gender reassignment surgery fellowship

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Our mission is to provide accessible, individualized, and comprehensive gender-affirming care for the communities we serve while also advancing education, research, and advocacy efforts across New England and beyond.

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Advanced Gender Surgery Fellowship

The Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery  in collaboration with the Department of Urology offers a 1-year fellowship in Advanced Gender Surgery. The fellow will be exposed to the full breadth of gender surgery with a robust focus on facial and genital gender affirming surgery. The fellowship is unique in that our trainees will also spend significant amount of time with our Urology colleagues and work in close collaboration with the Reconstructive Urology fellow. This exposure is a rare opportunity to learn from surgeons in another field and best prepares fellowship graduates from our program to lead gender-affirming surgery and genital surgery teams.

The fellowship has 5 core faculty with 3 plastic and reconstructive surgeons - Dr. Jens Berli, Dr. Blair Peters and Dr. Monica Llado-Farulla - and 2 reconstructive surgeons - Dr. Daniel Dugi and Dr. Geolani Dy. The fellow will be under the primary mentorship of the fellowship director who will coordinate faculty-led rotations to ensure robust exposure to all aspects of gender-affirming surgical care. The surgical volume in all aspects of gender-affirming surgery at the OHSU Advanced Gender Surgery Fellowship is currently unparalleled.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department Faculty

• Jens U. Berli, M.D., M.B.A. (he/him)
• Associate Professor and Head of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
• Accepting new patients
• Monica Llado-Farrulla, M.D. (she/her)
• Assistant Professor of Surgery
• Blair Peters, M.D. (he/they)

Urology Department Faculty

• Geolani W. Dy, M.D., F.A.C.S.
• Daniel D. Dugi, III, M.D., FACS

Core Surgical Curriculum includes: 

• Facial G ender Affirmation Surgery
• Chondrolaryngoplasty (“Tracheal Shave”)
• Chest A ffirmation Surgery (all variations of Mastectomy, Chest Masculinization, Breast Reduction and Breast Augmentation)
• All Stages of Phalloplasty Surgery including Erectile Device and Testicular Implants
• Simple Metoidioplasty and Metoidioplasty with Urethral Lengthening
• Open Penile Inversion Vaginoplasty, Robotic Peritoneal Flap  Vaginoplasty and Vulvoplasty 
• Individualized Surgical Procedures
• Body C ontouring  including Liposuction and High Volume Fat Grafting
• Simple and Complex R evision S urgeries Including Vulvar Revision Surgery, Phalloplasty Fistulas and Strictures, Revision Vaginoplasty (Open and Robotic), Revision Chest and Facial Surgery

Our fellows are also exposed to the full multi-disciplinary aspect of gender-affirming care through interactions and clinical exposure to: primary care, endocrinology, voice and speech, adolescent endocrinology, gynecology, mental health, social work, dermatology (laser and electrolysis) and if desired fertility counseling and treatment. Participation in programmatic building, multi-disciplinary initiatives and community engagement is highly encouraged and readily accessible; as well as involvement in monthly multi-disciplinary care discussions. 

Guided mentorship will ensure that exposure is adjusted throughout the year according to the fellow specific needs and career goals. Diverse faculty experience and interests provides additional opportunities for exposure and collaboration on clinical and basic science research, grant writing, scientific presentations, manuscript publishing, coordinating research teams, peer review and opportunities to partake in various committees and outreach and education initiatives. Graduates will be particularly able to lead new and developing gender-affirming surgery programs as they will have insight into all aspects of gender-affirming care and robust surgical exposure in all aspects of affirming surgery.

Qualifications:

• Medical Degree
• Completion or anticipated completion of ACGME accredited Plastic Surgery Residency
• Broad exposure in residency to Microsurgery, Facial Trauma and Aesthetic Surgery
• Board Eligibility in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

How to apply

To apply, please email your CV, 2 letters of recommendation and personal statement to our Program Coordinator . 

Applications are currently being accepted through March 1, 2024 via email and interviews will be held in April/May.  Our interviews and match day are aligned with other academic gender surgical fellowships, so that applicants can apply broadly and evaluate all programs. 

Program Director

As of 2024, Blair Peters, M.D. , directs the Advanced Gender Surgery Fellowship. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Urology. He obtained his medical degree from the University of Manitoba, Canada. Following this, he undertook residency training in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the University of Manitoba with a special interest and exposure to Microsurgery. Subsequently, Dr. Peters completed fellowship in Peripheral Nerve, Hand and Microsurgery at the prestigious Washington University in St Louis. Following this, they became the first fellow in Advanced Gender Surgery at OHSU in 2020. He is board certified by both the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada and the American Board of Plastic Surgery.

His unique training background, clinical research, advocacy work and community background have quickly established him as a leader in the field of Gender-Affirming Surgery. His core goals are innovation and improvement of outcomes and accessibility of care. His unique training in peripheral nerve surgery allows for a particularly nuanced exposure to sensory innervation and nerve considerations in gender surgery with novel exposure to sensory rehabilitation protocols and centering of sexual function in operative planning.

Since 2021, Dr. Peters has been a faculty member at Oregon Health & Science University. They predominantly focuses on genital surgery and have a robust practice in phalloplasty, robotic vaginoplasty and vulvoplasty. His practice is rounded out with a high volume of gender-affirming chest surgery, breast augmentation, body contouring and head to toe peripheral nerve surgery. In addition to directing the Advanced Gender Surgery Fellowship, he has been entrusted with the responsibility of Research Director for the Division since 2021. He has served as surgical lead for the United States Professional Association of Transgender Health (USPATH) meeting, was selected as the 2023 National John Fryer Lecture in LGBTQ+ Health and is a frequent nationally and internationally invited lecturer having served as Visiting Professor for many prestigious institutions across the United States and Canada.

In terms of professional affiliations, Dr. Peters is a member of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, American Society of Peripheral Nerve Surgery, American Society of Plastic Surgeons and Sexual Medicine Society of North America. He serves on the Editorial Board for "Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open” and publishes frequently on sensory outcomes in gender-affirming surgery, genital surgery techniques, nerve transfers and work on LGBTQ+ representation in medicine.

Dr. Peters' top priority is the highest possible degree of competency of the graduating OHSU Gender Surgery Fellows to increase access to top quality gender-affirming care for Transgender community.

Advancing and Transforming Health

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Transgender Surgery

Stanford Medicine is proud to be a leader in providing gender-affirming surgery, including vaginoplasty and orchiectomy. Our team is specially trained to offer surgical and post-operative care for penile-inversion vaginoplasty and postoperative conditions including vaginal stenosis, pelvic floor disorders, and vaginal dilation issues.

Click here to learn more about vaginoplasty →

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We work hand-in-hand with healthcare providers at the Stanford LGBTQ+ Health Program as well as a team of experts in pelvic floor physical therapy. We are committed to providing specialized and personalized care, and to research in these important areas.

We routinely collaborate with other specialists including coordination of other surgeries.

For a new appointment, please contact the LGBTQ+ Health Program to see Dr. Kavita Mishra at (650) 724-8844.

Our surgical and postoperative care team includes Dr. Kavita Mishra , a nurse practitioner, a registered nurse, 3 pelvic floor physical therapists, and a surgical coordinator. We work closely with your primary care and mental health providers before, during, and after surgery. We believe in multidisciplinary and supportive care to provide you with the best postoperative outcome.

