trauma.

The land acknowledgement used at UC Santa Cruz was developed in partnership with the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band Chairman and the Amah Mutsun Relearning Program at the UCSC Arboretum .

Finding Background Information

• Search Options
• Publications

EBSCO's Research Starters

Using research starters, citing research starters.

Research Starters is a feature available when searching DragonQuest . You may notice when you enter a generic search term into DragonQuest that a research starter is your first result.

Research Starter  entries are similar to a Wikipedia entry of the topic, but Research Starters  are pulled from quality sources such as Salem Press, Encyclopedia Britannica, and American National Biography. Research Starters can be a great place to begin your research, if you're not yet sure about your topic details.

To use  Research Starters  click on the title just as you would for any other DragonQuest entry. You will then find a broad overview of the topic. This entry is great for finding

• Subtopics that can narrow your searching  
• Background information to support your claims  
• Sources you can use and cite in your research

We do not recommend that you use  Research Starters  as a source itself though, because of the difficulties in citation.

Using  Research Starters  as an actual source is not recommended.

Just as we do not recommend using Wikipedia as a source,  Research Starters is the same. Use  Research Starters  as a starting point to get ideas about how to narrow your search and to use its bibliography to find sources you can cite.

We recommend this because citing  Research Starters  can be tricky as sometimes it will have insufficient bibliographic data to create your reference page.

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• Last Updated: May 22, 2023 10:46 AM
• URL: https://library.tiffin.edu/reference

Holman Library

Library Research: A Step-By-Step Guide

• Step 5: Cite Your Sources
• Library Research: A Step-by-Step Guide
• 1a. Understand Your Assignment
• 1b. Select a Topic
• 1c. Develop Research Questions
• 1d. Identify Search Words
• 1e. Find Background Info
• 1f. Refine Your Topic
• 2a. Use Smart Search Strategies
• 2b. Find Books
• 2c. Find Audio and Video
• 2d. Find Articles
• 2e. Find Websites
• 2f. Find Info in Holman Library One Search
• 3a. Evaluate By Specific Criteria
• 3b. Distinguish Between Scholarly/Popular Sources
• Step 4: Write

Definitions

Some definitions.

A citation reflects all of the information a person would need to locate a particular source. For example, basic citation information for a book consists of name(s) of author(s) or editor(s), title of the book, name of publisher, place of publication, and most recent copyright date.

Citation styles

A citation style (such as "APA" or "MLA") dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting.

Bibliographies

A bibliography is an organized list of citations.

Annotated bibliographies

In an annotated bibliography, each citation is followed by a brief note—or annotation—that describes and/or evaluates the source and the information found in it.

A works cited or reference page

A works cited (MLA style) or references (APA style) list presents citations for those sources referenced or cited in a particular paper, presentation, or other composition.

In-text citations

An in-text citation consists of just enough information to correspond to a source's full citation in a Works Cited or References list. In-text citations often require a page number (or numbers) showing exactly where relevant information was found in the original source.

An Abstract

An abstract is a summary of an article or other work and cannot be used as if it were the full text. You should not reference or cite an abstract in a paper or presentation, but instead find the full text.

Step 5: Cite your sources

Why cite sources, avoid plagiarizing.

You must cite any direct quotation, summary, or paraphrase of any idea or fact from your research. Citing sources is giving credit to the original author and publication where you found the information. 

Lend Authority to Your Research: 

By referencing the work of scholars and other professionals, you demonstrate that your own research is based on solid, reliable information and that you are capable of critical thinking by being able to synthesize that research into your own.

Provide a Path: 

By citing sources, you provide the information readers of your paper need in order to locate the same sources that you did. 

Acknowledge Other's Work: 

Part of your research is built upon the research of other people. It is respectful and fair to give them credit for their hard work (just as you would hope someone would give you credit if they were quoting your own work!)

What are citations?

Citation basics.

Review the list and image below, which both outline how the in-text citation in your essay connects to the larger reference page of your work. 

(click on image to enlarge)

• Place in-text citations in the body of the paper to acknowledge the source of your information.  This is meant to be a shortened version of the full citation that appears on the final page of your paper.
• Place full citations for all your sources on the last page entitled References or Works Cited (different citation styles require different titles).  Full citations are meant to provide readers with enough information so that they can locate the source themselves.
• APA or MLA are citation styles.  Each has different guidelines for how source information (author, title, year...etc.) should be formatted and punctuated for both in-text citations and for the References or Works Cited pages

Consult a guide for the specific citation style you are using:

• APA Citation Style Guide Offers complete and detailed instructions on APA citation style as well as annotated bibliographies, verbal citations and formatted essay examples.
• MLA Citation Style Offers complete and detailed instructions on MLA citation style as well as annotated bibliographies, verbal citations and formatted essay examples.
• Other Citation Styles

Resources to learn more about why you should cite!

Avoid plagiarism.

• Verbal Citations

Check and cite your sources

Citations are crucial to avoiding plagiarism and in giving credit to the creators of the sources you used! But citations are very nitty gritty; they're all about the tiny details! Take the time to sign up for a NoodleTools account that can help you get those citations created with ease!

