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Jordan Culture and Customs

• Categories: Ottoman Empire World History

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Words: 1849 |

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Published: Apr 11, 2019

Words: 1849 | Pages: 4 | 10 min read

Works Cited

• Al-Dabbas, M., & Malkawi, S. (2018). Jordanian cuisine: Cultural significance and impact on tourism. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 16(1), 39-49.
• Al-Fraihat, D., Joy, M., & Sinclair, J. (2020). Jordanian women in the workforce: Cultural barriers and opportunities. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(3/4), 432-448.
• Al-Qawasmi, J., & Shuayb, S. (2016). Jordanian art: A reflection of cultural identity. International Journal of Art and Art History, 4(2), 45-54.
• Bessaiso, N. (2017). Jordanian traditional crafts and their socio-cultural significance. International Journal of Heritage, Tourism, and Hospitality, 11(1), 24-37.
• Department of Antiquities of Jordan. (n.d.). Petra: The Rose City. Retrieved from http://www.visitjordan.com/Wheretogo/petra.aspx
• Gray, L. (2019). Art and identity in Jordan: The role of cultural production in shaping national narratives. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 46(2), 207-223.
• Marashdeh, L. S., & Tayem, A. A. (2018). Jordanian women and traditional embroidery: Cultural heritage and empowerment. Gender Issues, 35(2), 125-142.
• Schmidinger, T. (2019). Jordan's balancing act: Foreign policy between the US and Russia. Orient, 60(4), 15-23.
• UNESCO. (2018). Jordan: World Heritage Sites. Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/jo
• Zureikat, D., & Awwad, M. (2021). Islamic festivals and cultural tourism in Jordan. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 187-199.

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• The Culture Of Jordan

The Middle Eastern Arab country of Jordan is located on the Jordan River’s East Bank. Due to its location at the crossroads of the three continents of Europe , Asia , and Africa , the country’s culture is influenced by Arabic, Islamic, and Western elements.

6. Ethnicity, Language, and Religion in Jordan

Jordan is home to a population of around 10,458,413 individuals. Ethnic Jordanians comprise 69.3% of the population of the country. Other ethnic groups of Jordan include Syrian, Palestinian, Egyptian, Iraqi, and others. Arabic is the official language and is spoken by most of the population. English is spoken widely among the upper and middle classes of Jordan. Islam is the official and largest religion in the country comprising 97.2% of the population. Christians account for 2.2% of the population.

5. Cuisine of Jordan

Jordanian cuisine has developed over many centuries. Baking, grilling, roasting, sautéeing, etc., are some of the many techniques used in the cuisine. A wide variety of meat like beef, lamb, goat, and poultry are consumed. Carrots, greens, and eggplants are the most commonly eaten vegetables. Olive oil is an important ingredient and most cooking is done using this oil. Lemon, garlic, herbs, tomato sauce, etc., are used to flavor the Jordanian dishes. Yogurt is often used as an accompaniment or an ingredient of a dish. Mansaf (lamb cooked in fermented yogurt, and served with rice or bulgur) is Jordan’s national dish. The zarb is another traditional dish consisting of rice served with slow cooked lamb prepared in a taboon (a submerged oven). Hummus and falafel are also eaten. Baklava, halva, knafeh, etc., are some popular desserts. Turkish coffee and tea flavored with sage and mint are everyday drinks. Arabic coffee is offered on more formal occasions.

4. Literature and the Arts in Jordan

The Jordanian literature is a part of the larger wealth of Arabic literature. Historically, much of Jordan's literature has been oral in nature. Poetry was an important part of this literature since ancient times. Even today, the Bedouin community of the country continues to use poetry as a form of entertainment or for praising or criticizing their leaders. Poetry is either recited or sung. A one-stringed violin-like instrument called the rabab is played to produce music to accompany the singing of poetic verses. Contemporary Arabic literature began in the second half of the 19th century. Cairo and Beirut became the major hubs of the evolution of such literature, and it soon spread to Jordan. It included the writing of novels and short stories that replaced the more classical literary formats.

Like literature, art in Jordan also has an ancient history. Some notable fields of Jordanian art and craft work include mosaics, silver work, glass-blowing, ceramics, weaving, and calligraphy.

3. Performance Arts in Jordan

Jordan has a long history of traditional music. Poetry recited to the tunes of various traditional instruments like the tablah, oud, rabab, mijwiz, etc., have been an integral component of the country’s culture for centuries. Recently, however, Western music has had a significant influence on the Jordanian performing arts scene. The number of Jordanian pop stars and DJs have also risen considerably. Rum is a highly successful, internationally famous musical group from the country. It plays rearranged Jordanian folklore, songs, and instrumentals.

The dabke is one of Jordan's most popular traditional dances. Here, dancers gather together to form a circle. They place their arms over the shoulders of the neighboring dancers and then move around in a circle, and kicking and stomping their feet to the tune of music. Mizmar (a reed instrument), tabl (drum), and ney (flute) are some of the musical instruments used to produce the dabke dance music. In more recent times, Western dance styles have also influenced the performance art scene in Jordan. Ballroom and ballet dance studios have opened up in major cities like the national capital , Amman.

2. Sports in Jordan

Sports are an important part of the Jordanian culture. The people of the country engage in a wide variety of sports including tennis, basketball, cycling, diving, swimming, equestrian games, etc. Football (soccer) is the nation’s most popular sport. The Jordan League attracts a large number of spectators every season. Rugby is also gaining a lot of attention in recent years. Four Jordanian clubs already play the game.

1. Life in the Jordanian Society

The society in Jordan is patriarchal in nature. Islamic beliefs guide the way of life. Women are expected to obey their fathers, brothers, and husbands at different stages of their life. The process of educating women began only recently in the country. Very few women work outside the home. The free mixing of members of the opposite gender is strictly restricted. Unless married or related, men and women are not allowed to be together in all public situations. Women are expected to cover their heads with scarves. Some also cover their faces with a veil.

Getting married and having children are often the top priorities of life in Jordan. Marriages are mostly arranged and are often between cousins. Extended households are common in Jordan. The bride moves in to stay with the groom and his family after marriage. Polygamy is practiced by many men in Jordan. If divorces occur, the men have the right to keep the children. Divorced women are often regarded as outcasts. Hence, divorce is not a common practice in the country. Inheritance is guided by Islamic laws. Male children are highly prized.

Over 60% of Jordan’s population lives in the Amman Metropolitan area. The metropolis has a thriving Jordanian pop culture that is heavily influenced by “Western” music, movies, and fashion. Partying and clubbing are an integral part of the culture of this city. Hotels, malls, and stores selling Western brands are common in Amman.

The Jordanians are known to be great hosts. Even on the streets of the country, one can often hear the greeting of "ahlan wa sahlan" ("I welcome you”). One of the traditions in the culture is to welcome a guest by sharing a cup of coffee together. The host takes the first sip of the coffee to ensure it is perfect and then the guest has the rest. The guest is also offered food and a resting place at home.

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• Countries and Their Cultures
• Culture of Jordan

Culture Name

Orientation.