Dr. Kavita Mishra is a female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgeon who was the first graduate of Cleveland Clinic’s Transgender Surgery & Medicine fellowship program, training with Dr. Cecile Ferrando. Dr. Mishra attended Brown University for her undergraduate studies and the University of California, San Francisco, for medical school. She completed a four-year residency in obstetrics and gynecology at Brown University/Women & Infants Hospital. She then completed a three-year fellowship in Urogynecology (Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery) at Brown University, specializing in minimally invasive surgery and pelvic floor disorders. She practiced at the University of California, San Francisco, before joining the department at Stanford. Dr. Mishra is enthusiastic about connecting with her patients, supporting them in their journey, and educating the next generation of physician leaders.

Why Choose Stanford for Gender Affirming Surgery?

Our team believes that you and only you get to decide how your identity is expressed. We are experts in helping people meet their goals and specialize in care ranging from routine medical visits to the physical transition process. We have spent the last few years actively expanding surgical services at Stanford.

World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Guidelines

Our team follows the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) guidelines to ensure patients are appropriate surgical candidates. We require patients live full time as their self-affirmed gender for more than one year, that they have undergone cross-sex hormone therapy for at least one year (if appropriate), that they have letters of support for surgical transition from two mental health professionals who are well-versed in transgender patient care. Patients who have met these criteria are deemed appropriate surgical candidates. They cannot be smokers or be excessively overweight, and they must be medically optimized for surgery if they have medical comorbidities.

Click here to read additional information about WPATH guidelines.

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Gender Incongruence

Current concepts in gender-affirming surgery postgraduate training, alexander n. khouri.

1 Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

Caleb Haley

2 Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

Mark MacEachern

3 University of Michigan Taubman Health Sciences Library, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

Shane D. Morrison

Background  Recent advocacy efforts and expanded insurance coverage has increased health care utilization among transgender patients. Therefore, it is pivotal that surgical residents are properly trained to care for transgender patients in both clinical and surgical settings. Yet, no formal curriculum or training requirements exist for surgical residents. The aim of this systematic review is to understand the surgical trainee's postgraduate education and training with respect to transgender health and gender-affirming surgeries (GAS).

Methods  A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA)-compliant literature search was performed on December 04, 2020 in PubMed, Elsevier Embase, and Wiley Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The retrieved hits were screened and reviewed by two independent reviewers.

Results  Our literature search identified 186 unique publications, of which 14 surveys and one interventional study from various surgical specialties including plastic surgery, urology, otolaryngology, oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS), dermatology, and obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) were included in this study. The majority of residents and program directors in surgical specialties believe education related to transgender health is important, and the current exposure in surgical training does not sufficiently prepare surgical residents to care for this marginalized population.

Conclusion  Current postgraduate surgical training in gender-affirming surgery is nonuniform across surgical specialty, geographical region, and individual program. Incorporating training modules and hands-on experiences into surgical trainee education will better prepare residents for the numerous clinical and surgical interactions with transgender patients. Further research is required to better understand how to best incorporate these experiences into existing surgical curriculums.

Introduction

It is estimated that approximately 25 million people worldwide identify as transgender. 1 2 The term transgender describes those whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth and/or does not confirm to the conventional gender binary, including gender nonbinary, gender nonconforming, gender queer, and gender diverse. 3 Transgender patients have previously experienced significant levels of discrimination within health care settings. 4 5 6 However, recent advocacy efforts and expanded insurance coverage has decreased stigma and improved access to health care for this patient population. As transgender health care utilization continues to increase, so too will the requested number of gender-affirming surgeries (GAS). 7 Therefore, it is pivotal that surgical residents are properly trained to care for transgender patients in both clinical and surgical settings.

As per the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), treatment of gender dysphoria involves psychiatric, medical, and surgical interventions. Multiple studies have already assessed the current undergraduate medical education related to transgender health. 8 A well-cited 2011 study by Obedin-Maliver et al discovered that the median time devoted to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LBGT) content in undergraduate medical education was only 5 hours across 4 years of school. 9 This was further supported by Dubin et al, who performed a systematic review of the current literature related to medical student and resident transgender health awareness and found that education in these curriculums was often limited to one-time attitude and awareness-based interventions. 10 These studies established the limited transgender health exposure in medical school curriculums. Recently, there has been an increase in literature describing transgender-specific education for surgical training programs. However, no literature has summarized our current understanding of the postgraduate training in surgical residency related to transgender health.

Multiple surgical specialties have already begun participating in GAS, including plastic surgery, urology, otolaryngology, oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS), and obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN). Yet, no formal curriculum or training requirements exist for surgical residents preparing to care for transgender patients. The aim of this systematic review is to better understand the surgical trainee's education and training with respect to transgender health and GAS.

Literature Search

This systematic review adhered to the standards of the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions and was written in the format provided by the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. 11 12 13 ( Fig. 1 ). On December 04, 2020, we performed a comprehensive and reproducible electronic search for studies regarding GAS postgraduate training in PubMed, Elsevier Embase, and Wiley Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. See Appendix 1 for the comprehensive search strategies.

Study selection process. Flow diagram depicting the number of manuscripts identified, retrieved, screened, and included in the final systematic review.

Eligibility Screening

The retrieved hits were screened and reviewed by two independent reviewers, based on the title and abstract and using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A third reviewer was asked to adjudicate in the case where consensus could not be reached among initial reviewers. An additional assessment was performed, based on the full-text versions of all selected records and those with insufficient information in the title and abstract. Studies were included if they addressed transgender health education related to a surgical or procedural specialty. Reasons for exclusion included irrelevant outcomes, inability to acquire full text, abstract only publications, secondary sources (reviews, commentaries, letters to the editor), and publications without English translation.

The electronic search yielded a total of 186 unique hits. Screening of the title and abstract led to the inclusion of 33 studies for secondary evaluation. Screening of the citations, references, and related articles of the 33 reviewed manuscripts yielded two additional papers. Fifteen original studies were ultimately included in the systematic review. Fourteen of these were survey-based studies among various surgical specialties such as plastic surgery, urology, otolaryngology, OMS, dermatology, and OBGYN. One manuscript included in this review implemented a training module consisting of both didactic and cadaveric dissection. Notable primary outcomes included trainee exposure with respect to transgender care, program director and resident perceptions and attitudes of transgender care, and currently established transgender health curriculums. Secondary outcomes included geographical region, comfortability caring for this patient population, and beliefs regarding gender-affirming surgical fellowships. All of the publications were from North America.

Current Training for Surgical Residents in Transgender Health

Initial surveys among American plastic surgery and urology residents revealed that surgical trainee exposure to GAS is highly variable ( Table 1 ). Morrison et al surveyed 322 plastic surgery residents and fellows from 21 training programs and found that approximately 65% had received education or had direct patient exposure to transgender patients during residency. 14 Dy et al found that among 289 urology residents, 54% of respondents received education about or were directly exposed to transgender patients. Urology residents were more likely to have direct patient interaction as opposed to formal lectures. 15 Exposure varied geographically in both cohorts. Despite the inconsistencies in training, respondents in both surveys agreed that exposure to transgender education is important. 16 17

Abbreviations: ACOG, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; FTM, female to male; GAS, gender-affirmation surgery; LGB-TGNC, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming; MIGAPs, minimally invasive gender-affirming procedures; OBGYN, obstetrics and gynecology; PD, program director.

A secondary survey performed by Morrison et al found that among 154 American plastic surgery and urology programs, as reported by program directors, the median dedicated time to transgender health was 1 didactic hour and 2 clinical hours anually. 18 As most surgical training programs range from 5 to 7 years, this amounts to no more than 21 hours of transgender health exposure. 19 The reported median allotted time also does not capture that 18% of plastic surgery and 42% of urology programs had no didactic education, and a third of plastic surgery and urology programs had no clinical exposure. 18 All three initial surveys indicated that a positive program director attitude toward transgender education correlated with more trainee exposure and formal education. 14 15 18 These results built upon the preliminary surveys claims that a surgical trainee's transgender education was nonuniform and varied, based on factors such as geography and overall program attitude toward transgender care.