Image Source:  "Verification"  by  Mohamed Hassan  is in the  Public Domain, CC0

Automatic citation generator

Noodletools.

Access online tutorials using the links below:

• NoodleTools Quick Start Guide
• NoodleTools How-To Guide
• Video Tutorial: NoodleTools (length=10:02)
• NoodleTools: Importing Citations from Library Databases

Quick guides: APA and MLA

Citation quick guides.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources

How to Cite Sources

Here is a complete list for how to cite sources. Most of these guides present citation guidance and examples in MLA, APA, and Chicago.

If you’re looking for general information on MLA or APA citations , the EasyBib Writing Center was designed for you! It has articles on what’s needed in an MLA in-text citation , how to format an APA paper, what an MLA annotated bibliography is, making an MLA works cited page, and much more!

MLA Format Citation Examples

The Modern Language Association created the MLA Style, currently in its 9th edition, to provide researchers with guidelines for writing and documenting scholarly borrowings.  Most often used in the humanities, MLA style (or MLA format ) has been adopted and used by numerous other disciplines, in multiple parts of the world.

MLA provides standard rules to follow so that most research papers are formatted in a similar manner. This makes it easier for readers to comprehend the information. The MLA in-text citation guidelines, MLA works cited standards, and MLA annotated bibliography instructions provide scholars with the information they need to properly cite sources in their research papers, articles, and assignments.

• Book Chapter
• Conference Paper
• Documentary
• Encyclopedia
• Google Images
• Kindle Book
• Memorial Inscription
• Museum Exhibit
• Painting or Artwork
• PowerPoint Presentation
• Sheet Music
• Thesis or Dissertation
• YouTube Video

APA Format Citation Examples

The American Psychological Association created the APA citation style in 1929 as a way to help psychologists, anthropologists, and even business managers establish one common way to cite sources and present content.

APA is used when citing sources for academic articles such as journals, and is intended to help readers better comprehend content, and to avoid language bias wherever possible. The APA style (or APA format ) is now in its 7th edition, and provides citation style guides for virtually any type of resource.

Chicago Style Citation Examples

The Chicago/Turabian style of citing sources is generally used when citing sources for humanities papers, and is best known for its requirement that writers place bibliographic citations at the bottom of a page (in Chicago-format footnotes ) or at the end of a paper (endnotes).

The Turabian and Chicago citation styles are almost identical, but the Turabian style is geared towards student published papers such as theses and dissertations, while the Chicago style provides guidelines for all types of publications. This is why you’ll commonly see Chicago style and Turabian style presented together. The Chicago Manual of Style is currently in its 17th edition, and Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is in its 8th edition.

Citing Specific Sources or Events

• Declaration of Independence
• Gettysburg Address
• Martin Luther King Jr. Speech
• President Obama’s Farewell Address
• President Trump’s Inauguration Speech
• White House Press Briefing

Additional FAQs

• Citing Archived Contributors
• Citing a Blog
• Citing a Book Chapter
• Citing a Source in a Foreign Language
• Citing an Image
• Citing a Song
• Citing Special Contributors
• Citing a Translated Article
• Citing a Tweet

6 Interesting Citation Facts

The world of citations may seem cut and dry, but there’s more to them than just specific capitalization rules, MLA in-text citations , and other formatting specifications. Citations have been helping researches document their sources for hundreds of years, and are a great way to learn more about a particular subject area.

Ever wonder what sets all the different styles apart, or how they came to be in the first place? Read on for some interesting facts about citations!

1. There are Over 7,000 Different Citation Styles

You may be familiar with MLA and APA citation styles, but there are actually thousands of citation styles used for all different academic disciplines all across the world. Deciding which one to use can be difficult, so be sure to ask you instructor which one you should be using for your next paper.

2. Some Citation Styles are Named After People

While a majority of citation styles are named for the specific organizations that publish them (i.e. APA is published by the American Psychological Association, and MLA format is named for the Modern Language Association), some are actually named after individuals. The most well-known example of this is perhaps Turabian style, named for Kate L. Turabian, an American educator and writer. She developed this style as a condensed version of the Chicago Manual of Style in order to present a more concise set of rules to students.

3. There are Some Really Specific and Uniquely Named Citation Styles

How specific can citation styles get? The answer is very. For example, the “Flavour and Fragrance Journal” style is based on a bimonthly, peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1985 by John Wiley & Sons. It publishes original research articles, reviews and special reports on all aspects of flavor and fragrance. Another example is “Nordic Pulp and Paper Research,” a style used by an international scientific magazine covering science and technology for the areas of wood or bio-mass constituents.

4. More citations were created on  EasyBib.com  in the first quarter of 2018 than there are people in California.

The US Census Bureau estimates that approximately 39.5 million people live in the state of California. Meanwhile, about 43 million citations were made on EasyBib from January to March of 2018. That’s a lot of citations.