Identification. The Emirate of Transjordan was the name given to this small state when it was recognized in 1921, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the promulgation of the Balfour Declaration. It was not until 1946 that Transjordan became a completely sovereign state. In 1950, Transjordan merged with part of Palestine to form the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Amman is the capital and the largest city.

Location and Geography. Jordan has an area of about 35,475 square miles (91,900 square kilometers). It lies in the center of the Middle East, sharing its northern border with Syria, eastern border with Iraq, it's southern and eastern borders with Saudi Arabia, and western border with the Jordan River, the Dead Sea, and Israel. Its only seaport is the port of Aqaba. Jordan has barren deserts, fertile valleys, and colorful rock and sand mountains. It contains the lowest point on earth, the Dead Sea, and the Great Rift Valley, which was created twenty million years ago when tectonic plates shifted, stretching from Lake Tiberius south through Jordan and into eastern Africa.

Demography. In 1946, the population was about 400,000; in 1997, it reached 4.6 million, a figure twice that of 1981. After the 1967 war with Israel and Iraq's 1990 invasion of Kuwait, there were sudden and massive influxes of Palestinian Arab refugees, who now make up more than two-thirds of the population. In 1996, 1,359,000 Palestinian refugees living in Jordan were registered with United Nations; 250,000 Palestinians continue to live in ten refugee camps. Nomadic people, predominantly Bedouin, account for more than 10 percent of the total population. The population is young, with a birthrate that is double the world average; 43 percent of the people are under age fifteen. By the year 2012, the population is expected to double.

Linguistic Affiliation. Arabic is the official language. English is taught to all students and is widely spoken.

Symbolism. The flag has black, white, and green horizontal stripes with a red triangle on the hoist side bearing a white seven-pointed star. The flag of the Palestinian people is identical but does not have the white star.

History and Ethnic Relations

Emergence of the Nation. The Nabateans built the capital of their ancient Arab kingdom, Petra, in what is now Jordan between 400 B.C.E. and 160 C.E. From Mount Nebo in western Jordan, many people believe that Moses saw the Promised Land. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed after four hundred years of rule, Britain divided up the Fertile Crescent, and modern Jordan was born.

National Identity. Jordan is the only Arab country where Palestinians can become citizens. The differentiation between Jordanians, Bedouins, and Palestinians is clear in this society. Jordanians are defined as residents who have lived east of the Jordan River since before 1948. Palestinians are defined as residents whose birthright extends back to areas west of the Jordan River. People of Bedouin descent are considered to be of the purest Arab stock.

Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space

Most people live in one- or two-room apartments or houses. Affluent urban families live in larger apartments or individual homes. Buildings and homes are made of concrete, and some are made of mud and stone, with a design that allows more floors to be added, to create apartments for married sons. Privacy is very important, and many homes and other buildings open into private courtyards with concrete walls. Nomadic farmers live in tents made from the hides and fur of their animals. Amman's appearance reflects a Western influence, with modern hotels and commercial buildings. Streets are identified and numbered in an inefficient manner, and maps are hard to read and often useless.

Food and Economy

Food in Daily Life. An ancient legend tells of an Arabian shepherd who six thousand years ago put his supply of milk in a pouch made from a sheep's stomach before making a journey across the desert. The rennet in the lining of the pouch, combined with the heat of the sun, caused the milk to form curds, and cheese was discovered. Bedouin farmers keep herds of goats and sheep whose milk is used to produce cheese and yogurt. A popular cheese is called halloumi (similar to feta), made from goat or sheep milk and often served in a sandwich of pita-style bread or cubed in salads. Rice, legumes, olives, yogurt, flat breads, vegetables (cauliflower, eggplant, potatoes, okra, tomatoes, and cucumbers), lamb or chicken, and fruits (apricots, apples, bananas, melons, and oranges) form the basis for most meals. Main dishes of rice with spices are eaten almost daily. The main meal typically is served during the middle of the afternoon. A covering is placed on the floor, with a large tray of rice and meat placed in the center surrounded by small dishes of yogurt and salad. Torn pieces of bread are folded in half and used to scoop the food. The left hand is never used to feed oneself.

Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. When people visit family and friends, tea, Turkish-style or Arabic-style coffee, or fruit juice is served. Often this meal includes sweets, especially on holidays. The national main dish is Mansaf, which consists of lamb cooked in dried yogurt and served with seasoned rice on flat bread. Mansaf is always served on holidays and special family occasions such as visits to relatives or friends, engagements, and weddings.

Basic Economy. The economy is based on free enterprise. The service sector, consisting of government, tourism, transportation, communication, and financial services contributes the most to the economy, employing 70 percent of the workforce. Amman has developed into a regional business center.

Land Tenure and Property. Land ownership is the goal of many, but few can afford the cost. Except for the very wealthy, most people live in rented housing.

Commercial Activities. Because most of the country is desert, less than 4 percent of the land is cultivated. Natural resources are scarce, and no oil has been found. The country's archaeological sites draw more than two million visitors a year.

Major Industries. Potash, phosphate, and gypsum mining and the manufacturer of cement, fertilizers, and refined petroleum products are the largest industries.

Trade. Jordan is among the world's top three potash exporters. Since the Gulf War, the number of immigrants has increased greatly, leading to a severe trade deficit and a labor market that has not produced enough jobs.

Division of Labor. Jordan's economy is heavily impacted by its location in the Middle East, the arid landscape, its relationship with its neighbors, and its dependence on foreign aid. Its largest sectors are finance, which employs 22 percent of its labor force; transportation, which employs 16 percent; and the industrial sector, which employs 17 percent. Tourism offers the greatest prospect for development.

Social Stratification

Jordan's political and social systems are a mix of new and old, traditional and non-traditional, Bedouin and Palestinian.

Classes and Castes. All social and political systems of Jordan are centered around extended patriarchal family units based on ancestry and wealth. Family units are often led by sheikhs whose rule depends on the size of their families, their wealth, and the will of their personalities. After the death of a sheikh, the eldest son ascends to the position of head of the family.

Symbols of Social Stratification. The emerging modern Arab culture values a college education, Mercedes cars, and a home in an urban area as symbols of success. However, in traditional Arab culture, camel breeders are still considered to be highest on the social scale. Traditional clans consider anyone outside their clan to be inferior, so the tradition of only marrying a person from within their families continues.

Political Life

Government. Since 1951, Jordan has been a constitutional hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary form of government. It is politically stable, with freedom of religion, the press, and private property guaranteed. There is an ongoing program of democratization. In 1989 parliamentary elections were instituted, and since that time, martial law has been lifted and political parties have been legalized. Elections were held in 1993 and 1997.

Jordan's present legislative branch consists of an eighty-member elected Lower House and a forty-member Upper House. After a bill is approved by the Lower House and Senate, it is given to the King, who either grants consent by Royal Decree or returns the bill unapproved. Jordan's Constitution guarantees an independent judicial branch, dividing the courts into three categories: civil, religious, and special courts. The Jordanian civil legal system has its foundations in the Code Napoléon, a French legal code.