A 3-year follow-up survey of 43 American plastic surgery program directors asserted that consistent education across residency programs may be improving. 20 Magoon et al found that a large majority of programs now devote educational time to transgender health and are planning on increasing these efforts in the coming years. 20 Programs now spend 3.5 hours annually on GAS curriculum, an increase of 1 hour per year from prior surveys and an indication that programs are committed to their plans to increase transgender health related education. 18 21 Although only 26% of programs report dedicated clinical experience with transgender patients, and the majority of that exposure exclusively dealt with chest/breast surgery, 67% of program directors felt that their residents were prepared to address transgender-related concerns. As opposed to initial surveys, continuing medical education (CME) hours per year dedicated to the topic did not vary by region. Widespread transgender health education among surgical residents may continue to improve as GAS becomes more commonly accepted and practiced.

Despite the improvement in recent plastic surgery studies, a survey of multiple specialties from Canada, including urology, found that none of the 14 urology residency respondents felt competent managing trans-related urologic care, and none of them agreed that their current education was adequate. 22 Similar to previous studies, 43% of respondents had no curricular exposure to transgender health care. 18 22 Half of the urology residents agreed that transgender health care was included as a part of their specialty and only 29% planned on incorporating it into their future practice. 20 22 Despite being significantly underpowered, it highlights the need for further transgender health care training in current urological residencies in order to reflect the resident-endorsed desire for increased GAS training. 15

Other surgical specialties involved in the multidisciplinary approach to GAS and transgender health include otolaryngology, OMS, and dermatology. Otolaryngology and OMS residents are uniquely qualified to perform the facial and pitch alteration surgeries desired by transgender patients, and dermatologists commonly perform minimally invasive gender-affirming procedures (MIGAPs) such as soft-tissue augmentation, laser hair removal, and neuromodulator injections. 23 24 However, residency exposure to transgender care is mixed among these surgical specialties. Massenberg et al found that 30% of American ENT residents had exposure to transgender health, most commonly with facial and pitch surgeries such as cricothyroid approximation or endoscopic vocal cord shortening. 25 Exposure was similar in American OMS residencies, as identified in a national survey performed by Ludwig et al. 26 A survey of 38 program directors, which included not only dermatologists but also otolaryngologists, oculoplastic surgeons, and plastic surgeons, found that 47% of programs offer training in MIGAP procedures. 24 These are only preliminary studies in their respective specialties and may not capture the true residency experience and attitudes, as these studies were limited by low-response rates. Further studies will be required to fully understand the experiences and perceptions of surgical trainees in these specialties.

Training was even more limited amongst OBGYN providers and fellows. Unger found that among 141 American OBGYN providers, only 20% received any training regarding transgender patient care during residency and only a third felt comfortable providing care to these patients. 27 Mehta et al had similar results, identifying only 25% of American providers who received education in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and gender-nonconforming (LGB-TGNC) health during residency and fellowship. 28 Those with previous training were more likely to self-identify or have a close contact identifying as LGB-TGNC, and training did not correlate with provider comfort caring for transgender patients, suggesting that prior training may have inadequately prepared the providers. 27 28 This is significant as OBGYN providers play a crucial role in the long-term medical and surgical care of these patients. Among female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgeons, a hybrid between OBGYN and urology surgical specialties, Chang et al found that most fellows had no experience with transgender patients (26% with outpatient exposure, 16% with inpatient exposure) and 70% of fellows had no transgender health didactics during fellowship. 29 Only 33% of fellows at institutions where GAS was not performed felt comfortable performing gender-affirming hysterectomy with salpingo-oopherectomy, as opposed to the 88% of fellows at institution where GAS was performed. 29

Despite the lack of exposure, Grimstad et al found that 82% of American OBGYN residency program directors felt that transgender health objectives were important and 96% favored the addition of a transgender component in their curriculum. 30 This was reiterated by Mehta et al who found that 60% of providers desired further training in LGB-TGNC health. 28 Similar to other surgical specialties, OBGYN residents feel only “somewhat” prepared to care for this marginalized population, despite strongly agreeing that education in transgender care is important, and highlighting the need for a more developed formal curricula. 31 This request for increased education is supported by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, who echoed the need for transgender education in response to a landmark study that detailed disparities affecting this community. 32 Yet, current curricula lack sufficient transgender education. A follow-up survey performed by Vinekar et al found that 31 out of 61 responding American residency programs currently offered transgender health education and 24 programs planned to introduce educational didactics in the preceding year. 33 However, only 20 programs offered clinical training for transgender patients and only five introduced surgical techniques for GAS. Current research may not fully elucidate a true understanding of the current transgender education for OBGYN, as response rates were overall much lower among OBGYN providers, program directors, and residents when compared to other specialties.

Training in transgender health for surgical residents is neither standardized nor uniform and the current exposure during residency does not sufficiently prepare all residents to care for this marginalized population. 15 18 26 30 31 33 The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) at this time has no case log requirements or mandated education related to transgender health and GAS. 34 As a result, a surgical trainee's experience varies significantly across surgical specialty, geographical region, and individual program. Specialties such as otolaryngology, OMS, and OBGYN report less exposure when compared to plastic surgery and urology ( Fig. 2 ). 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Residents from different specialties reported significantly different comfort levels when caring for transgender patients. 22 28 31 Recently, an emphasis has been placed on the multidisciplinary and holistic approach to transgender health. 35 It is therefore imperative that surgical residents in all specialties that perform GAS receive adequate education and exposure related to transgender care. Standardizing training with competency-based guidelines will prepare surgical residents uniformly to care for transgender patients undergoing GAS.

Resident exposure to transgender health across surgical specialties. Average percent of resident exposure to transgender health and gender-affirming surgery (GAS), based on specialty. This figure included results from six obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) studies, one oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) study, one otolaryngology study, three plastic and reconstructive surgery studies, and three urology studies.

The majority of residents and program directors in surgical specialties encourage transgender health education during residency. 15 18 26 30 31 33 However, not all surgical residents felt that transgender health was an important component of a residency curriculum. 14 18 25 26 36 Multiple studies have demonstrated that residents and providers with prior education in transgender health were more likely to desire further training. 15 28 As programs commit to implementing and expanding transgender education in upcoming curriculums, we anticipate the relative emphasis on transgender health in surgical education will propagate and become considered a foundational component of surgical training. 14 18 20 26 33 36 Through standardization of training and increased support for transgender health education, programs will be better suited to adequately train residents in GAS.

While transgender health education during surgical residency continues to evolve, there has been a simultaneous increase in GAS fellowship opportunities and a demand for fellowship-trained surgeons. 19 37 38 Despite program directors disagreeing on the need for fellowship training in GAS, multiple studies have shown that most residents in plastic surgery, urology, otolaryngology, and OMS support fellowship training. 14 15 20 21 25 26 Fellowship opportunities will further prepare trainees to master the technically challenging GAS, and better care for these patients in a variety of clinical settings. Additional training is also supported by patients, as it has been shown to alleviate stress in patients undergoing these life-changing surgeries. 39

Limitations and the Development of New Transgender-Health Curricula

Our current understanding of surgical training related to transgender care is primarily derived from survey-based studies. These are often limited by generalizability and incomplete participation and are frequently susceptible to selection and response bias. These studies are also restricted to North America and do not provide insight into training elsewhere in the world. GAS are commonly performed in Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America. Further studies will be required to better understand the robustness of surgical training in transgender health globally. However, the surveys included in this study together identify an overall understanding of the current surgical trainee experience in North America. Ultimately, existing research will lay foundation for interventional studies such as the development of training modules to be implemented in surgical curriculums.