5. “Citations” is a Word With a Long History

The word “citations” can be traced back literally thousands of years to the Latin word “citare” meaning “to summon, urge, call; put in sudden motion, call forward; rouse, excite.” The word then took on its more modern meaning and relevance to writing papers in the 1600s, where it became known as the “act of citing or quoting a passage from a book, etc.”

6. Citation Styles are Always Changing

The concept of citations always stays the same. It is a means of preventing plagiarism and demonstrating where you relied on outside sources. The specific style rules, however, can and do change regularly. For example, in 2018 alone, 46 new citation styles were introduced , and 106 updates were made to exiting styles. At EasyBib, we are always on the lookout for ways to improve our styles and opportunities to add new ones to our list.

Why Citations Matter

Here are the ways accurate citations can help your students achieve academic success, and how you can answer the dreaded question, “why should I cite my sources?”

They Give Credit to the Right People

Citing their sources makes sure that the reader can differentiate the student’s original thoughts from those of other researchers. Not only does this make sure that the sources they use receive proper credit for their work, it ensures that the student receives deserved recognition for their unique contributions to the topic. Whether the student is citing in MLA format , APA format , or any other style, citations serve as a natural way to place a student’s work in the broader context of the subject area, and serve as an easy way to gauge their commitment to the project.

They Provide Hard Evidence of Ideas

Having many citations from a wide variety of sources related to their idea means that the student is working on a well-researched and respected subject. Citing sources that back up their claim creates room for fact-checking and further research . And, if they can cite a few sources that have the converse opinion or idea, and then demonstrate to the reader why they believe that that viewpoint is wrong by again citing credible sources, the student is well on their way to winning over the reader and cementing their point of view.

They Promote Originality and Prevent Plagiarism

The point of research projects is not to regurgitate information that can already be found elsewhere. We have Google for that! What the student’s project should aim to do is promote an original idea or a spin on an existing idea, and use reliable sources to promote that idea. Copying or directly referencing a source without proper citation can lead to not only a poor grade, but accusations of academic dishonesty. By citing their sources regularly and accurately, students can easily avoid the trap of plagiarism , and promote further research on their topic.

They Create Better Researchers

By researching sources to back up and promote their ideas, students are becoming better researchers without even knowing it! Each time a new source is read or researched, the student is becoming more engaged with the project and is developing a deeper understanding of the subject area. Proper citations demonstrate a breadth of the student’s reading and dedication to the project itself. By creating citations, students are compelled to make connections between their sources and discern research patterns. Each time they complete this process, they are helping themselves become better researchers and writers overall.

When is the Right Time to Start Making Citations?

Make in-text/parenthetical citations as you need them.

As you are writing your paper, be sure to include references within the text that correspond with references in a works cited or bibliography. These are usually called in-text citations or parenthetical citations in MLA and APA formats. The most effective time to complete these is directly after you have made your reference to another source. For instance, after writing the line from Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities : “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times…,” you would include a citation like this (depending on your chosen citation style):

(Dickens 11).

This signals to the reader that you have referenced an outside source. What’s great about this system is that the in-text citations serve as a natural list for all of the citations you have made in your paper, which will make completing the works cited page a whole lot easier. After you are done writing, all that will be left for you to do is scan your paper for these references, and then build a works cited page that includes a citation for each one.

Need help creating an MLA works cited page ? Try the MLA format generator on EasyBib.com! We also have a guide on how to format an APA reference page .

2. Understand the General Formatting Rules of Your Citation Style Before You Start Writing

While reading up on paper formatting may not sound exciting, being aware of how your paper should look early on in the paper writing process is super important. Citation styles can dictate more than just the appearance of the citations themselves, but rather can impact the layout of your paper as a whole, with specific guidelines concerning margin width, title treatment, and even font size and spacing. Knowing how to organize your paper before you start writing will ensure that you do not receive a low grade for something as trivial as forgetting a hanging indent.

Don’t know where to start? Here’s a formatting guide on APA format .

3. Double-check All of Your Outside Sources for Relevance and Trustworthiness First

Collecting outside sources that support your research and specific topic is a critical step in writing an effective paper. But before you run to the library and grab the first 20 books you can lay your hands on, keep in mind that selecting a source to include in your paper should not be taken lightly. Before you proceed with using it to backup your ideas, run a quick Internet search for it and see if other scholars in your field have written about it as well. Check to see if there are book reviews about it or peer accolades. If you spot something that seems off to you, you may want to consider leaving it out of your work. Doing this before your start making citations can save you a ton of time in the long run.

Finished with your paper? It may be time to run it through a grammar and plagiarism checker , like the one offered by EasyBib Plus. If you’re just looking to brush up on the basics, our grammar guides  are ready anytime you are.

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Citation Basics

Harvard Referencing

Plagiarism Basics

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Citing Sources (Citation Style)

Where to start - handouts, where to start - best online websites, other useful tools.

• Other Styles
• Citing Government Publications
• Get Library Help

Library Links

• Library Hours
• Library Website
• Library Classic Catalog

Need More Help?

E-mail a question to a Milne librarian & get a response within 48 hours Monday through Friday.