Social Problems and Control. Many of the country's laws are based on the Koran and the Hadith, a collection of Mohammed's sayings. These laws are enforced in religious courts called Sharia courts, which have jurisdiction over personal matters. Chastity is demanded of all single women. If a woman's chastity is compromised, a male relative may feel obligated to murder her to save the family's honor. When these cases go to court, often the charges are dropped or the murderer receives a short sentence.

Jordan has a low crime rate by international standards, with few petty crimes such as robbery reported.

Military Activity. Jordan maintains an army, an air force, and a small navy. The total strength of the armed forces in 1998 was 104,000 active members and 35,000 reserves. There is a paramilitary force that includes twenty thousand civil militia members and ten thousand public security officers. Jordan is a leader of peace efforts in the Middle East and is at peace with its neighbors.

Social Welfare and Change Programs

There is not a comprehensive welfare scheme, but the government administers medical and health services.

Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations

Nongovernmental organizations are involved with the environment, women, children, and economic issues. The royal family is supportive of many charitable foundations. Thirty miles north of Amman, Jerash hosts an annual summer Festival of Culture and Arts administered by the Noor Al-Hussein Foundation. The Jordanian Hashemite Fund for Human Development has social development centers throughout the country that help women and children.

Gender Roles and Statuses

Division of Labor by Gender. Most women have their lives controlled by their closest male relatives. Despite the limitations placed on them, they have made advances in education in a country where the practice of educating women only began three or four decades ago. Balancing customs and traditions at home with obedience to their husbands and the demands of a career remains a difficult challenge. When women work, they receive extensive benefits and sometimes equal pay. The 1997 census placed the proportion of women in the workforce at 14 percent, up from 8 percent in 1979. The unofficial unemployment rate for women is 65 percent.

Marriage, Family, and Kinship

Marriage. Getting married and having children are top priorities. Most marriages are arranged by the father of the bride. Often cousins marry each other, and the couple may barely know each other until the engagement is announced. The wedding has two celebrations: an engagement party and a wedding party. After the engagement party, the process of dating and getting to know each other begins. After the engaged woman and man have signed the papers at the engagement party, they are legally married. If they choose not to proceed, even though they have not lived together, they must divorce. Brides must be virgins on the wedding night. After marriage, every aspect of a woman's life is dictated by her husband. She cannot obtain a passport or travel outside the country without his written approval. At any time, a husband may take another wife. Polygamy with up to four wives is legal. Divorce is legal. When there is a divorce, custody of the children automatically goes to the father, and for this reason, women choose to remain in a marriage even when there are other wives. Divorced women are viewed as outcasts.

Domestic Unit. The typical family is extended, with family size decreasing since 1979 to about six members per family. The scarcity of natural resources, especially the chronic shortage of water, makes population control vital. To slow the rapid growth rate, birth spacing programs have increased awareness of the benefits of family planning, and many wives now use contraceptives.

Inheritance. Inheritance is guided by Islamic law. A woman receives half the amount that a man receives.

Kin Groups. Kinship relationships are patriarchal. Extended family ties govern social relationships and tribal organization.

Socialization

Infant Care. Women are primary caregivers for infants and small children. After the first son is born, the father and mother take the name of the son. If the son's name is Mohammed, the father becomes Abu Mohammed, meaning "father of Mohammed," and the mother becomes Om Mohammed, or "mother of Mohammed."

Child Rearing and Education. Children love to belly-dance with people watching and clapping their hands and women making a vocal expression by moving their tongues rapidly back and forth between their lips. Primary education is free and compulsory, starting at the age of six years until a child is sixteen years old. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees provides schooling for Palestinian refugees. Outside the classroom, children participate in few activities away from the family.

Higher Education. All students are required to take an extensive examination called Tawjehieh before graduating from secondary school and as a prerequisite for entering universities and colleges. The top male and female students attend state universities and numerous private colleges. The literacy rate is over 86 percent.

Greetings and farewells are lengthy and sincere. Even answering a telephone involves saying "how are you?" in several different ways. Visitors and/or friends frequently are invited into homes for dinner, where they are showered with kindness and food. Women dress modestly and often are offended by exposed flesh. Most Muslims do not drink alcohol. Shoes are always removed before entering a mosque, and this custom extends to homes as well. Shib-shibs (flip-flop sandals) are always put on before entering a bathroom, the feet and are never put on a coffee table, footstool, or desk. It is forbidden and disrespectful to expose the bottoms of the feet. Same-sex friends hold hands, hug, and kiss in public, but there is limited touching between men and women. A man does not shake hands with a woman unless she offers her hand first.

Religious Beliefs. The state religion is Muslim, as indicated in the constitution. Ninety percent of the population adheres to the Sunni branch. About 6 percent of the people are Christian.

Religious Practitioners. Imams, leaders of prayer in a Muslim mosque, hold an important role in this Muslim country. In most smaller and rural communities they are the political leaders as well.

Rituals and Holy Places. Jordan has a rich religious history. For Jews and Christians, it is part of the Holy Land, sacred for its connection to the Jewish patriarchs Abraham and Moses, as well as Christian biblical figures such as John the Baptist. Jordan is equally important in the history of Islam, as many tombs of Prophet Mohammed's companions are located in Jordan. Jordan is where the non-Arab world first contacted Islam more than fifteen hundred years ago.

One of the five essential Pillars practiced by Muslims is the recitation of prayers five times a day. Calls to prayers are announced publicly by mosques and can be heard throughout the nation. The devout unroll a small prayer rug and face Mecca to pray. Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, is a time of fasting from sunrise until sunset. Most public restaurants do not open for business until just before sunset. Throughout Ramadan and the celebration commemorating its end, of families mark the occasion with large feasts and special sweets. Another Pillar of Islam is the Hajj, the holy pilgrimage made at least once during a lifetime to Mecca. Many pilgrims travel through Jordan on the way to Mecca in Saudi Arabia.

Medicine and Health Care

Excellent medical care is available, especially in Amman. For the typical family, finding the money to pay for medical insurance and preventive care is difficult. Life expectancy is sixty-seven years for mens and seventy years for women. Most children are fully immunized.

Secular Celebrations

Jordanians follow the Islamic calendar. National holidays include Arbor Day (15 January), Arab League Day (22 March), and Independence Day (25 May). Religious holidays include Id al-Fitr (the end of Ramadan), Id al-Adha (the Feast of the Sacrifice), the Islamic New Year, the birthday of Mohammed, and Leilat al-Meiraj (the Ascension of Mohammed).

The Arts and Humanities

Support for the Arts. In 2000, King Abdullah ordered that government workers be given Fridays and Saturdays off, hoping they would find time to develop new interests and travel to sites such as Petra. The government promotes cultural festivals, encourages the revival of handicrafts, and takes steps to preserve the country's archaeological and historical heritage.

Literature. The country's most famous poet is Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal, who is among the major Arab poets of the twentieth century. Al-Tal was a political and social activist who devoted twenty years of his life to regaining the rights of gypsies and became a member of the gypsy community.

Graphic Arts. Folk art survives in tapestries, leather crafts, pottery, and ceramics. Wool and goat hair rugs with colorful tribal designs are manufactured.

Performance Arts. Popular culture takes the form of songs, ballads, and storytelling. Villagers have special songs for births, weddings, funerals, planting, plowing, and harvesting.