One such training experience has been demonstrated by Pfaff et al, who executed a structured facial feminization course that included a 1-hour lecture and cadaveric dissection for 11 plastic surgery residents and five medical students ( Table 2 ). 40 Pre- and postcourse self-assessments confirmed an improved understanding of facial feminization in transgender females. Several barriers to establishing similar training modules have been cited, such as lack of faculty expertise, formal curriculum, and resources. 33 There is no consensus regarding which formats of educational interventions are best suited to teach transgender health. 41 However, initial curriculums may be best achieved through easily accessed online training modules. Online material may offer programs an affordable, high-quality, standardized educational resource in transgender health. 42 Live surgery training courses for gender-affirming procedures have been produced annually via WPATH. A set of guiding principles to drive the development of new curricula has been previously explored by Schechter et al. This includes recommendations for surgical trainees to perform at least 25 top and bottom surgeries over a 2-year period. 36 However, technical skills alone will not sufficiently prepare residents. An effective surgical training in transgender health will require a multidisciplinary, holistic approach that includes core lectures, clinical and technical training, CME, and research. 35 36 43 This well-rounded experience will prepare residents for competency-based interactions with transgender patients which will translate to a multitude of care settings. 44 Eventually, this comprehensive education may be adapted by the ACGME or other global medical education councils. Formal training will also standardize trainee exposure and education, limiting program and geographical variation and better preparing trainees for the recent increase in new GAS fellowships. 19

Current postgraduate surgical training in GAS is nonuniform across surgical specialty, geographical region, and individual program and does not sufficiently prepare all surgical residents to care for this marginalized population. Incorporating training modules and hands-on experiences into surgical trainee education as well as working toward the development of a formal GAS curriculum will better prepare residents for the numerous clinical and surgical interactions with transgender patients and standardize exposure. Development of fellowships in GAS will allow those seeking further education to explore these opportunities. Further research is required to better understand how to best incorporate these experiences into existing surgical curriculums.

PubMed (103 results on December 4, 2020)

Sex Reassignment Surgery/education[mh] OR transgender persons/education[mh] OR ((sex reassignment surgery[mh] OR transgender persons[mh] OR transsexualism[mh] OR gender affirming[tiab] OR transgender*[tiab] OR transexual*[tiab]) AND (medical education[ti] OR education, medical[mj] OR (fellow*[ti] OR otolaryngol*[ti] OR procedure*[ti] OR residen*[ti] OR surg*[ti] OR trainee*[ti] OR urolog*[ti]) AND (educat*[ti] OR student*[ti] OR teach*[ti] OR train*[ti])))

Elsevier Embase (88 results on December 4, 2020)

('sex reassignment'/exp OR 'transgender'/exp OR 'gender affirming':ti,ab OR transgender*:ti,ab OR transexual*:ti,ab) AND ('education'/exp/mj OR 'medical education'/exp OR educat*:ti OR student*:ti OR teach*:ti OR train*:ti) AND (operati*:ti,ab OR otolaryngolog*:ti,ab OR procedure*:ti,ab OR surgeon*:ti,ab OR surger*:ti,ab OR surgic*:ti,ab OR urolog*:ti,ab)

Wiley Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (10 results on December 4, 2020)

([mh “sex reassignment surgery”] or [mh “transgender persons”] or [mh transsexualism] or (gender near/2 affirm*):ti,ab or transgender*:ti,ab or transsexual*:ti,ab) and ([mh “education, medical”] or educat*:ti or student*:ti or teach*:ti or train*:ti)

Conflict of Interest None.

Financial Disclosures

The authors have no financial interest to declare.

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Surgeons Who Perform Gender-Affirming Surgery

Trans feminine Gender Affirming Surgery is becoming more and more common, but it can still be tough to find the right surgeon. The surgeons listed below are highly qualified plastic, reconstructive, urological and cosmetic surgeons who regularly perform gender-affirming procedures for those on the trans feminine spectrum. When choosing a surgeon, look for board certification, experience with transgender surgery, and a someone you feel confident and comfortable with.

Also see: Vaginoplasty Surgeons , Orchiectomy Surgeons

Featured Surgeons

Dr. Kathy Rumer

Dr. Kathy Rumer is an expert in transgender surgery, performing 200-250 MTF gender reassignment surgeries per year. Dr. Rumer also directs a 1-year gender surgery fellowship program. She offers the full range of male to female surgery procedures, including Vaginoplasty, Facial Feminization Surgery and Breast Augmentation. Read more »

Dr. Scott Mosser

Dr. Scott W. Mosser is a board certified and award-winning surgeon based in San Francisco who specializes in MTF/N Breast Augmentation and Body Feminization. He has worked with the transgender community for more than 10 years. Dr. Mosser is co-founder of the American Society of Gender Surgeons (ASGS), and Medical Director of the Gender Institute at Saint Francis Memorial Hospital. Read more »

Dr. Gabriel Del Corral

Dr. Del Corral is a double board-certified plastic and reconstructive surgeon who offers Vaginoplasty and other gender-affirming procedures at the Medstar Center for Gender Affirmation in Washington D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland. Fellowship trained in microsurgery, Dr. Del Corral also has expertise in reconstructive surgery, maxillofacial surgery and cosmetic surgery. He specializes in Gender Affirmation Surgery and has a particular interest in Vaginoplasty and Facial Feminization. More »

Dr. Scott W. Mosser is a board certified and award-winning surgeon based in San Francisco who specializes in MTF/N Breast Augmentation and Body Feminization. He has worked with the transgender community for more than 10 years. Dr. Mosser is co-founder of the American Society of Gender Surgeons (ASGS), and Medical Director of the Gender Institute at Saint Francis Memorial Hospital. More »

Dr. Danny Hanna

Dr. Hanna is a fellowship-trained Gender Surgeon based in Dallas, Texas. At the Hanna Gender Center, Dr. Hanna works exclusively with transgender and non-binary patients, offering gender-affirming genital surgeries as well as Breast Augmentation, Body Sculpting and Hair Grafting. More »

Newly Added Surgeons

Dr. Kenan Celtik

Dr. Celtik is a Reconstructive Urologist who specializes in gender-affirming Vaginoplasty. He is fellowship-trained in Gender Surgery and has completed 15 years of advanced medical education, including rigorous training in female pelvic reconstruction, robotic surgery and neurourology. Dr. Celtik's deep expertise and commitment to providing exceptional care and surgical outcomes make him a great choice of Vaginoplasty surgeon. He joined the Crane Center for Transgender Surgery in 2023 and is based in the San Francisco area. More »

Dr. Drew Marano

Dr. Marano is a fellowship-trained plastic and reconstructive surgeon in New York City who has deep expertise in Gender Affirmation Surgery. Dr. Marano is fellowship-trained in the full spectrum of gender-affirming procedures and is particularly passionate about Robotic Vaginoplasty and Facial Feminization Surgery. Dr. Marano's extensive training and dedication to provide the highest level of care make him a sound choice of surgeon in the New York metropolitan area. More »