Schedule a research consultation with a librarian to discuss your research project in depth.

Call the Research Help Desk at Milne Library at 607-436-2722.

Visit the Research Help Desk in Milne Library.

The following guides were written by Milne Librarians. Each includes examples on both in-text citing and creating citations for a bibliography or works cited. Paper copies of these guides are available at the Research Help Desk in Milne Library.

• APA Style Guide to 7th Edition  (pdf version)
• MLA Style Guide to 9th Edition  (pdf version)
• Chicago Style Guide: Notes-Bibliography Style  (pdf version)

Excelsior College Online Writing Lab

All-round best guide to formatting papers and citations in APA, MLA, and Chicago. Also includes many tutorials on how to research and write papers.  

The link to Purdue OWL has been removed from this page because OWL now links to a citation generator that is not free or recommended.  For help with citations, link instead to the Excelsior Online Writing Lab.

Avoiding Plagiarism

A guide with explanations and safe practices from Excelsior's OWL.

Integrating Sources into a Paper or Project

A guide, with examples, showing how to integrate quotations, paraphrases, and summaries into a paper.

• Next: APA >>
• Last Updated: Jan 23, 2024 3:45 PM
• URL: https://libguides.oneonta.edu/citing

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note:  On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998)  found  or Jones (1998)  has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998)  finds ).

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but  NOT  directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.

On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.

Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

• Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
• If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source:  Permanence and Change . Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:  Writing New Media ,  There Is Nothing Left to Lose .

( Note:  in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized:  Writing new media .)

• When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word:  Natural-Born Cyborgs .
• Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's  Vertigo ."
• If the title of the work is italicized in your reference list, italicize it and use title case capitalization in the text:  The Closing of the American Mind ;  The Wizard of Oz ;  Friends .
• If the title of the work is not italicized in your reference list, use double quotation marks and title case capitalization (even though the reference list uses sentence case): "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).

You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below.

Formatting example for block quotations in APA 7 style.

Quotations from sources without pages

Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.

Summary or paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work. 

How To Research: A Starter Kit

• Getting Started
• Evaluating Sources
• Need Additional Help?

Citing your sources

• MLA Citation Cite your sources using MLA
• Chicago Style Cite your sources using Chicago Style
• APA Style Cite your sources using APA

Citation Generators

• Cite This for Me This citation generator will pull the information from the source for you from a URL or DOI. If you need help finding the DOI of your article, ask us for help!
• Noodle Tools Lite This version of Noodle Tools will let you create a citation, but you won't be able to save it or export.
• Mendeley This resource lets you look up articles by searching their author or title. You can then add that article to your account where you can create a citation or view it.
• Zotero Zotero is a free software that lives on your computer and helps you create citations and bibliography lists.
• Google Docs Citation Tool Your cloud document in Google Docs has built in citation tools. All students have a free account with Google Docs and Google Drive.
• One Search Citation Tool This video will show you how to use the citation tool in One Search.

Zotero - Reference Management Software

• What is Zotero?
• How-To Video
• READ: Setting up your account (includes text and images)
• READ: Using Zotero (text and images)

Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources.

Zotero collects all your research in a single, searchable interface. You can add PDFs, images, audio and video files, snapshots of web pages, and really anything else. Zotero automatically indexes the full-text content of your library, enabling you to find exactly what you're looking for with just a few keystrokes.

To get the most out of Zotero, we have a few recommendations for how to set up your account.

Sync your account

Sync your accounts to ensure that you have access to your most updated Zotero libraries no matter which computer you are using. 

Go to Edit > Preferences > Sync

Sign into your account and click "Set up syncing."

Click the green round arrow key to prompt Zotero to sync your libraries for the first time. After this, your libraries should sync automatically.

Access articles through Goucher College Library journal subscriptions

Go to Edit > Preferences > Advanced

Copy & paste the following into the "Resolver" field, under "OpenURL": https://gouchercollege.on.worldcat.org/atoztitles/link

Click OK. 

When you start to populate your Zotero library, you can link to articles using Library Lookup.

To link to Goucher College Library journal subscriptions, highlight the reference and click "Library Lookup." You will either connect to the full text of the article or a listing of databases that contain the journal in which the article is located. If not located you should try Google Scholar  or you can order the article through Request Item on Interlibrary Loan.

Drag & drop PDFs into Zotero and use the PDF Indexing Installer to find the metadata, i.e. author, title, and publication information.

Go to Edit > Preferences > Search > Check for Installer

After you drag a PDF into Zotero, right click on the file and select "Retrieve Metadata for PDF."

Add items into your Zotero Library using a unique identifier

Add references by copying and pasting and ISBN, DOI, PMID or other unique identifier.

You can also import RIS, BibTeX or other citation files, or use Zotero Connector. 

Add items to your Zotero Library using Zotero Connector 

Use  Zotero Connector  in Chrome, Firefox and Safari to quickly add references from websites. Right-click on a webpage and select "Save to Zotero." Depending on the type of reference you want to add, you will see different options for saving. 