The State of the Physical and Social Sciences

Since the 1960s, a number of higher learning institutions have opened in Jordan, foremost among them the University of Jordan (1962) in Amman, Yarmouk University (1976) in Irbid, and Jordanian University Science and Technology (1996) in Irbnil. These centers are recognized for their Islam, Arabic language, and Middle East peace and conflict studies.

Bibliography

Chebaro, Lina, Halawani, Bassam, and Nada Mosbah. Arabic Cooking Step by Step, 1997.

Dallas, Roland. King Hussein: A Life on the Edge, 1998.

De Blij, H. J., and Peter O. Muller. Geography: Regions and Concepts, 6th ed., 1991.

Discovery Channel. Jordan Insight Guide, 1999.

Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock. In Search of Islamic Feminism: One Woman's Global Journey, 1998.

Friedman, Thomas L. From Beirut to Jerusalem, 1995.

Goodwin, Jan. Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World, 1994.

Hussein, King of Jordan. Uneasy Lies the Head: The Autobiography of His Majesty King Hussein I of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 1962.

——. My War With Israel, 1969.

Sedlaczek, Brigitte. Petra: Art and Legend, 1997.

Shumsky, Adaia and Abraham. A Bridge across the Jordan: The Friendship between a Jewish Carpenter and the King of Jordan, 1997.

Viorst, Milton. Sandcastles: The Arabs in Search of the Modern World, 1994.

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (official government site). http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo

The Jordan Star. http://star.arabia/com

Palestinian National Authority. http://www.pna.net

—D ARLENE S CHMIDT

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Jordanian Culture: Your Questions Answered About The Kingdom of Jordan

Explorer Chick

December 06, 2022

Curious about what the culture is like in the country of Jordan? Western tourists might be surprised to learn about some of the cultural differences between Jordanian customs and the traditions you’re probably used to!

Jordan culture reflects a unique combination of modern and ancient world influence with Arabic and Islamic elements, much of which can be very different from traditions in western culture.

Arab and Muslim culture both impact the daily lives of more than 95% of Jordanian society. From ancient-influenced cities to rural communities and deserts stretching to the Dead Sea, Jordan-visiting tourists are sure to find something astounding around every corner.

Jordanian People and Community

Having cultural sensitivity where there may also be some cultural divide is important for you to have a safe and positive experience while traveling abroad.

Jordanian society, like most, functions with its own set of norms and unspoken rules. While some of these may seem like a bit of a foreign notion, knowing what to expect will only improve your experience!

Here’s what you need to know about Jordanian social norms and interacting with Jordanian people:

Family Dynamics

Anyone who prioritizes family can relate to this Jordanian norm. Family is hugely important to the people of Jordan, and big families are very common. Getting married and starting a family is a major priority in Jordanian culture.

Jordanian men and fathers are typically in charge and expected to provide for the family financially. Women are responsible for child rearing and maintaining the family house. There are very few women in the workforce in Jordan currently, with only about 15% working a traditional job outside of the home.

Punctuality in Jordanian Culture

If you’re someone who tends to be late for everything, or who struggles to get a plan in place, Jordan might be the place for you! Jordan’s customs around punctuality and planning are extremely laid back.

The attitude among the people of Jordan is a very go-with-the-flow, take-each-moment-as-it-comes kind of vibe. That being said, don’t take offense if the local people and guides are a little behind schedule when it comes to activities. It’s all part of their unique charm!

Jordanian Greeting Customs

In the West, most of us are used to a handshake or a hug when we greet. In Jordan, you would typically only shake hands and/or kiss the cheeks of people the same gender as you. Members of the opposite sex usually don’t have any physical contact with non-family members.

If you’re in a situation where you’re not totally sure what’s appropriate or expected, placing your hand on your heart with a smile is always a safe bet.

Jordanian Hospitality

The people of Jordan are historically hospitable and incredibly kind. Generosity is ingrained in the culture of Jordanian people, who are known for being friendly and often invite travelers into their homes. One of the best ways to experience Jordanian hospitality is simply by accepting it, and enjoying the company of some of the kindest people on Earth.

Pro Tip: “shukran” is a universal way to say “thank you” in Arabic

Jordanian Negotiating Culture

Jordanians are always up for negotiation and bargaining. Similar to the customs around punctuality, negotiation is meant to be a friendly, laid-back conversation.

Local people typically don’t respond well to playing hardball when it comes to negotiating. Stick with kindness and fairness and you’ll be just fine making a deal.

Religious Customs & Holidays

More than 90% of the country’s population are Suni Muslims, and only about 6% are Christian. Expect to see some of the most beautiful mosques in the Middle East hosting spectacular religious events.

Ramadan is one of the biggest religious holidays among Jordanian traditions. During this time the Islamic people fast from sunrise to sunset, and there’s a strong focus on charity and doing good for others. Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha are two more Muslim holidays of significance in Jordan and are determined by the Islamic or Hijra calendar, which is based on the lunar year.

As a traveler, you might not be able to purchase alcohol in a lot of places during Ramadan. Sometimes you can still find alcohol served in hotels and more urban areas, though!

Language and Communication Styles

• Official Language of Jordan. Arabic is the official language of Jordan, though English is widely spoken in the cities. French, German, Italian, and Spanish are also commonly spoken since many Jordanians travel to study abroad.
• Communication Styles in Jordan. Don’t be afraid if you hear some REALLY animated conversations. People in Jordan tend to be direct and express a lot of emotions when they communicate.

Food in Jordan

Popular foods in Jordan draw inspiration from nearby Middle Eastern and Mediterranean countries. Lots of dishes are centered around crops like wheat, barley, lentils, and chickpeas combined with rich flavors or unique spices.

Za’atar Spice is super popular in tons of Jordanian cuisine. Made with oregano, thyme, cumin, sesame seeds, salt, and sumac — a tangy lemony spice that grows locally in Jordan.

Coming in hot as the national cuisine of Jordan and a big player in Jordan’s national identity, mansaf literally translates to “big dish.” This savory sensation has ancient Bedouin culture roots and was traditionally made with camel meat on a bed of flavorful, milky rice, bread, and veggies. Today the choice of meat has evolved to typically be lamb or mutton (mature sheep).

Daily meals

On a typical day of eating in Jordan, people will have breakfast early in the day (usually before 8:00 AM) and lunch sometime between 1:00 and 3:00 PM.

Most people take a break around what we western women would consider dinner time, typically around 6:00 PM for coffee and pastries. The main meal of the day, though, typically isn’t eaten until well after 8:00 PM. It’s not uncommon for restaurants to be pretty quiet until 9:00 or 10:00 in the evening.

In Jordan, coffee is much more than a beverage. It’s a universal way of bringing people together and serves as a symbol of hospitality and trust between guests and hosts. It’s considered a symbol of generosity, and sharing coffee as a courtesy has become ingrained and expected within the culture.

Culture and Etiquette in Jordan

People in Jordan are typically kind, polite, and courteous. That being said, they also have a somewhat strict ‘code of conduct’ when it comes to social situations and dress codes. Modesty is very important in Jordan, particularly for women.