Dr. Aneesh Gupta

Dr. Gupta is a triple board-certified cosmetic surgeon in Philadelphia who offers Breast Augmentation and Body Feminization surgery. Dr. Gupta's experience with gender-affirming care has informed how Jazzi Cosmetic Surgery has created a welcoming environment for all patients. Throughout your surgical journey, you can expect everyone you interact with at Jazzi to be friendly and professional. More »

Facial Feminization Experts

Dr. Joel Beck

Dr. Beck is a board certified plastic and reconstructive surgeon who has been offering gender-affirming facial surgery since 2003. Based in Charlotte, North Carolina, Dr. Beck is one of only a few FFS Surgeons in the Southeast. He also offers Breast Augmentation, Body Sculpting and Hair Grafting. More »

Dr. Gerhard Mundinger

Dr. Mundinger is a board-certified plastic surgeon with broad training and expertise in craniofacial and gender-affirming surgery. Dr. Mundinger joined the Austin branch of the Crane Center for Transgender Surgery in 2021, where he offers Facial Feminization Surgery, Vaginoplasty and Breast Augmentation. More »

Dr. Thomas Satterwhite

Dr. Satterwhite is a Plastic Surgeon in San Francisco works exclusively with transgender and non-binary patients. Dr. Satterwhite performs Facial Feminization Surgery, Vaginoplasty, Breast and Buttock Augmentation, and Body Sculpting. More »

Dr. Josef Hadeed

Dr. Hadeed is a board certified, Duke University-trained surgeon who offers gender-affirming feminizing surgery in Beverly Hills, California and Miami, Florida. Dr. Hadeed's surgical offerings include Orchiectomy, Facial Feminization, Breast Augmentation and Body Sculpting. More »

Dr. Alexander Facque

Dr. Facque is a board-certified plastic surgeon in San Francisco, California who joined the Gender Confirmation Center's team in September 2020 as a full-time Associate Surgeon with deep expertise in Facial Gender Confirmation Surgery, Breast Augmentation and Body Sculpting. Dr. Facque was introduced to gender-affirming care in 2012 and now works exclusively with transgender and non-binary patients. More »

Dr. Drew Schnitt

Dr. Schnitt is a board certified cosmetic, plastic, reconstructive and craniofacial surgeon. In practice since 2002, Dr. Schnitt's extensive experience in cosmetic and craniofacial surgery make him a great choice for Facial Feminization Surgery in Florida, as well as Breast Augmentation, and Body Sculpting. More »

Dr. Toby Meltzer

Dr. Meltzer is a plastic and reconstructive surgeon who is widely recognized as one of the leading surgeons in the field of Gender Reassignment Surgery. Dr. Meltzer has been performing MTF Surgery since 1993 and has completed over 4000 gender affirming surgeries. He performs about 200 gender reassignment surgery cases per year in Scottsdale, Arizona. More »

Dr. Christopher Salgado

Dr. Salgado is a board-certified plastic surgeon in Florida who has deep expertise in Gender Affirming Surgery. In practice for more than 20 years, Dr. Salgado performs all aspects of male-to-female surgery, from Facial Feminization and Breast Augmentation to Vaginoplasty, giving patients the opportunity to experience a continuity of care throughout their surgical transition. After many years in academic practice, Dr. Salgado opened his private practice in Miami in 2019. More »

Dr. Eric Bensimon

Dr. Bensimon has dedicated his career to helping trans women seeking FFS. With over 15 years experience in FFS, Dr. Eric Bensimon is one of the world's most experienced surgeons practicing Facial Feminization Surgery. Dr. Bensimon is based in Montreal, Canada. More »

Dr. Praful Ramineni

Dr. Ramineni is a highly experienced, board-certified plastic and reconstructive surgeon who specializes in gender-affirming top and bottom surgeries. Dr. Ramineni has more than 15 years of experience as a surgeon and performs at least 600 procedures a year. He's known for not just his exceptional surgical skills and natural-looking results, but also for his caring bedside manner and great communication style. More »

Dr. Daniel J. Freet

Dr. Freet is a board certified Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon who offers the full spectrum of MTF Surgery procedures at the University of Texas in Houston. Leading a multidisciplinary gender surgery team, Dr. Freet performs Gender Reassignment Surgery (Vaginoplasty), as well as Facial Feminization and Breast Augmentation. More »

Dr. Angela Rodriguez

Dr. Rodriguez is a board-certified plastic surgeon in San Francisco who is dedicated full time to providing surgical care for transgender patients. She is highly proficient in gender-affirming Vaginoplasty and has a special interest in Facial Feminization. Her commitment to transforming lives and passion for social justice drove her pursuance to master transgender surgery, but it's Dr. Rodriguez's surgical skills, bedside manner and results that patients love. More »

Dr. Curtis Crane

Dr. Crane is a board-certified plastic surgeon in Austin, Texas who has deep experience with the full spectrum of male-to-female Gender Reassignment Surgery procedures. Dr. Crane and his team perform approximately 130 Vaginoplasty surgeries every year, as well as Vulvoplasty, Facial Feminization and Breast Augmentation. More »

Dr. Richard Santucci

Dr. Santucci, who spent 18 years as one of the nation's most distinguished academic Reconstructive Urologists, hasn't looked back since turning his focus to Gender Affirming Surgery. Before joining the Crane Center for Transgender Surgery, Dr. Santucci served as the Director of the Center for Urologic Reconstruction and the Specialist-in-Chief for Urology at the Detroit Medical Center. Dr. Santucci's years of experience with complex genitourinary surgery uniquely qualifies him to excel at gender-affirming genital reconstruction. More »

Dr. Ashley DeLeon

Dr. DeLeon is a board-certified surgeon who specializes exclusively in Gender Affirmation Surgery. Dr. DeLeon was fellowship trained in gender-affirming procedures by Dr. Curtis Crane. Dr. DeLeon practices in Austin, Texas at the Crane Center for Transgender Surgery, one of the busiest gender surgery practices in the world. Dr. DeLeon's special focus is on male-to-female bottom surgery procedures: Orchiectomy, Vulvoplasty and Vaginoplasty. More »

Dr. Dev Gurjala

Dr. Gurjala is a board-certified plastic surgeon in San Francisco who offers the full array of male-to-female surgery. Prior to joining Align Surgical Associates in 2019, Dr. Gurjala performed gender surgery, microsurgery, and general reconstructive and aesthetic surgery for five years in the Kaiser Permanente system in California. More »

Dr. Michael Safir

Dr. Safir is a board-certified urologist in Los Angeles who specializes exclusively in gender-affirming bottom surgery procedures. With sub-specialty certification in Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (FPM-RS), Dr. Safir is one of a handful of urologists in the world with individual fellowship training and experience in both male and female genital reconstruction. He gained signicant experience performing gender-affirming genital procedures for five years at one of the highest volume gender surgery centers in the world. More »

Dr. John Henry Pang

Dr. Pang is a double board-certified plastic and reconstructive surgeon who has also completed fellowship training in Gender Affirming Surgery. Before joining Align Surgical Associates in San Francisco, Dr. Pang completed the Transgender Surgery training program at Mount Sinai in New York City. His practice is dedicated to providing the highest level of care for his transgender and non-binary patients. More »

Dr. Heidi Wittenberg

Dr. Wittenberg is an experienced Urogynecologist in San Francisco who works exclusively with trans and non-binary patients. Dr. Wittenberg is the director of MoZaic Care, which specializes in gender affirming genital and pelvic surgeries, and a Founder Surgeon and Co-Director for the first SRC accredited Center of Excellence in Gender Confirmation Surgery, at Greenbrae Surgery Center. More »