Information on this page was adopted from the Cite Your Sources guide (Goucher College) and the Research Overview guide (Shoreline Community College).

• Cite Your Sources library guide APA, MLA, Chicago, Zotero app
• Research Overview Guide
• << Previous: Evaluating Sources
• Next: Need Additional Help? >>
• Last Updated: Oct 4, 2023 2:14 PM
• URL: https://libraryguides.goucher.edu/how-to-research

Citing Your Sources

Introduction to citing sources, citation styles by discipline, general citation guides on the web.

• Chicago/Turabian
• Citing Computer Code
• Citing Data
• Citing Film and Video
• Citing Generative AI
• Citing Images
• Citing Online Sources
• Citing Sound Recordings
• Citations Formatters
• Citation Management Software (redirect to a guide) This link opens in a new window
• Plagiarism Avoidance (redirect to a guide) This link opens in a new window
• Why do I need to cite sources?
• What does it mean to cite a source and how do I do it properly?
• Why are there so many different citation styles?

Find answers to all these questions in the brief video tutorial below.

• Complete Discipline Listing The list of styles is organized by discipline and includes links to the main organizational websites and online style guides (from Purdue OWL).
• Citing Internet Sources (Yale University)
• Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)
• << Previous: Home
• Next: APA >>
• Last Updated: Jan 10, 2024 2:39 PM
• URL: https://guides.libraries.uc.edu/citing

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Library Research 101: Start Your Research

• Articles--what are they and where are they?
• Books--what are they and where are they?
• How do I choose a topic?
• How do I write a research question?
• How do I write a thesis statement?

Why do I need to cite my sources?

When do i need to cite my sources, ok, but how do i cite my sources.

• Glossary: Library terms

When you work on assignments for your classes, your instructors will require you to cite your sources. Generally, you should cite sources you use in your work:

• To avoid plagiarism and maintain academic integrity
• To acknowledge the work of others 
• To provide credibility to your work and place your work in context
• To help your future researching self and others easily locate the sources you used

Citing your sources requires at least two things: in-text citations and a bibliography or reference list. The in-text citations provide a little information to the reader without taking up a lot of space on your page and lead the reader to a corresponding complete citation in your reference list or bibliography.

There are many styles of citations that all use different ways of putting together the citation information. However, they will all have a format for in-text citations and a format for full citations for the reference list or bibliography. To create citations you need to know 1) what kind of information source are you citing  (i.e. a book, a scholarly article, an organization's Web site) and 2) what are the component parts : Author, Date, Title of Work, and Source Information.

The most common styles are listed below; if you need to use a citation style not listed here, see our Citation Help Research Guide  or contact a librarian for help.

• << Previous: How do I write a thesis statement?
• Next: Glossary: Library terms >>
• Last Updated: Feb 8, 2024 9:04 AM
• URL: https://libguides.library.umaine.edu/libraryresearch101

5729 Fogler Library · University of Maine · Orono, ME 04469-5729 | (207) 581-1673

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• Knowledge Base
• Referencing

A Quick Guide to Referencing | Cite Your Sources Correctly

Referencing means acknowledging the sources you have used in your writing. Including references helps you support your claims and ensures that you avoid plagiarism .

There are many referencing styles, but they usually consist of two things:

• A citation wherever you refer to a source in your text.
• A reference list or bibliography at the end listing full details of all your sources.

The most common method of referencing in UK universities is Harvard style , which uses author-date citations in the text. Our free Harvard Reference Generator automatically creates accurate references in this style.

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Table of contents

Referencing styles, citing your sources with in-text citations, creating your reference list or bibliography, harvard referencing examples, frequently asked questions about referencing.

Each referencing style has different rules for presenting source information. For in-text citations, some use footnotes or endnotes , while others include the author’s surname and date of publication in brackets in the text.

The reference list or bibliography is presented differently in each style, with different rules for things like capitalisation, italics, and quotation marks in references.

Your university will usually tell you which referencing style to use; they may even have their own unique style. Always follow your university’s guidelines, and ask your tutor if you are unsure. The most common styles are summarised below.

Harvard referencing, the most commonly used style at UK universities, uses author–date in-text citations corresponding to an alphabetical bibliography or reference list at the end.

Harvard Referencing Guide

Vancouver referencing, used in biomedicine and other sciences, uses reference numbers in the text corresponding to a numbered reference list at the end.

Vancouver Referencing Guide

APA referencing, used in the social and behavioural sciences, uses author–date in-text citations corresponding to an alphabetical reference list at the end.

APA Referencing Guide APA Reference Generator

MHRA referencing, used in the humanities, uses footnotes in the text with source information, in addition to an alphabetised bibliography at the end.

MHRA Referencing Guide

OSCOLA referencing, used in law, uses footnotes in the text with source information, and an alphabetical bibliography at the end in longer texts.

OSCOLA Referencing Guide

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In-text citations should be used whenever you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source (e.g. a book, article, image, website, or video).

Quoting and paraphrasing

Quoting is when you directly copy some text from a source and enclose it in quotation marks to indicate that it is not your own writing.