Locals’ most common complaints about tourists are around dress, public displays of affection, and lack of mutual respect. Trust us, no one wants to change your vibe, but adhering to social expectations when visiting another culture is a sign of respect.

Dress codes

Dressing modestly is expected in the Arab world of Jordan, but so is dressing with pride. You’ll rarely see people in torn or scruffy clothes in Jordan and other Arab cultures.

• Male dress code in Jordan. Traditional men’s clothing is usually a dishdasha, a long-sleeved one-piece that covers the entire body. Keeping with the theme of decency, men in Jordan are expected to wear long pants. Avoid wearing shorts when visiting Jordan as it’s considered disrespectful. It’s slowly becoming more acceptable for teenage boys to wear shorts, but grown men should stick with trousers. T-shirts are typically fine for men.
• Female dress code in Jordan.   Jordanian women are expected to have their knees and shoulders covered (yes, showing your upper arms counts as your ‘shoulders’). Women traveling to Jordan shouldn’t be afraid but should keep respecting traditions in mind. Folks in Jordan may not be used to seeing western women in shape hugging athlete’s shorts and tank tops, or to seeing long hair hanging down a woman’s back. In some areas, being in public with wet hair is seen as advertising sexual availability. Drying your hair before heading out is probably a good idea.

Dining etiquette

First and foremost, do NOT get caught eating with your left hand in an Arab country. It’s considered pretty darn rude (sorry, lefties). Your left hand should also never touch any common dishes, and if you’re sharing a dish with others it’s considered rude to eat any portion of the plate that’s not right in front of you.

Personal space

Keeping physical contact to a minimum and maintaining personal space is expected in Jordan, even from foreign women and men, and especially with those of the opposite sex.

Even the merest contact can be easily misconstrued as sexual or inappropriate, and people have been charged with public indecency for displays of affection as simple as kissing in public.

Jordan, According to Explorer Chicks

When the Explorer Chick team saw opportunities in Jordan, we jumped right on it! Rural tourism development has been on the rise in recent years in Jordan, making it easier for visitors to access ancient religious sites like Wadi Rum and the deserts of Jordan Valley.

Want to know what Explorer Chicks had to say about their group adventure to Jordan?

“I returned home after a week of traveling with new memories, new friends, & a wealth of knowledge after exploring one of the most historically vibrant countries in the world.” Kirstie M.

Ready to Explore Jordan?

Has making a journey to the Middle East been on your mind? Get your butt in gear for the girl’s trip of a lifetime — Explorer Chick’s Jordan and Petra Ultimate Adventure!

This epic trip is designed to maximize FUN and foster new friendships and includes a fully immersive week experiencing the magic of the Middle East.

Hike to the Lost City of Petra and recover with a Dead Sea-inspired spa day. Challenge yourself with rock scrambling and reward yourself at sunset as you toast local spirits with your fellow adventure buds.

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Jordan's fascination with Arab cultural heritage

posted on: Jul 26, 2023

Photo: Pixabay

By: Eman El-Ajlouni / Arab America Contributing Writer

Jordan is located at the meeting point of several historical civilizations, it’s a captivating example of how people continue to be with their Arab cultural history. This country’s history extends thousands of years, during which several empires rose and fell, leaving behind an array of cultural riches that still fascinates the world. Jordan’s admiration for its cultural past is evident in all aspects of its identity, from the magnificent Petra ruins to the vibrant customs of its people. In this investigation, we dig into the captivating attraction of Jordan’s Arab history, where timeless beauties and vibrant traditions mix to offer visitors and cultural enhancements both a rich and fascinating experience.

Petra: The Rose-Red City

Petra, the famed “Rose City” and a UNESCO World history Site , is one of the seven wonders of the world and cannot be discussed without bringing up Jordan’s cultural history. This wonder is a monument to the creativity and architectural genius of ancient Arab civilizations, carved into the sandstone cliffs by the diligent Nabataeans more than two thousand years ago. Visitors are in amazement of the known Treasury’s beautiful architecture and historical importance as they approach it through the cramped Siq. Travelers come to see spectacular outdoor arenas, temples, and tombs as they explore the old city, all of which evoke the glory of the past.

Wadi Rum: The Valley of the moon 

Travelers are in amazement of the stunning elegance of Jordan’s Wadi Rum, a mesmerizing desert marvel. The “ Valley of the Moon ” is home to towering sandstone mountains, expansive sand dunes, and bizarre rock formations, producing an alien scene that makes you feel as though you’ve entered another planet. The rocks’ vivid colors give the landscape an otherworldly appeal, especially at daybreak and dusk. Wadi Rum is a special and remarkable location for anyone wanting a look into Jordan’s captivating wildness and rich history since, in addition to its natural beauty, it gives a chance to experience Bedouin culture and hospitality.

Ancient Roman Ruins

The well-preserved ruins of Jerash show that Jordan’s cultural past continues beyond the Nabataeans to the Roman era. As the “ Pompeii of the East ,” Jerash contains a stunning collection of Roman buildings, including temples, theaters, and colonnaded avenues. The historic city is a must-visit location for those interested in history because when visitors walk around it, they virtually sense the echoes of a bygone period.

Preserving the past via historical treasures

With numerous archaeological monuments and medieval ruins dotting its landscape, Jordan’s cultural heritage is a historical wonder. Every site provides a window into the various cultures that have shaped Jordan’s identity over the ages, from the well-preserved Roman city of Jerash with its imposing colonnades and well-preserved amphitheater to the Umayyad desert castles decorated with outstanding mosaics and detailed Islamic art. Generations to follow will continue to learn from the legacies of the past thanks to the nation’s dedication to the conservation of these historical treasures.

Bedouin hospitality and traditions

Jordan’s cultural history is enhanced by the traditions of its Bedouin people in addition to its ancient wonders. Evidently, the Bedouin people live a manner of life rooted in the soil by travel through the desert for decades. Their unusual hospitality, demonstrated in the serving of sweet tea to visitors, their traditional clothes, and their compelling narratives, offers a true view into the time-honored Bedouin culture that has endured for decades.

Spiritual Significance: Custodians of Holy Sites

Jordan, a land of historical and religious significance, boasts several Islamic holy sites that hold deep spiritual importance for Muslims. Among these sacred locations is the Baptism Site “ Bethany Beyond the Jordan “, where Prophet John the Baptist baptizes Prophet Jesus. This site draws countless Christian pilgrims seeking to connect with their faith and commemorate this pivotal event. Another cherished site is Mount Nebo, where Prophet Moses viewed the Promised Land before his passing, making it a place of reflection and reverence for Muslims worldwide.

The Cave of the Seven Sleepers, known as Ashab al-Kahf, is also revered, as it holds the tale of seven young men who sought refuge from persecution and miraculously preserved in slumber for centuries. Additionally, Maqam Al-Nabi Shu’ayb, the tomb of Prophet Shu’ayb, offers a site for spiritual contemplation and devotion for believers. Islamic holy sites in Jordan serve as places of pilgrimage, drawing visitors from diverse backgrounds to immerse themselves in sacred history and spirituality.