Dr. Adam Bonnington

Dr. Bonnington is a Gender Surgeon in San Francisco who has focused his career on working with underrepresented patient populations. He joined Dr. Heidi Wittenberg at MoZaic Care as a Surgical Associate in 2020 where he works exclusively with transgender and non-binary individuals. Dr. Bonnington performs Orchiectomy and Vaginoplasty. More »

Dr. Loren Schechter

Dr. Schechter is one of the country's foremost experts on gender-affirming surgery. He is the Medical Director of the Gender Affirmation Surgery Program at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. Dr. Schechter's outstanding surgical skills and more than 20 years experience with transgender surgery have made him an in-demand surgeon. He offers the full spectrum MTF Gender Confirmation procedures, including Breast Augmentation, single-stage Vaginoplasty, and FFS. More »

Dr. Ellie Zara Ley

Dr. Ley is a board-certified plastic surgeon who had over 15 years of training and experience in plastic surgery, craniofacial surgery and microsurgery before completing Gender Surgery training. Now based in San Francisco, Dr. Ley provides superb surgical care for those seeking Vaginoplasty, Facial Feminization and other feminizing surgeries. More »

Dr. Kathy Rumer is an expert in transgender surgery, performing 200-250 MTF gender reassignment surgeries per year. Dr. Rumer also directs a 1-year gender surgery fellowship program. She offers the full range of male to female surgery procedures, including Vaginoplasty, Facial Feminization Surgery and Breast Augmentation. More »

Dr. John Whitehead

Dr. Whitehead offers gender affirming male-to-female surgery in Florida. Dr. Whitehead was trained in the art of gender reassignment surgery by Dr. Harold Reed, the now-retired urologist who practiced at The Reed Center for decades. Dr. Whitehead offers Orchiectomy, Vaginoplasty and Vulvoplasty. More »

Dr. Dmitriy Nikolavsky

Dr. Nikolavsky is a highly regarded Reconstructive Urologist and Gender Surgeon at SUNY Upstate Medical University in Syracuse NY. In addition to offering primary Vaginoplasty surgery, Dr. Nikolavsky is also an expert at treating post-operative urinary complications and provides long term follow-up care for patients who have had Vaginoplasty. Read more »

Dr. Jonathan Keith

Dr. Keith is a fellowship-trained Plastic Surgeon in New Jersey with expertise in Gender Reassignment Surgery. In 2018, Dr. Keith co-founded the first multidisciplinary clinical program for transgender patients in New Jersey. He is the first surgeon in New Jersey to offer the full range of gender-affirming procedures, including Facial Surgery, Vaginoplasty and Breast Augmentation. More »

Dr. Nick Esmonde

Dr. Esmonde is a Gender Surgeon in Portland, Oregon who has impeccable training in Gender Affirmation Surgery and whose practice is almost exclusively focused on helping transgender and non-binary patients. Dr. Esmonde offers the full spectrum of feminizing surgeries, from Facial Feminization to Vaginoplasty. More »

Dr. Christopher McClung

Dr. McClung is a board-certified urologist in Columbus, Ohio who specializes in gender-affirming Vaginoplasty. Dr. McClung's deep experience with complex urological reconstructions provided an ideal background for becoming a Gender Surgeon. He has now performed over 200 feminizing bottom surgeries and his practice is fully dedicated to providing gender-affirming surgical care. In addition to his urology and reconstructive expertise, Dr. McClung's patients also appreciate his gentle bedside manner. More »

Dr. Min Jun

Dr. Min Jun is an exceptionally trained Reconstructive Urologist and Gender Surgeon in San Francisco who specializes in Robotic Peritoneal Flap Vaginoplasty. Dr. Jun has completed fellowship training in both Reconstructive Urology and Gender Affirming Surgery. He worked with the Crane Center for Transgender Surgery in 2020-2023 and now has his own practice in San Francisco. More »

Surgeons in Thailand

Dr. Pichet Rodchareon

Dr. Pichet Rodchareon is a board-certified plastic surgeon in Bangkok who has extensive experience performing male-to-female Gender Reassignment Surgery. Dr. Pichet is considered one of top SRS surgeons in Thailand. His training includes plastic surgery, hand surgery, craniofacial and maxillofacial surgery. More »

Dr. Kamol Pansritum

Dr. Kamol Pansritum is recognized as one of the most experienced GRS Surgeons in the world, having completed over 5,000 gender reassignment surgeries, and more than 10,000 related surgical procedures for trans women since 1997. Dr. Kamol currently performs more than 200 MTF reassignment surgeries a year at his private hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. More »

More MTF Surgeons

Dr. Michelle Lee

Dr. Lee is a board-certified and fellowship-trained plastic surgeon with high proficiency in aesthetic and reconstructive procedures for the breast and face. Widely regarded as being one of the finest plastic surgeons in the Los Angeles area, Dr. Lee possesses the perfect combination of skill, artistry, experience and compassion, which makes her ideally suited to performing gender-affirming surgery. More »

Dr. Alvina Won

Dr. Won is a board-certified Cosmetic Surgeon who is committed to providing the highest level of compassionate care in a welcoming environment for all patients. Dr. Won gained significant experience with gender-affirming surgery during a year-long cosmetic surgery fellowship with Dr. Tony Mangubat, a 20+ year veteran of transgender surgery. Based in the Seattle area, just north of Seattle, Dr. Won now devotes part of her practice to performing MTF Breast Augmentation, Buttock Augmentation and Body Sculpting. More »

Dr. Laurel Chandler

Dr. Chandler is a Harvard fellowship-trained plastic surgeon who has received specialty training in gender-affirming breast surgery. During both her residency and fellowship training, Dr. Chandler worked with established gender surgeons to learn the aesthetic nuances of transgender Breast Augmentation. Dr. Chandler provides individualized care for a diverse range of patients, up to 90% of whom are transgender and non-binary. More »

Dr. E. Antonio Mangubat

Dr. E. Antonio Mangubat is the Pacific Northwest's most sought-after surgeon for transgender surgery, with more than 20 years of experience performing procedures for trans women, including Facial Feminization, MTF Breast Augmentation, Body Sculpting and Hair Restoration. More »

Dr. Dustin Reid

Dr. Dustin Reid is a double board-certified plastic surgeon in Austin who offers Breast Augmentation, Body Feminization and Hair Restoration. Dr. Reid is committed to providing expert surgical care and guidance throughout your surgery experience. More »

Dr. Daniel Medalie

Dr. Daniel Medalie is a board certified plastic and reconstructive surgeon who has been performing gender-affirming surgeries since 1996. Based in the Cleveland area, he offers Breast Augmentation and Tracheal Shave procedures for transfeminine individuals. More »

Dr. Russell Sassani

Dr. Russell Sassani is a board certified plastic and reconstructive surgeon who has quickly become one of the most popular surgeons in the Southeastern United States for trans women. He performs Breast Augmentation, Facial Feminization and Body Sculpting in the Mami/Fort Lauderdale area. More »

Dr. Mark Youssef

Dr. Mark Youssef, Director of the Transgender Surgery Institute of Southern California, is a Cosmetic Surgeon in Santa Monica who helps clients on the trans feminine spectrum with Breast Augmentation, Body Feminization and Facial Feminization surgeries. He operates at his private surgery center, Younique Surgery Center in Santa Monica. More »

Dr. Hope Sherie

Dr. Hope Sherie is a board-certified cosmetic surgeon who has extensive training in MTF surgery procedures. Dr. Sherie offers trans women the highest level of surgical care at her practice in Charlotte, North Carolina. Procedures available include Orchiectomy and Breast Augmentation. More »