Paraphrasing is when you rephrase the original source into your own words. In this case, you don’t use quotation marks, but you still need to include a citation.

In most referencing styles, page numbers are included when you’re quoting or paraphrasing a particular passage. If you are referring to the text as a whole, no page number is needed.

In-text citations

In-text citations are quick references to your sources. In Harvard referencing, you use the author’s surname and the date of publication in brackets.

Up to three authors are included in a Harvard in-text citation. If the source has more than three authors, include the first author followed by ‘ et al. ‘

The point of these citations is to direct your reader to the alphabetised reference list, where you give full information about each source. For example, to find the source cited above, the reader would look under ‘J’ in your reference list to find the title and publication details of the source.

Placement of in-text citations

In-text citations should be placed directly after the quotation or information they refer to, usually before a comma or full stop. If a sentence is supported by multiple sources, you can combine them in one set of brackets, separated by a semicolon.

If you mention the author’s name in the text already, you don’t include it in the citation, and you can place the citation immediately after the name.

• Another researcher warns that the results of this method are ‘inconsistent’ (Singh, 2018, p. 13) .
• Previous research has frequently illustrated the pitfalls of this method (Singh, 2018; Jones, 2016) .
• Singh (2018, p. 13) warns that the results of this method are ‘inconsistent’.

The terms ‘bibliography’ and ‘reference list’ are sometimes used interchangeably. Both refer to a list that contains full information on all the sources cited in your text. Sometimes ‘bibliography’ is used to mean a more extensive list, also containing sources that you consulted but did not cite in the text.

A reference list or bibliography is usually mandatory, since in-text citations typically don’t provide full source information. For styles that already include full source information in footnotes (e.g. OSCOLA and Chicago Style ), the bibliography is optional, although your university may still require you to include one.

Format of the reference list

Reference lists are usually alphabetised by authors’ last names. Each entry in the list appears on a new line, and a hanging indent is applied if an entry extends onto multiple lines.

Different source information is included for different source types. Each style provides detailed guidelines for exactly what information should be included and how it should be presented.

Below are some examples of reference list entries for common source types in Harvard style.

• Chapter of a book
• Journal article

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

Your university should tell you which referencing style to follow. If you’re unsure, check with a supervisor. Commonly used styles include:

• Harvard referencing , the most commonly used style in UK universities.
• MHRA , used in humanities subjects.
• APA , used in the social sciences.
• Vancouver , used in biomedicine.
• OSCOLA , used in law.

Your university may have its own referencing style guide.

If you are allowed to choose which style to follow, we recommend Harvard referencing, as it is a straightforward and widely used style.

References should be included in your text whenever you use words, ideas, or information from a source. A source can be anything from a book or journal article to a website or YouTube video.

If you don’t acknowledge your sources, you can get in trouble for plagiarism .

To avoid plagiarism , always include a reference when you use words, ideas or information from a source. This shows that you are not trying to pass the work of others off as your own.

You must also properly quote or paraphrase the source. If you’re not sure whether you’ve done this correctly, you can use the Scribbr Plagiarism Checker to find and correct any mistakes.

Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

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Scribbr APA Citation Checker

An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!

Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources.

Read on for an overview of Zotero's features and capabilities.

• How do I install Zotero?

See the installation instructions .

• How do I open Zotero?

Zotero can be opened from your operating system's dock or file manager like any other program.

• What does Zotero do?

Zotero is, at the most basic level, a reference manager. It is designed to store, manage, and cite bibliographic references, such as books and articles. In Zotero, each of these references constitutes an item. More broadly, Zotero is a powerful tool for collecting and organizing research information and sources.

• What kind of items are there?

Every item contains different metadata, depending on what type it is. Items can be everything from books, articles, and reports to web pages, artwork, films, letters, manuscripts, sound recordings, bills, cases, or statutes, among many others.

• What can I do with items?

Items appear in Zotero's center pane. The metadata for that item is shown in the right pane. This includes titles, creators, publishers, dates, page numbers, and any other data needed to cite the item.

• Collections

Items can be assigned tags . Tags are named by the user. An item can be assigned as many tags as is needed. Tags are added or removed with the tag selector at the bottom of the left pane or through the Tags tab of any item in the right-hand pane. Up to 6 tags can be assigned colors . Colored tags are readily visible in the item list and can be quickly added or removed using the number keys on your keyboard.

Quick searches show items whose metadata, tags, or fulltext content match the search terms and are performed from the Zotero toolbar. Clicking the spyglass icon to the left of the search box opens the Advanced Search window, allowing for more complex or narrow searches.

• Saved Searches

Advanced searches can be saved in the left pane They are similar to collections, but will update with new matching items automatically.

• Attachments

Items can have notes, files, and links attached to them. These attachments appear in the middle pane underneath their parent item. Attachments can be shown or hidden by clicking the arrow next to their parent item.

Any type of file can be attached to an item. Attach files with the Add Attachment (paperclip) button in the Zotero toolbar, by right-clicking on an existing item, or by drag-and-dropping. Files do not need to be attached to existing items. They can simply be added to your library. Files can also be downloaded automatically when you import items using the Zotero Connector in your browser .