Culinary Heritage

Undoubtedly, no exploration of Jordan’s cultural heritage is complete without savoring its delectable cuisine. Jordanian cuisines like falafel, mezze, and mansaf, reflect the country’s rich culinary legacy for tourists. These meals were influenced by the country’s Bedouin, Arabian, and Levantine traditions.

Living Traditions and Cultural Festivals

Throughout the year, Jordan comes alive with a myriad of cultural festivals and events that celebrate its Arab heritage. From music and dance festivals to traditional crafts and culinary showcases, these gatherings offer a vibrant expression of Jordanian identity. For example, The Jerash Festival of Culture and Arts, brings together artists from around the world to share their talents. Wheras, the Amman Baladk Festival highlights local crafts, music, and cuisine, fostering a sense of pride and unity among Jordanians.

To summarize, Jordan’s fascination with its Arab cultural heritage is a captivating journey through time, where ancient wonders, living traditions, and artistic expressions merge to form a vibrant tapestry of history and identity. As Jordan cherishes its past, it invites the world to share its enduring appreciation for Arab heritage that inspires the nation’s vibrant and welcoming spirit. Whether exploring the ancient marvels of Petra or engaging in the warmth of Bedouin hospitality, every step in Jordan reveals the beauty and richness of a civilization that stands as a bridge between the past and the present.

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6 Key Things To Know About Jordan Culture

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When people think of Jordan, they think of Petra, one of the seven New Wonders of the World, and Amman, the capital. Surprise! There is so much more to Jordan! It is both a beautiful and culturally rich country. It is filled with historical sites, interesting geography, friendly people, and delicious food. Whether you travel with a group or solo, here are some key things to know about Jordan culture before you go.

1. Jordan’s Geography And History Are Unique

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is located in the Middle East and considered a part of the Holy Land. Jordan shares borders with Israel and Palestine to the west, Saudi Arabia to the south, Iraq to the northeast, and Syria to the north. The medicinal Dead Sea is located on its western border. Also, Jordan has a small coastline along the Red Sea.

Jordanians are 98 percent Arab. The other two percent of the population is Chechen and Armenian. While Arabic is the primary language, English is widely spoken. Religion plays an important role in the lives of Jordanians. The official religion is Islam and a very small percent of the population is Christian, Druze, and Baha’i.

2. Family Life And Rites Of Passage Are Extremely Important

Jordanians value their families and traditions. Extended families tend to live in multi-leveled homes. A young person’s wedding is an important rite of passage in the Jordanian culture. A wedding is a huge celebration and so is the birth of a child. After marriage, a son will bring home his bride to live with his family. The bride and groom will raise their children in the family home.

Religion and recognizing major holidays are also important to Jordanians. The weekend consists of Friday and Saturday while Sunday is the beginning of the workweek. Friday is considered a day of rest. Jordanians recognize and celebrate Muslim holidays including Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr, First of Muharram, and Mawlid An-Nabawi, and you may get to witness some of these celebrations depending on the time of your trip.

Cassandra Washington

3. Traditional Clothing Is Worth Noting

As in other Middle Eastern countries, dress in Jordan is typically conservative. Clothing also varies by region. In Amman, you may see more westernized dress worn by men and some women. You will see some women wearing long-sleeved, maxi-length dresses called a libis shar’i or jilbab along with scarves or hijab to cover their hair. You’ll also see handmade dresses featuring embroidery and cross-stitched patterns. The dresses are representative of the specific region of Jordan the woman wearing the garment is from.

In rural areas, you will see more traditional dress worn by men and women. Men wear thobes , ankle-length garments with long sleeves. A thobe is similar to a robe or tunic. Along with the thobe, many men wear keffiyeh , a traditional headscarf that is usually red and white.

Wearing tight clothing, short skirts or dresses, or shoulder-baring outfits is not permitted. During your visit, dress conservatively and adhere to the norms of the country.

4. Jordanian Food Brings People Together

If you are a foodie, Jordan is the perfect place to visit. Jordanians take pride in their delicious dishes. One traditional dish you must try is mansaf — a special-occasion dish that combines chunks of tender lamb, yogurt sauce, and a sprinkle of pine nuts and herbs. It is served with rice and kishk , a dough made of flour, yogurt, and salt. You will also find common appetizers like hummus, ful medames , and baba ganuj served with pita bread. Don’t forget the olives! Jordan is among the top olive-producing countries in the world.

During your trip to Jordan, consider participating in a cooking lesson. Visit Petra Kitchen , where you’ll prepare a delicious meal and meet new friends. You can chop vegetables, mix seasonings, and cook a Jordanian feast with the help of the kitchen’s chefs. The homemade meal I helped prepare included lentil soup, cucumber and tomato salad, baba ganuj, tahini salad, tabbouleh, mana’eesh , and of course some Jordanian wine. Don’t wait until the last minute to book this experience — reservations are required for Petra Kitchen’s cooking lessons.

5. The Historical Sites Of Petra Are A Point Of Pride

Jordanians are proud of the country’s history and sites. Jordan is home to archeological sites and artifacts dating back thousands of years. Jordan’s place in religious and political history is also fascinating, and you will learn both well- and little-known facts during your stay.

Odds are, you’ll begin in Amman, sometimes referred to as the White City. It is the capital of Jordan and a mix of old and modern. Visit one of Jordan’s archeological sites, the Citadel. Located on the highest hill in Amman, the site includes the Temple of Hercules and Umayyad. From the same site, you can enter the Archaeological Museum to view artifacts dating back from prehistoric times to the 15th century. The Jordan Museum is also located in Amman. On display are many artifacts including the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Next visit Jerash, which is north of Amman. There you will see colonnade streets from a well-preserved Roman city. It is an absolutely amazing historical site. Continue on to Ajloun Castle, built in 1184 A.D. It sits on Mount Auf and has wonderful views of the Jordan Valley. Your next stop should be Mount Nebo. It has significant biblical importance and is considered part of the Holy Land.

Of course, Petra is what most tourists come to Jordan to see. One of the Seven Wonders of the World and a UNESCO site , Petra is more glorious in person than in photos. It is called the Rose Red City and was hand sculpted from a mountain range by the ancient Nabateans in the third century B.C. You will need comfortable walking shoes because Petra is a huge site to explore.

After visiting Petra, travel to the Wadi Rum desert. Admire the rock formations during a Jeep tour. Join Bedouins for tea or ride across the desert on camels to watch the sunset.

Fadi Sultaneh / Shutterstock

6. The Seas Play An Important Part

Jordan has a small stretch of coastline on the Red Sea, and visitors can explore the port city of Aqaba. You can sail on the Red Sea, eat dinner, and watch the sun set. Or, during the day, you can relax poolside or at the beach at one of Jordan’s seaside resorts.

Of course, one cannot leave Jordan without floating in the Dead Sea. The water is so extremely salty that you’ll float with ease. The salty water is believed to have many medicinal properties for the skin and body.

Whether you are a history buff or an adventurer, Jordan has something special for you. Planning your trip? Don’t miss the best off-the-beaten-path spots in Jordan .