Dr. Javad Sajan

Voted #1 Best Surgeon in Seattle in 2016 and 2017, Dr. Sajan is an internationally recognized Cosmetic & Reconstructive Plastic Surgeon whose specializations include Facial Feminization and Breast Augmentation. Dr. Sajan enjoys providing gender-affirming surgical care and is honored to play a role in his patients' transitions. More »

Dr. Daniel Jacobs

Dr. Jacobs is a board-certified plastic surgeon in San Francisco, California who joined the Gender Confirmation Center in July 2022. With more than 30 years of plastic experience and a practice that's dedicated to gender-affirming care, Dr. Jacobs is a sound choice for transfeminine and non-binary individuals seeking Breast Augmentation surgery. More »

Dr. Daniel Crane

Dr. Crane is a plastic surgeon in the Miami area who has expertise in breast, body and facial surgeries. He was one of only 30 residents selected from across the country to participate in a highly specialized aesthetic fellowship training program. In 2022, Dr. Crane joined Dr. Drew Schnitt's Inspire Aesthetics.. His unique training in plastic and aesthetic surgery provides him with the knowledge and experience to help you achieve your surgery goals. More »

Dr. Charles Lee

Dr. Charles Lee is a board-certified plastic and reconstructive surgeon who has deep expertise in microsurgery and breast surgery. In practice since 2003, Dr. Lee offers MTF Top Surgery at Crane Center for Transgender Surgery in San Francisco. More »

Dr. Alan Dulin

Dr. Alan Dulin is a board-certified surgeon who has many years of experience performing Male-to-Female Surgery in the Dallas area. Dr. Dulin offers transgender women Breast Augmentation & Body Contouring, Facial Feminization Surgery and Orchiectomy. More »

Dr. Scott Harris

Dr. Scott Harris is a board-certified Surgeon with years of experience performing Male to Female Surgery in Texas. Known for his meticulous attention to detail, Dr. Harris offers a number of feminizing surgeries for trans women, including Facial Feminization Surgery, Breast Augmentation and Body Sculpting procedures. More »

Dr. Cassie Nghiem

Dr. Nghiem is an Ivy League-educated, fellowship-trained plastic surgeon in Washington, D.C. who specializes in Gender-Affirming Surgery, including Breast Augmentation and Facial Feminization. She works closely with her patients to deliver the best quality care that is aligned with their goals. Known for her advanced surgical skills, Dr. Nghiem's patients also love her friendly personality and kind demeanor. More »

Dr. Manish Champaneria

Dr. Manish Champaneria is a board-certified surgeon with extensive training and experience in plastic surgery and a special focus on reconstructive breast procedures and Facial Feminization. Dr. Champaneria practices in San Diego, California. More »

Dr. Walter Lin

Dr. Walter Lin is a fellowship-trained Plastic Surgeon in San Francisco who performs Breast Augmentation for transfeminine individuals. Dr. Lin's expertise in the areas of microsurgical reconstruction of the extremities, breast, and lymphatic systems has greatly contributed to his skill with gender-affirming Breast Augmentation. Dr. Lin joined the staff of Buncke Clinic and the San Francisco Transgender Institute in 2017. More »

Dr. Jeffrey Marvel

Dr. Marvel is a board-certified cosmetic surgeon who has developed a great reputation in Nashville and Central Tennessee for his technical skills, attention to detail and natural-looking results. Since 1997, Dr. Marvel and Marvel Cosmetic Surgery's dedicated staff have offered top-notch hospitality and care for patients seeking a wide range of cosmetic procedures, including Facial Feminization, Breast Augmentation and Hair Grafting. More »

Dr. Eric Emerson

Dr. Eric Emerson is a Board-Certified Plastic Surgeon with over 20 years experience specializing in breast surgery, body contouring and facial surgery. Dr. Emerson is a sound choice for trans women seeking breast augmentation and body and facial feminization surgery in the Carolinas and eastern United States. More »

Dr. Gregory Swank

Dr. Gregory Swank a board-certified, Duke University-trained surgeon who offers male-to-female surgery in North Carolina. Dr. Swank's surgical offerings for trans women include Breast Augmentation, and Body and Facial Feminization. More »

Dr. Michael Beckenstein

Dr. Michael Beckenstein is a double-board-certified Plastic Surgeon in Birmingham who is pleased to offer his expertise and skills in cosmetic and reconstructive surgery to the MTF community in Alabama and throughout the Southeast. Dr. Beckenstein specializes in Breast Augmentation as well as Hair Restoration. More »

Dr. Helena Guarda

Dr. Helena Guarda is a board-certified Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon who is committed to offering Breast Augmentation and Feminization Surgeries as part of her LGBT-friendly practice in Suffolk, Virginia. Dr. Guarda is excited to work with patients from all parts of Virginia, as well as those coming from nearby states such as North Carolina, Maryland, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. More »

Dr. Elliot Jacobs

Dr. Jacobs is a nationally-recognized, board-certified plastic surgeon in Boca Raton, Florida with more than 30 years of experience in breast and facial surgeries. Dr. Jacobs offers MTF Surgery procedures at his private, modern and fully accredited surgical suite. More »

Dr. Rex Moulton-Barrett

Dr. Rex Moulton-Barrett is a double board certified cosmetic, plastic and reconstructive surgeon in the San Francisco Bay Area who has been performing MTF Breast Augmentation surgery since 2010. Read more »

Dr. Vartan Mardirossian

Dr. Vartan Mardirossian is a surgeon in South Florida who specializes in Facial Feminization Surgery. Dr. Mardirossian has extensive training and experience performing Facial Feminization procedures, including 7 years of training under renowned FFS surgeon Dr. Jeffrey Spiegel . Read more »

Last updated: 04/03/24

Saturday, April 20, 2024

Tax payer funded gender reassignment surgeries prompt questions about military readiness.

• by: Tracy Beanz

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Danielle Laidley among advocates to welcome bid to scrap WA Gender Reassignment Board

Western Australians will no longer have to undergo medical or surgical reassignment in order to change their sex or gender, under the state government's proposed law reforms.

The state's Gender Reassignment Board, which manages applications to legally change a person's gender, would be abolished under the new laws.

Attorney-General John Quigley said the legislation would bring WA in line with the rest of Australia.

"This is not radical legislation … we're only bringing Western Australia out of the dark ages, up to a level of social reform that the rest of the country already respects and enjoys," he said.

Reforms will save lives, advocate says

Danielle Laidley is an AFL premiership winner, and one of the youngest senior coaches in the sport's history.

Laidley was outed as a trans woman by police, had her family turn their back on her, and survived the drugs she turned to as her life spiralled out of control.

"Today I can finally stand here, as a proud Western Australian and transgender woman," she said.

Laidley said the abolition of the Gender Reassignment Board was a step forward for WA.

"It was wrong for someone to sit there and tell me who I was. They haven't walked a mile in my shoes, they don't know how I feel," she said.

Transfolk of WA deputy chairperson Dylan Green said the reform was a significant step to creating a pathway for transgender and gender-diverse people to align legal documentation with their gender identity.

"This will improve the lives, and save the lives, of many trans and gender diverse people in Western Australia," he said.

However, Mr Green noted the state government's proposal did not meet all of the recommendations made by the state's Law Reform Commission in 2018.

"We will be making further recommendations to the government regarding the regulations for this proposed bill, and advocating for further law reform," he said.

"We've seen in other states … certain requirements for clinical evidence have been removed for adults over the age of 18, so they use the self-determination model.

"That is what is widely considered best practice."

More change to come

Under the new laws, adults who have received counselling would be able to apply for a sex-change through the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages.