• Links & Snapshots

Web pages can be attached to any item as a link or a snapshot. A link simply opens the website online. Zotero can also save a snapshot of a web page. A snapshot is a locally stored copy of a web page in the same state as it was when it was saved. Snapshots are available without an internet connection.

• Capturing Items

With the Zotero Connector for Chrome, Firefox, or Safari, it's simple to create new items from information available on the internet. With the click of a button, Zotero can automatically create an item of the appropriate type and populate the metadata fields, download a full-text PDF if available, and attach useful links (e.g., to the PubMed entry) or Supplemental Data files.

• Single or Multiple Captures

If the save icon is a book, article, image, or other single item, clicking on it will add the item to the current collection in Zotero. If the save icon is a folder, the webpage contains multiple items. Clicking it will open a dialog box from which items can be selected and saved to Zotero.

• Translators

Zotero uses bits of code called translators to recognize information on webpages. There are generic translators which work with many sites and translators written for individual sites. If a site you're using does not have a translator, feel free to request one on the Zotero Forums .

• Saving a Web Page

If the Zotero Connector does not recognize data on the page, you can still click the save button in the browser toolbar to save the page as a Web Page item with an attached snapshot. While this will save basic metadata (title, URL, access date), you may need to fill in additional metadata from the page by hand.

• Add Item by Identifier

Subscribe to RSS feeds from your favorite journals or websites to keep up to date with the latest research. Go to the article web page or save items to your library with the click of a button.

• Manually Adding Items

• Citing Items

Zotero uses Citation Style Language (CSL) to properly format citations in many different bibliographic styles . Zotero supports all the major styles (Chicago, MLA, APA, Vancouver, etc.) as well as the specific styles for over 8,000 journals and publishers.

• Word Processor Integration

Zotero's Word, LibreOffice, and Google Docs plugins allow users to insert citations directly from their word processing software. This makes citing multiple pages or sources or otherwise customizing citations a breeze. In-text citations, footnotes and endnotes are all supported. With community-developed plugins , Zotero can also be used with LaTeX, Scrivener, and numerous other writing programs.

• Automatic Bibliographies

Using the word processor plugins makes it possible to automatically generate a bibliography from the items cited and to switch citation styles for the entire document with the click of a button.

• Manual Bibliographies

Zotero can also insert citations and bibliographies into any text field or program. Simply drag-and-drop items, use Quick Copy to send citations to the clipboard, or export them directly to a file.

Collaborate

Use Zotero on multiple computers with Zotero syncing . Library items and notes are synced through the Zotero servers (unlimited storage), while attachment syncing can use the Zotero servers or your own WebDAV service to sync files such as PDFs, images, or audio/video.

• Zotero Servers

Items synced to the Zotero servers can be accessed online through your zotero.org account. Share your library with others or create a custom C.V. from selected items.

Make copies of your research readily available on zotero.org for readers, the public, and other researchers using My Publications .

Zotero users can create collaborative or interest groups . Shared group libraries make it possible to collaboratively manage research sources and materials, both online and through the Zotero client. Zotero.org can be the hub of all your project group's research, communication and organization.

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• Citing Sources
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• Avoiding Plagiarism

There are many tools for managing citations during the research and writing process. At the Graduate Center, the most popular option is Zotero , a free, open source tool that is flexible and easy to use.

Zotero Basics

• GC Library's Using Zotero Tutorial
• Zotero Video Tutorials (made by others)

Zotero Instruction

The library provides Zotero instruction in a variety of ways:

• Online Step-by-Step Guide: Check out our Using Zotero tutorial .  
• Virtual Office Hours:   Stephen Klein holds virtual office hours dedicated to Zotero help on Mondays 1-2pm. Click here to join during Mondays 1-2pm and if another person is being assisted, you'll be kept in the "waiting room" until the librarian is available.  
• Workshops:  The library offers Zotero workshops every semester. Consult the library's workshop calendar for information about upcoming workshops.  
• One-on-One Consultations : Request a dedicated one-on-one consultation about Z otero (or other topics).

Downloading Zotero

Go to the Zotero Downloads page. It should detect your operating system and browser, and present you with the proper version of Zotero to download, as well as the Connector for the browser you are currently in. Simply click the the appropriate buttons to download the standalone application and browser Connector.

Also browse Zotero plugins for additional tools, including plugins for Microsoft Word and LibreOffice .

Using Zotero on a GC computer? Consult our guide to adding the Z otero Connector to your browser on GC computers.

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• Last Updated: Mar 26, 2024 10:32 AM
• URL: https://libguides.gc.cuny.edu/citation

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Expos 20s: AJ Gold and Elliott Turley, Spring 2024

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Zotero and Zotero Bib

In your time at Harvard, you'll hear more than one librarian  suggest that you use Zotero, a "citation management tool."  Zotero will be great for big projects that require you to keep track of many sources -- like tutorials and semester-long research assignments and senior theses (if you end up writing one).  