Guide to Jordanian Culture & Customs

Nestled in the heart of the three continents of the ancient world, Jordanian culture has been heavily influenced by its history as a vital part of the trade route. Jordan’s past as a host country to travelers from all over the world continues to this day, as tourists flock to top bucket-list destinations like Petra and Wadi Rum . The essence of Jordanian culture is centered around one word: hospitality, so prepare to be welcomed with sincerity and curiosity. Before you set off on your adventure, study our Guide to Jordanian Culture & Customs to make sure you’re well versed in how to respect and appreciate this rich and hospitable culture. 

Jordanian culture is a harmonious blend of ancient, modern, religious and secular. As a predominantly Muslim country, Jordanians practice their religion as a personal spiritual journey and are accustomed to welcoming travelers from abroad whose practices differ from their own. That being said, while many tourists explore the country wearing shorts and tank tops without any issues, opting for loose-fitting clothing and minimizing skin exposure will be received with appreciation and respect. Don’t forget to bring a scarf, which will come in handy to cover your head as you enter religious sites and to shelter you from the powerful Jordanian sun.

Jordanian Greeting Customs

In Jordan, it’s customary for men and women to shake hands or kiss the cheeks of members of their own gender when greeting each other, but members of the opposite gender generally abstain from contact. When in doubt, simply placing your hand on your heart will suffice. Public displays of romantic affection are considered inappropriate, so although couples commonly engage in PDA while traveling in Jordan, abstaining from doing so will be highly appreciated by the locals.

Jordanian Hospitality

Jordanian culture has hospitality down to an art form, so whether you’re visiting a tourist attraction or being welcomed into a family’s home, you’re guaranteed a warm reception. You will receive an abundance of invitations into shops or restaurants, which you can accept or politely decline by placing your hand over your heart and murmuring “ la, shukran ”, which means “no thank you” in Arabic. When accepting invitations, you will be welcomed with hot coffee, tea, sweets, or even a traditional feast if you’re lucky! Make sure to communicate your appreciation by offering compliments about your host’s house, shop, and most importantly, food. Just be careful when doing so, as Jordanian culture dictates that if a guest expresses an interest in a particular item in one’s home, it should be presented as a gift! Shoes are considered unclean, so be sure to remove them when entering a home or mosque. 

With its rosy-hued landscapes and world-renowned historical sites, Jordan is a photographer’s dream. Just one click of the camera produces breathtaking results, with minimal effort and no filter necessary. With so much beauty to capture, its only natural to want to include the local people inside the focus of your lens. Since Jordan’s economy relies heavily on tourism, and the locals are very accustomed to travelers in search of their next Instagram shot, Jordanians probably won’t blink an eye if you photograph them without permission. However, as a matter of respect, it’s highly recommended that you do!

Religious Customs

If you’re visiting Jordan during the holy month of Ramadan, consider yourself lucky to be able to witness this important part of Jordanian culture. It is important to be sensitive to some religious norms in order to be respectful, especially during this sacred time. During the month of Ramadan, observant Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset, so it’s advisable to avoid eating and drinking in public during the daylight hours out of respect. Observant Muslims abstain from alcohol at all times, so practice sensitivity when offering or imbibing in alcoholic beverages. 

Jordanian Negotiating Culture

There is a saying in Jordan that “everything is always negotiable.” Jordanians consider negotiating to be a sport, and take pride in their abilities. When in Jordan, test your haggling skills when negotiating the price of everything from souvenirs to camel rides. The first price is never the final price! One exception: regardless of where you are in the world, when getting in a taxi, always insist on using the meter. Even in a country that is world-renowned for its sincere and warm hospitality, the meter is always your friend.

Punctuality in Jordanian Culture

Like its Mediterranean neighbors, Jordan has its own concept of time. Perhaps you’re already familiar with the concept of five Greek minutes , which Hellenic locals joke is equivalent to half an hour in standard time. If you’ve been to Israel , you’re aware that Israelis don’t exactly run on London time either. When in Jordan, embrace the laid back lifestyle and don’t expect things to run exactly on schedule, as Jordanians perceive appointed time as suggestions rather than instructions. It’s all part of the experience, so prepare to dial down the intensity of regular life and go with the flow. 

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JORDAN’S CULTURE

Jordan’s culture is a pleasant jumble of old and new, and  Amman, the capital, has rapidly become one of the most sophisticated cities in the Middle East.

The majority of Jordanians are either of Bedouin or Palestinian origins; however, various minorities from neighbouring countries can be found. This is because Jordan historically has been a safe destination for refugees fleeing conflicts in the region. It has been calculated that one in every three persons in Jordan has a refugee background. The diversity of communities and ethnic groups adds to the already rich Jordanian heritage by bringing new recipes, arts, and traditions. In Amman, it is possible to enjoy among the most authentic dishes from Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Yemen, and Egypt. You can also attend concerts of musicians from all over the Middle East and the world. The integration of other Middle Eastern nationalities in Jordan is also facilitated by the language. While Jordan’s colloquial language is amiya , a dialect spoken in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine, the written language, is classical Arabic, or fussha , a standardized language that is taught in every Middle Eastern country. English is also widely used in commerce, government and taught at public and private schools.

The strong connection that Jordanians have with religion is an interesting cultural aspect. Jordan is a majority Muslim country. Around 5% of the population practice Christianity. Christians in Jordan are exceptionally well integrated into Jordanian society and Jordanian Christian communities resemble Muslim communities in many aspects. For instance, like Muslim communities, Christian communities are organized in tribes placing strong importance on the extended family system.

A core aspect of Jordanian culture is hospitality. The societal rule of taking care of the guest originates in Bedouin tradition and is deeply embedded in Jordanian society and customs. Every Jordanian has a natural predisposition to being kind and hospitable toward visitors, earning Jordan special recognition in the hospitality sector. Along with the value of hospitality and generosity, Jordan has also surprisingly managed to preserve its cultural identity despite the influence of globalization. Some people outside of Amman still wear traditional clothing. The traditional outfit typically worn by men is made of a one-piece full-length dress, called a “Dishdashah” or “Thoub”, a white cap called “Thagiyah” and a scarf-like headcover. The women’s national custom is a handmade full-length black dress embroidered with patterns in red.

Beyond the rich traditional culture, new forms of music and arts are constantly growing-encouraged by the younger generations’ need for a place to vent frustrations and concerns over the socio-political situation of the region, and a desire to create their identity between the traditional values and modern ones. The paintings, sculptures, graffiti and photography found in the streets and numerous galleries and cafes of Amman are all representations of Jordan’s artistic movements.

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WTO and Its Success in Jordan Essay

Introduction: wto principles in jordan, discussion: the essence of economic growth, analysis: the success of the gravity model, conclusion: multinational trading system, recommendations: what can be improved, reference list.

Globalization seems to have taken its toll on business and economy all over the world. For those states that have not been included into the WTO, it is becoming increasingly hard to provide its citizens with decent opportunities in education and career (Ekins & Voituriez 2012).

However, joining the WTO also means facing a number of challenges.

Despite the success and opportunities that entering the WTO is bound to bring to Jordan entrepreneurs, the state is obviously going to suffer a crisis caused by the necessity to comply with the standards of the organization, which the Gravity Model is bound to help with.