Teenagers between 12 and 18-years-old would need the consent of both parents, and children under 12 would need approval from the WA Family Court.

The legislation also includes clauses prohibiting certain types of offenders from applying to change their gender.

"You don't want someone who, for example, has been convicted of a nasty, aggravated sexual offence, then changing gender so they can access women-only areas," Mr Quigley said.

The proposed bill would also make the sex descriptors "non-binary" and "indeterminate/intersex" available, alongside "male" and "female".

The reforms would not change the existing procedure for registering the sex of a newborn. It also contains a requirement for the legislation to be reviewed after three years.

Mr Quigley has flagged the proposed legislation is only the first tranche of a multitude of changes to remove barriers for, and improve the lives of, the LGBTQIA+ community.

The WA government is chasing further reforms, including the development of a new Equal Opportunity Act and banning conversion therapy practices, which the attorney-general said would have to wait until after the 2025 state election.

"The federal government has announced the Australian Law Reform Commission findings, and the Prime Minister has come out and said on some contentious areas he is hopeful of getting bipartisan support," Mr Quigley said.

"I don't want to come in from left field and upset the applecart."

Reform follows landmark UK review

The proposed law reform comes after a landmark investigation into gender-affirming care in England, known as the Cass Review.

It recommended significantly limiting the prescription of medications, known as puberty blockers, for people aged under 18.

Federal health minister Mark Butler described the review's findings as "significant" but said the clinical treatment of transgender children in Australia was very different than in the UK.

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A review into how children with gender dysphoria are treated in england has been released. here's what it means for australia.

Former AFL star Danielle Laidley tells her story — 'nothing more, nothing less'

• Gender Identity
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• State and Territory Government

Ohio judge temporarily blocks ban on gender-affirming care for transgender minors

A Franklin County judge on Tuesday temporarily blocked an impending law that would restrict medical care for transgender minors in Ohio.

The decision came weeks after the American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit challenging House Bill 68 on behalf of two transgender girls and their families. The measure prevents doctors from prescribing hormones, puberty blockers or gender reassignment surgery before patients turn 18.

Attorneys contend the law violates the state Constitution , which gives Ohioans the right to choose their health care.

"Today's ruling is a victory for transgender Ohioans and their families," said Harper Seldin, staff attorney for the ACLU. "Ohio's ban is an openly discriminatory breach of the rights of transgender youth and their parents alike and presents a real danger to the same young people it claims to protect."

House Bill 68 was set to take effect April 24 after House and Senate Republicans  voted to override  Gov. Mike DeWine's veto. Proponents of the bill contend it will protect children, but critics say decisions about transition care should be left to families and their medical providers.

The suit in Ohio mirrors efforts in other states to challenge laws that restrict gender-affirming care for minors. A federal judge struck down a  similar policy in Arkansas , arguing it violates the constitutional rights of transgender youth and their families. The state is appealing that decision.

“This is just the first page of the book,” Attorney General Dave Yost said Monday. “We will fight vigorously to defend this properly enacted statute, which protects our children from irrevocable adult decisions. I am confident that this law will be upheld.”

What does House Bill 68 do?

House Bill 68 allows Ohioans younger than 18 who already receiving hormones or puberty blockers to continue, as long as doctors determine stopping the prescription would cause harm. Critics say that's not enough to protect current patients because health care providers could be wary of legal consequences.

The legislation does not ban talk therapy, but it requires mental health providers to get permission from at least one parent or guardian to diagnose and treat gender dysphoria.

The bill also bans transgender girls and women from playing on female sports teams in high school and college. It doesn't specify how schools would verify an athlete's gender if it's called into question. Players and their families can sue if they believe they lost an opportunity because of a transgender athlete.

The lawsuit doesn't specifically challenge the athlete ban. But it argues that House Bill 68 flouts the constitution's single-subject rule, which requires legislation to address only one topic. House Republicans introduced separate bills on gender-affirming care and transgender athletes before  combining them into one .

In Tuesday's decision, Franklin County Judge Michael Holbrook indicated that the law could be tossed out because of a single-subject violation.

"It is not lost upon this Court that the General Assembly was unable to pass the (Saving Ohio Adolescents from Experimentation) portion of the Act separately, and it was only upon logrolling in the Saving Women’s Sports provisions that it was able to pass," Holbrook wrote.

Panel clears ban on gender reassignment surgery for minors

Tuesday's decision came one day after a legislative panel cleared the way for an administrative rule that will ban gender reassignment surgery for minors. Ohio health care providers say they do not perform that procedure on patients under 18.

The rule will take effect May 3.

The measure was among several that DeWine proposed to regulate gender-affirming care after he vetoed House Bill 68. In testimony for Monday's meeting, opponents argued that the rules overstep the administration's authority and conflict with federal law.

"The proposed administrative rule changes are based on biased definitions, ignore well-established best practices and restrict countless patients’ access to gender-affirming care," said Mallory Golski, civic engagement and advocacy manager for Kaleidoscope Youth Center.

DeWine's other proposals are still working their way through the rulemaking process. That includes a requirement for transgender minors to undergo at least six months of counseling before further treatment occurs. Another rule would require providers to report non-identifying data on gender dysphoria diagnoses and treatment.

Haley BeMiller is a reporter for the USA TODAY Network Ohio Bureau, which serves the Columbus Dispatch, Cincinnati Enquirer, Akron Beacon Journal and 18 other affiliated news organizations across Ohio.

Victor Mukhin

• Scientific Program

Title : Active carbons as nanoporous materials for solving of environmental problems

However, up to now, the main carriers of catalytic additives have been mineral sorbents: silica gels, alumogels. This is obviously due to the fact that they consist of pure homogeneous components SiO2 and Al2O3, respectively. It is generally known that impurities, especially the ash elements, are catalytic poisons that reduce the effectiveness of the catalyst. Therefore, carbon sorbents with 5-15% by weight of ash elements in their composition are not used in the above mentioned technologies. However, in such an important field as a gas-mask technique, carbon sorbents (active carbons) are carriers of catalytic additives, providing effective protection of a person against any types of potent poisonous substances (PPS). In ESPE “JSC "Neorganika" there has been developed the technology of unique ashless spherical carbon carrier-catalysts by the method of liquid forming of furfural copolymers with subsequent gas-vapor activation, brand PAC. Active carbons PAC have 100% qualitative characteristics of the three main properties of carbon sorbents: strength - 100%, the proportion of sorbing pores in the pore space – 100%, purity - 100% (ash content is close to zero). A particularly outstanding feature of active PAC carbons is their uniquely high mechanical compressive strength of 740 ± 40 MPa, which is 3-7 times larger than that of  such materials as granite, quartzite, electric coal, and is comparable to the value for cast iron - 400-1000 MPa. This allows the PAC to operate under severe conditions in moving and fluidized beds.  Obviously, it is time to actively develop catalysts based on PAC sorbents for oil refining, petrochemicals, gas processing and various technologies of organic synthesis.

Victor M. Mukhin was born in 1946 in the town of Orsk, Russia. In 1970 he graduated the Technological Institute in Leningrad. Victor M. Mukhin was directed to work to the scientific-industrial organization "Neorganika" (Elektrostal, Moscow region) where he is working during 47 years, at present as the head of the laboratory of carbon sorbents.     Victor M. Mukhin defended a Ph. D. thesis and a doctoral thesis at the Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (in 1979 and 1997 accordingly). Professor of Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. Scientific interests: production, investigation and application of active carbons, technological and ecological carbon-adsorptive processes, environmental protection, production of ecologically clean food.   

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Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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