In the meantime,   we recommend you generate citations with   ZoteroBib . 

It's more reliable than the internal HOLLIS citation generator and you don't need an account or special software to use it.  Some of its handy features are  described on this page .

Next semester, or next year, you might want to graduate into using  Zotero  itself.  It will take the process of collecting and organizing sources and  incorporating footnotes or in-text citations to the next level. 

A good guide, if you're interested, is available here:  https://guides.library.harvard.edu/zotero

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Title: uni-smart: universal science multimodal analysis and research transformer.

Abstract: In scientific research and its application, scientific literature analysis is crucial as it allows researchers to build on the work of others. However, the fast growth of scientific knowledge has led to a massive increase in scholarly articles, making in-depth literature analysis increasingly challenging and time-consuming. The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has offered a new way to address this challenge. Known for their strong abilities in summarizing texts, LLMs are seen as a potential tool to improve the analysis of scientific literature. However, existing LLMs have their own limits. Scientific literature often includes a wide range of multimodal elements, such as molecular structure, tables, and charts, which are hard for text-focused LLMs to understand and analyze. This issue points to the urgent need for new solutions that can fully understand and analyze multimodal content in scientific literature. To answer this demand, we present Uni-SMART (Universal Science Multimodal Analysis and Research Transformer), an innovative model designed for in-depth understanding of multimodal scientific literature. Through rigorous quantitative evaluation across several domains, Uni-SMART demonstrates superior performance over leading text-focused LLMs. Furthermore, our exploration extends to practical applications, including patent infringement detection and nuanced analysis of charts. These applications not only highlight Uni-SMART's adaptability but also its potential to revolutionize how we interact with scientific literature.

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

This article is part of the research topic.

Detrimental Effects of Hypoxia on Brain and Cognitive Functions

The Time Course of Hypoxia Effects Using an Aviation Survival Trainer Provisionally Accepted

• 1 Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, United States
• 2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), United States

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Reduced environmental oxygen levels at high altitudes can result in hypoxic hypoxia, which remains a primary threat in tactical aviation. Hypoxia broadly impairs cognition and can degrade a pilot's ability to safely operate the aircraft. Current hypoxia countermeasures include aircraft life support systems that deliver supplemental oxygen and using controlled hypoxia exposures to train aviators to recognize symptoms. To maximize the effectiveness of these countermeasures, it is critical to understand how hypoxia impacts performance and associated neurocognitive outcomes. We previously showed that a neural marker that indexes sensory processing integrity is sensitive to hypoxia impairment. Here, we extend this line of research closer to the training environment by using hypoxia simulation equipment currently standard in aviation survival training. In a single-blind, repeated-measures, counterbalanced design, we exposed 34 healthy participants to either normoxic air (ground level) or normobaric hypoxia (altitude equivalent gradually increasing from 10-25k') for 20 min after a 10 min baseline at ground level. During the exposure, participants completed a cognitive assessment battery while passively elicited neural responses to auditory tones were recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). Participants reported their hypoxia symptoms throughout and upon completion of their exposures. We found that the hypoxia exposure rapidly elicited the predicted physiological responses in peripheral oxygen saturation (decrease) and heart rate (increase) within 2-3 minutes of exposure onset. On average, participants reported hypoxia symptoms in a delayed manner, approximately 8 min following the exposure onset. Performance on the cognitive tasks was relatively unaffected by hypoxia for basic tasks including Stroop, fine motor tracking, color vision and arithmetic, but was significantly degraded by hypoxia for more advanced tasks that combined a visual search component with Stroop and a working memory task. EEG activity associated with pre-attentive auditory processing was impaired on average shortly after the first symptom report, approximately 10 min from exposure start. Together, these results move hypoxia research closer to conditions encountered in aviation survival training and support the use of training devices for future hypoxia research.

Keywords: hypoxia, Altitude simulation, Aviation training, Event-related potentials, human performance

Received: 24 Jan 2024; Accepted: 28 Mar 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Borden, McHail and Blacker. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Dr. Kara J. Blacker, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States

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Retraction Note: How economic growth affected from technological innovation, CO2 emissions, and renewable energy consumption? Empirical analysis in G7 countries

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• Published: 28 March 2024

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• Erkam Emin Ayvaz   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8213-5117 1 &
• Didem Över 1  

The Original Article was published on 16 December 2022

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Retraction Note: Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022) 30:35127-35141

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24676-0

The Publisher has retracted this article in agreement with the Editor-in-Chief. An investigation by the publisher found a number of articles, including this one, with a number of concerns, including but not limited to compromised peer review process, inappropriate or irrelevant references, containing nonstandard phrases or not being in scope of the journal. Based on the investigation's findings the publisher, in consultation with the Editor-in-Chief therefore no longer has confidence in the results and conclusions of this article.

The authors have not replied to correspondence from the Publisher.

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Ayvaz, E.E., Över, D. Retraction Note: How economic growth affected from technological innovation, CO2 emissions, and renewable energy consumption? Empirical analysis in G7 countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33124-0

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