Jordan is primarily known for its scarce resources (El-Naser 2009). As a result, the state owns much money to its current business partners.

With better logistics strategy, Jordanian entrepreneurs could focus on improving their companies’ performance; however, at present, most money goes for transportation and delivery of the products.

As a result, the state is in huge debt to its business partners (Oxford Business Group 2009). However, by entering the WTO, the state authorities hope to raise the public and private entrepreneurships’ revenues (Ibpusa 2009).

As it has been stressed, the Jordanian government is going to implement the Gravity Model, which presupposes that Jordan will have to pick its business partners based not only on the influence that the latter have in the WTO, but also on the distance between the two states (van Bergeijk & Brakman 2010).

It is expected that participation in the WTO and trading in the realm of the global market will bring Jordan economic success: “for a small country such as Jordan, liberalizing the economy and integration into the world market could offer the best prospect to overcome the limited scale of the domestic economy and to help increase productivity through specialization” (Saqfalhait 2012, p. 180).

Positive effects

Despite the rapid change that the economy of Jordan was to be exposed to, there has been a lot of improvement in the business sphere of the state.

As the existing reports show, private entrepreneurship was finally given another chance to grow, and the problem of unemployment in public and private organizations was partially solved.

In addition, employees were finally provided with more options for personal and professional growth (Carroll 2003).

However, these are not the only positive effects that the agreement with the WTO brought Jordan and its businessmen. In addition to the chances for small and medium entrepreneurship (SME) development, the opportunities for the state economy in general emerged (Fawzy 2002).

Opportunities

Perhaps, one of the most impressive positive effects that the introduction of the WTO principles into the economic strategies of Jordan has had on the country’s economy concerns the opportunities that the Jordan entrepreneurs, as well as the state government, have in front of them.

By joining the WTO system, Jordan has become a member of the worldwide trade process, therefore, increasing its chances on not only getting investments from foreign states, but also starting partnership with major foreign companies and expanding some of the most efficient Jordan entrepreneurships into international corporations (Lucas 2006).

However, by accepting the WTO basic guidelines and becoming a part of the global trade system, the state authorities have also exposed the Jordan economy to an incredibly competitive environment, therefore, making its major companies especially vulnerable to the high-grossing rivals from other states (Malkawi 2006).

Apart from high competition rates, Jordan will also have to face the challenge of rearranging some of its businesses so that they could fit into the global trade environment.

The process of adapting towards the new rules is not going to be easy and will most certainly take considerable time (Tomaria 2008).

Negative effects

Sadly enough, by signing the agreement with the WTO, Jordan authorities have also had certain negative effects on the state economy.

Every change occurring to a state triggers certain problems, since, to get adjusted to this change both in political and economical field, state officials need much time, money and effort (Hassan & Al-Saci 2004). (Mitchell 2005).

Nevertheless, due to the reasonable steps undertaken by the Jordan government, it can be assumed that the state economy is out of danger at present. Still, a brief overview of the current threats and the means to handle them is still required (Mitchell 2005).

As it has been stressed above, most of the issues that the Jordanian business people and entrepreneurs are having at present can be considered temporary and will be solved as soon as the process of adapting towards the new WTO principles is over (Center for International Private Enterprise 2010).

However, other issues need an urgent solution, which calls for certain measures to be taken.

To start with, it is clear that the Jordanian SMEs require help from the government or foreign investors in order to become competitive in the new environment (International Monetary Fund 2004).

Even with the quality of the production raised, there are still a lot of issues to be solved, especially the ones concerning technology and the availability of resources. As a result, it is crucial that SMEs should be provided with support from the government, i.e., better loan options in banks, etc.

Current issues and their solutions

When it comes to the evaluation of the major blocks standing in the way of Jordan entering the global market, the concern regarding the national debt must be mentioned.

Indeed, according to the recent calculations, the debt that Jordan acquired due to the overseas borrowings made in 1980 reached drastic proportions in merely several years (International Monetary Fund 2008).

To solve the given problem, Jordan had to improve its economy, which could be carried out by allowing SMEs develop. The Jordan parliament, however, preferred another means to solve the situation, which concerned cutting the national budget.

These endeavors to replenish the national economy and get out of the debt, however, did not lead to any fruitful results:

There was a realization that, for a small country such as Jordan, liberalizing the economy and integration into the world market could offer the best prospect to overcome the limited scale of the domestic economy and to help increase productivity through specialization. (Saqfalhait 2012, p. 180)

Therefore, it was clear that restructuring the national economy by accepting the WTO rules and joining the process of international trade seemed much like a perfect way out of the given problem to the Jordanian authorities.

However, it appears that, to handle the situation regarding the debt that Jordan is currently in, the state needs the assistance from international partners (El-Said & Becker 2001).

The given tactics will allow for not only attracting more investors, who can possibly help the Jordanian SMEs take off the ground and become successful international enterprises, but will also allow for the exchange of experience and the introduction of new business strategies into the Jordanian companies, both public and private (Stevenson 2010).

The last, but definitely not the least goal that the introduction of the WTO principles will help the state to accomplish concerns the upgrade in the qualifications of the labor force, which, according to the recently acquired information, has rather dated skills and needs to update them so that the performance of the staff could be up to the WTO standards (Masiejewski, Mansur, & Alonso-Gamo 1990).

The aforementioned challenges can be faced and dealt with efficiently once the principles of the Multinational Trading System are firmly integrated into the Jordan economy (Bindi & Angelescu 2012).

By adopting a flexible system of government procurement, the Jordanian authorities will be able to get the public and private companies into the process of integration with the multinational trading system (Chauffour & Maur 2011).

As it has been stressed, the process of entering the multinational trading system will not flow impeccably perfect; on the contrary, with the debt that the Jordanian government has at present, it can be assumed that Jordanian entrepreneurs will have a number of issues in finding business partners, as well as customers to promote their services to. However, these issues can be dealt with.

Multinational Trading System might be a bit of a challenge, with all the regulations and the high standards that every state has to uphold to.

However, the opportunities that the members of the WTO can enjoy definitely compensate for the pressure of competition and the need to keep an eye on upgrading business strategies.

The process of Jordan integrating into the world market is most likely to result in the state having certain economical issues at first.

Seeing how the Jordanian SMEs need further development, which also requires financial resources, it will be necessary to attract partners who could invest into the Jordanian SMEs and public companies development, as well as the training of the staff.

Consequently, it would be wrong to assume that the state is going to pay its debt immediately and recover from the losses that it has been taking for the last few decades.

Therefore, the only possible solution for Jordan at present is to figure out how to adapt to the requirements set by the WTO and encourage the growth of the state SMEs, which the Gravity Model can allow for.

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Stevenson, L 2010. Private sector and enterprise development: fostering growth in the Middle East and North Africa , Edward Elgar, Northampton, MA.

Tomaria, R V 2008, Legacy of a rentier state: Reforming Jordan’s energy, water and telecommunications sectors , University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

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• Chicago (N-B)

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Bibliography

IvyPanda . "WTO and Its Success in Jordan." March 2, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/wto-and-its-success-in-jordan/.

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